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CONCISE AND COMPREHENSIVE 



OF THE 



LATIN TONGUE, 



WITH AN 

APPENDIX, 

ILLUSTRATING MANY PECULIARITIES AND DIFFICULTIES, 
MET WITH IN THE CLASSICS : 



TO WHICH IS ANNEXED A 



VOCABULARY 



FOR THE EXERCISES, QUOTATIONS, AND MYTHOLOGY. 

L372J 







B. J. SCHIPPERj 

TEACHER OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES. 



* * * Noli "jurare in verba magistri; 

* * * * * * • * si volet usus, 
Quern penes arbitrium est, et jus, et norma loquendi. 

Hon. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY MIFFLIN & PARRY, 

No. 59, Locust Street. 

1832. 



<K 






Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by 
B. J. Schipper, in the office of the Clerk of the Eastern District of 
Pennsylvania. 



/W 



PREFACE. 






In presenting to the Literary Community this new 
Introduction to the Latin Language, whilst innu- 
merous works on the same subject are extant, I think it 
proper to state a few of many reasons, that induced me 
to compose it. 

During a period of more than twenty years, which 
I have spent in teaching, I was every day more and 
more convinced, that by the system, which the Gram- 
mars now in use obliged us teachers to pursue, the stu- 
dy of the Latin Language was rendered unnecessarily 
irksome and disgusting to youth. They were obliged 
to spend three, six or more months in committing to 
memory declensions and conjugations, rules and excep- 
tions, &c. &c. without knowing for what purpose. 
Many, anxious for Classical instruction, the very fountain 
of Literature, became disheartened, and gave up the pur- 
suit. Others, more resolute, or influenced by parental 
authority, continued their course; but, frequent repeti- 
tion, memory's principal aid, having been neglected, 
when they thought they had reached the end of these 
abstruse difficulties, they found they were obliged to 
struggle again over the same rugged ground; or to en- 
counter still greater obstacles in their endeavour to learn 
a language without a knowledge of its elementary prin- 
ciples. 

To obviate these and other hindrances to the acquisi- 
tion of a good fundamental knowledge of Grammar, 
and to the subsequent solid structure of Literature, this 
Grammar has been composed; how far the author has 
succeeded, is to be decided by impartial judges and ex- 
perienced teachers. 



IV PREFACE. 

Knowing the reluctance with which tyros encounter 
a formidable array of notes and exceptions, I have laid 
before them in the first place, only the simple princi- 
ples of the language, and their application to its analy- 
sis, reserving peculiarities and exceptions for the Appen- 
dix, which, when sufficiently advanced, they will read 
with less reluctance, when they see that they are not 
required to go back, but only to advance to a more 
perfect knowledge of the language. 

The Vocabulary will not only prove very convenient, 
but it will also save the expense of a dictionary, during 
the period in which beginners are most apt to abuse it. 

With a view to preserve the established order of the 
parts of speech, I have been obliged to make a digres- 
sion after the declension of substantives, to page 101, 
and again after the declension of pronouns, to page 28; 
as it was impossible to give a sufficient praxis of the 
pronouns, without the use of a verb. 

The classical reader will see, that I have pursued a 
path before untrodden, and no doubt will notice many 
imperfections, for which his kind indulgence is soli- 
cited. 

Respectfully requesting those who may use this pub- 
lication, to communicate to me the errors which they 
may observe, as also the deficiency of words that ought 
to appear in the Vocabulary, so that a future edition may 
be rendered more perfect, 

I remain 
the Public's humble serv't. 

B. J. SCHIPPER. 
Philad. July 6 th. 1832. 



A PRACTICAL 

L.ATIN GRAMMAR. 



Grammar is the art of writing and speaking any lan- 
guage with propriety, as the English, Latin, etc. 

The Latin Grammar is the art of properly writing and 
speaking the Latin tongue. 

Grammar treats on Letters, Syllables, Words, and 
Sentences, and is divided into four parts, viz. Orthogra- 
phy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. 

ORTHOGRAPHY 

Treats on the letters, and teaches their true forms, 
names, and powers. 

There are twentv-five letters in the Latin language, viz. 
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, 
T, U, V, X, Y, Z. 

Of these, six are called Vowels, viz. a, e, i, o, u, y, 
which make perfect sounds of themselves. 

The united sound of two vowels is called a Diphthong, 
that of three a Triphthong. 

The remaining nineteen are called Consonants, (i. e. 
sounding with) which make no sound of themselves. 

Of the consonants four are called Liquids, viz. L, M, 
N, R. 

A syllable is a complete single sound, as, O! ah! 
strength. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Etymology teaches the origin, signification, and varia- 
tion of words. 

• A word is one or more syllables joined together, and 
used to signify something. 

The words of the Latin language are divided into eight 
I 



2 THE NOUN. 

sorts, called parts of speech, viz, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, 
Participle, which are declinable. Adverb, Preposition, 
Conjunction, and Interjection, which are indeclinable, 
A declinable part of speech is that upon which some 
change can be made, particularly in the last syllable; 
which proceeding is called declining, or conjugating 
words; hence the terms Declension and Conjugation. 

NOUN. 

A noun is a declinable part of speech, expressing the 
name or quality of a person or thing, as homo, a man; bo- 
nus, good. 

Nouns are divided into substantives and adjectives. 

A noun substantive expresses the name of a person or 
thing, as, Virgilius, Virgil; homo, a man ; Roma, Rome ; 
urbs, a city. 

A noun adjective expresses an accident, or equality of 
a person or thing, as bonus, good; altus, high. 

Substantives are divided into proper and appellatives. 

A proper substantive expresses a particular thing of 
a kind, as, Virgilius; Roma. 

An appellative, or common substantive, is that which 
is common to a whole kind of things, as, homo, a man; 
urbs, a city. (See App. § 1.) 

Nouns are declined by genders, numbers, and cases. 

Gender, in a grammatical sense, is the qualification of 
a noun substantive for the various terminations of a noun 
adjective. 

There are three genders; the masculine, the feminine, 
and the neuter. 

Some nouns are both of the masculine and feminine 
gender, and are called common; as, hie conjux, the hus- 
band; hsec conjux, the wife; hie dux, hsec dux, etc. (App. 
§2.) 

There are two numbers, the singular, and the plural. 

There are six cases; the nominative, genitive, dative, 
accusative, vocative, and ablative. 

There are five declensions, which are distinguished 
from one another by the ending of the genitive singular. 



DECLENSIONS. 



GENERAL RULES. 



1. The vocative is always like the nominative of the 
same number; except the nouns in us of the second de- 
clension, which have their vocative singular ending in e, 
as, dominus, domine. 

2. The dative and ablative plural are always alike. 

3. Nouns of the neuter gender always have the nomi- 
native, accusative, and vocative alike, and in the plural 
these three cases end in a. 

THE FIRST DECLENSION. 

The first declension is known by the genitive singular 
ending in a?, a diphthong, as, fienna, a pen; gen. fiennse. 
(App. § 3.) 





Singular. 




Plural. 


Nom. 


penn-a, a pen, 


Nom. 


penn-ae, pens, 


Gen. 


penn-ae, of a pen, 


Gen. 


penn-arum, of pens, 


Dat. 


penn-ae, to, or for a 


Dat. 


penn-is, to or for 




pen, 




pens, 


Ace. 


penn-am, a pen, 


Ace. 


penn-as, pens, 


Voc. 


penn-a, O! pen, 


Voc. 


penn-ae, O pens, 


Abl. 


penn-a, with, from, 


Abl. 


penn-is, with, from, 




in, or by a pen, 




in, or by pens. 



SUBSTANTIVES FOR PRACTICE. 

Hora, herba, ala, gallina, alauda, placenta, fenestra, sa- 
gitta, lacryma, sententia, aranea. 

Observation. All nouns of the first declension are of 
the feminine gender ; except those which signify a male, 
which are of the masculine, as, fioeta, a poet; nauta, a 
sailor, etc. 

Some nouns of this declension form their dative and ablative plu- 
ral sometimes in abus, in order to be distinguished from nouns of the 
second declension; thus Jilia, has Jiliabus, anima, animabus, in con- 
tradistinction ofjiliis and animis from filius and animus, etc. (App. 
§ 4.) 



DECLENSIONS 



THE SECOND DECLENSION. 



The second declen 


sion is known by the genitive sing. 


ending in i, as, fiuer, 


fiueri. 

Singular. 




Norn, puer, 


cult-er, 


domin-us, 


Gen. puer-i, 


cult-ri, 


domin-i, 


Dat. puer-o, 


cult-ro, 


domin-o, 


Ace. puer-um, 


cult-rum, 


domin-um, 


Voc. puer, 


cult-er, 


domin-e, 


Abl. puer-o, 


cult-ro, 
Plural. 


domin-o, 


Nom. puer-i, 


cult-ri, 


domin-i, 


Gen. puer-orurr 


i, cult-rorum, 


domin-orum, 


Dat. puer-is, 


cult-ris, 


domin-is, 


Ace. puer-os, 


cult-ros, 


domin-os, 


Voc. puer-i, 


cult-ri, 


domin-i, 


Abl. puer-is, 


cult-ris, 


domin-is, 



The nouns ending in um, are of the neuter gender, and 
consequently follow the third general rule. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom. templ-um, Nom. templ-a, 

* Gen. templ-i, Gen. templ-orum, 

Dat. templ-o, Dat. tempi-is, 

Ace. templ-um, Ace. templ-a, 

Voc. templ-um, Voc. templ-a, 

Abl. templ-o, Abl. tempi-is, 

NOUNS FOR PRACTICE. 

Gener, adulter, socer, presbyter, ager, liber, magister, 
minister, servus, murus, pileus, fluvius, tabellarius, po- 
mum, lucrum, negotium, supercilium. 

Obs. The nouns of the second declension, ending in 
er y ir, ur, or ws, are of the masculine gender, except the 
names of towns, countries, islands and plants, which are 
g'enerally of the feminine gender. App. § 5. 

Nouns ending in us form their vocative singular in e, as; dominus, 
domine-, but proper names in ius, likewise filius and genius, form it 
by rejecting us, as, Caius, Cat; Laelius, Lseli; filius, fili, etc. 

Deus makes in the vocative sing. Deus; in the nominative and voc- 
ative plur. Dii, and in dative and ablative plur. Diis rather than Dei, 
and Deis, 



OP SUBSTANTIVES. 



THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

The third declension is known by the genitive singular 
ending in is, as ; miles, militis, a soldier. App. § 6. 





Sing. 


Plur. 


Nom 


, miles, 


Nom. milit-es, 


Gen. 


milit-is, 


Gen. milit-um, 


Dat. 


milit-i, 


Dat. milit-ibus, 


Ace. 


milit-em, 


Ace. milit-es, 


• Voc. 


miles, 


Voc. milit-es. 


Abl. 


milit-e, 


Abl. milit-ibus. 




Corpus, 


neut. the body." 


Sing-. 


Plur. 


Nom 


. corpus, 


Nom. corpor-a, 


Gen. 


corpor-is, 


Gen. corpor-um, 


Dat. 


corpor-i, 


Dat. corpor-ibus, 


Ace. 


corpus, 


Aec. corpor-a, 


Voc. 


corpus, 


Voc. corpor-a, 


Abl. 


corpor-e. 


Abl. corpor-ibus. 




Nouns 


for Practice. 


Satelles, 


Frater, 


Imago, Femur, 


Obses, 


Remex, 


Mater, Certamen, 


Neposj 


Lex, 


Cogitatio, Axioma, 


Pes, 


Radix, 


Bellatrix, Cadaver, 


Career, 


Arbor, 


Jus, Caput, 


Index, 


Dignitas, 


Genus, Iter. 



Obs. I. The letters, preceding is, in the gen. sing, are 
preserved in all the cases, which are not the same as the 
nom. singular. 

Obs. II. Concerning the gender of the nouns of this 
declension, I recommend to the student a frequent use of 
the Dictionary. 



1* 



DECLENSIONS 



Rules concerning the Third Declension. 

I. Masculines and ferainines have their accusative singular in em, 
as; miles, milit-is, milit-em. 

Exceptions. 

1. The following have both em and im: 

Aqualis, clavis, cutis, vestris, strigilis, febris, puppis, pestis, 
Sementis, amnis, lentis, avis, securis, pelvis, turris, navis. 

2. These nouns have im only: 

Cannabis, sitis, vis, amussis, cucumis, buris, ravis, tussis. 

3. Names of rivers in is, and most Greek nouns in is, have their ac- 
cusative in in, as; Araris, Ararim; Persepolis, Persepolim; sometimes 
in in, as; Charybdin, Datin. 

II. The ablative singular ends in e, as; miles, milit-is, milit-e. 

Exceptions. 

1. The nouns, which have em and im in the accusative, have e and 
* in the ablative, as; aqualis, ace. aqualem, or aqualim; abl. aquale, or 
aquali. 

2. Ignis, unguis, rus, and imber have both e and i in the ablative. 

3. Nouns which have im only in the accusative, have i only in the 
ablative, as, cannabis, cannabim, cannabi. 

4. Neuters, ending in e, al, or ar, have i in the ablative, as, calcar, 
abl. calcari. But ba.ccar,far, jubar, hepar, nectar, and sal have e. 

III. Neuters have their nominative, accusative, and vocative plural 
in a, as, corpus, corpor-is, corpora. 

Exceptions. 
The neuters, that have their ablative in i, make ia in the nom. 
ace. and voc. plural, as, calcar, abl. calcari, nom. plur. calcaria. 

IV. The genitive plural ends in um, as, miles, milit-is, milit-um. 

Exceptions. 

1. Nouns of one syllable in as, is, and the letter s, with a conso- 
nant before it, have their genitive plural in ium, as mas, marium,- 
lis, litium; pons, pontium. 

2. Nouns in es, and is, not increasing in the genitive sing, make 
ium, as, nubes, nubis, nubium; vallis, vallium. But canis, panis, 
votes, and volucris have um. 

3. Nouns which have i only, or e and i in the ablative singular, 
make ium in the genitive plural, as imber, imbri, imbrium; calcar, 
calcari, calcarium. 

4. Caro, cor, cos, dos, mus, nix, nox, arx, linter, sal, and os (a bone) 
have ium, as, nix, nivium. 

5. Bos makes in the genitive plur. bourn, in the dat. and abl. bo- 
bus, or bubus; sus makes rather subus than suibus. 



OF SUBSTANTIVES. 



THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 

The fourth declension is known by the genitive singu- 
lar ending in us, or w, as ; fructus, gen. fructus, a fruit; 
cornu, gen. cornu, a horn. 

Sing. Plur. 

Nom. fruct-us, 
Gen. fruct-us, 
Dat. fruct-ui, 
Ace. fruct-um, 
Voc. fruct-us, 
Abl. fructu. 

Sing, 

Nom. cornu, 
Gen. cornu, 
Dat. cornu, 
Ace. cornu, 
Voc. cornu, 
Abl. cornu, 



Nom. fruct-us, 
Gen. fruct-uum, 
Dat. fruct-ibus, 
Ace. fruct-us, 
Voc. fruct-us, 
Abl. fruct-ibus. 

Plur. 
Nom. cornua, 
Gen. cornuum, 
Dat. cornibus, 
Ace. cornua, 
Voc. cornua, 
Abl. cornibus. 



NOUNS FOR PRACTICE. 

Coetus, ritus, currus, gradus, status, senatus, spiritus, 
exercitus, genu, tonitru. 

Obs. The nouns in us of the fourth declension are ge- 
nerally of the masculine gender; and all the nouns in u 
are of the neuter gender. App. § 7. 

RULE. 

The dative and ablative plural end in ibus, as, fructus, fructibus. 
Exceptions. 

1. Acus, arcus, artus, lacus, specus, tribus, and veru, make ubus, 
as, acubus. 

2. Portus, quaestus, and genu make both ibus and ubus. 

Domus is thus declined. 



Sing. 
Nom. domus, 
Gen. domus, or domi, 
Dat. domui, or domo, 
Ace. domum, 
Voc. domus, 
Abl. domo, 



Plur. 
Nom. domus, 

Gen. domuum, or domorum, 
Dat. domibus, 
Ace. domus, or domos, 
Voc. domus, 
Abl. domibus. 



Jesus makes in the ace. Jesum, in the other cases Jesu. 



8 DECLENSIONS 

THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 

The fifth declension is known by the genitive singular 
ending in ei, and contains nouns only, ending in es, as, res, 
rei, a thing. 

JVouns for Practice. 
Dies, spes, species, facies, 
acies, superficies. 



Sing. 


Plur 


. 


Nom. res, 


Nom. 


res, 


Gen. rei, 


Gen. 


rerum, 


Dat. rei, 


Dat. 


rebus, 


Ace. rem, 


Ace. 


res, 


Voc. res, 


Voc. 


res, 


Abl. re. 


Abl. 


rebus. 



Obs. I. All nouns of the fifth declensiou are of the femi- 
nine gender; except dies, which is masc. and fern, in the 
singular, and masc. in the plural ; and meridies which is 
masculine. 

Obs. II. But few nouns of this declension are used in 
the plural, and then only in the nom. ace. and vocative, 
except res, sfies, and sjiecies. A pp. § 8. 

ICJ* The student is requested to commit now to me- 
mory the prepositions together with the rules attached 
to them, and to attend to the exercise given thereon. 

CONCORD OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
RULE I. 

Substantives, signifying the same person, or thing, and 
depending on the same word, agree in case, as ; 



Nom. 


Clselia virgo, 


N. 


Athense urbs, 


Gen. 


Claeliae virginis, 


G. 


Athenarum urbis 


Dat. 


Clseliae virgini, 


D. 


Athenis urbi, 


Ace. 


Clseliam virginem, 


A. 


Athenas urbem, 


Voc. 


Clselia virgo, 


V. 


Athenae urbs, 


Abl. 


Clselia virgine, 


A. 


Athenis urbe. 



Obs, This concord is called Apposition; and the sub- 
stantives should as far as practicable agree in gender, as; 
usus, ofitimus magister; or, exercitatio, optima maqistra; 
practice, the best master. 

EXERCISE. 
On this side of Mount Tau- Cis Taurus mons. 

rus. 
Concerning King Alexan- De Alexander rex. 

der. 



OF SUBSTANTIVES. 



Beyond the River Rhine. 
With Ennius, the poet. 
According to Plato, the 

philosopher. 
About the city of Rome. 
At the town Cirta. 
Against the city Gabii. 
Along the River Nile. 
With Marcus Antonius, a 

triumvir. 
By Marcus Tullius Cicero, 

the consul. 
Amongst the victorious Ro- 
mans. 
Towards the Lion, king 

amongst the wild beasts. 
To the Eagle, the queen 

among the birds. 
During the triumph over 

the city of Syracuse. 
Bv Publius Scipio Nasica, 

the censor. 



Ultra Rhenus flumen. 

Cum Ennius poeta. 

Secundum Plato philoso- 
phus. 

Circa Roma urbs. 

Ad Cirta oppidum. 

Contra urbs Gabii. 

Secundum Nilus fluvius. 

Cum Marcus Antonius tri- 
umvir. 

A Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
consul. 

Inter victor Romanus. 

Erga leo, rex inter fera. 
Ad aquila, regina inter ales. 

Per triumphus de Syra- 

cusae urbs. 
A Publius Scipio Nasica, 

censor. 



GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES, 

rule n. 

One substantive governs another signifying a different 
person, or thing, in the genitive.* 

Obs. The English word, corresponding with the Latin 
noun, which is to be put in the genitive, has generally 
the particle of prefixed, or an 's annexed, as ; 

By the creator of the world. A creatore mundi. 
Through men's wickedness. Per hominum nequitiam. 
Without a desire for liberty. Sine libertatis desiderio. 

EXERCISE. 



Beyond the throw of a dart. 

With a multitude of rob- 
bers. 

For the son's safety. 

Beneath the feet of the 
statue. 



Extra jactus telum. 
Cum multitudo latro. 

Ob filius salus. 
Infra pes statua. 



* The substantive governing the genitive, is frequently under- 
stood, particularly homo, and negotium. 



10 



DECLENSIONS 



Amongst the brother's 
books. 

According to the state of 
the times. 

Before the earthquake. 

Before the calends of Au- 
gust. 

According to the laws of 
nature. 

Behind the enemy's camp. 

Without a desire for his 
country. 

Amongst the gifts from 
God. 

With the confederates in 
the war. 

Besides the care for the 
children. 

Since the father's death. 

With Aristobolus, King of 
the Jews. 

Against the tyranny of Lu- 
cius Sylla. 

On this side of Taurus, a 
mountain in Asia. 

About the walls of the city 
Troy. 

Without hope of relieving 
the city. 

In the power of Publius 
Scipio Nasica, the son of 
the uncle of Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

Beneath the sublimity of 
the greatness of Alexan- 
der, King of the Macedo- 
nians. 

In the ark of the covenant 
of God with the Israel- 
ites. 

After the time of the libera- 
tion of the Jews from the 
slavery of iEgypt. 



Inter frater liber. 

Pro ratio tempus. 

Ante motus terra. 
Ante calendae Augustus. 

Secundum lex natura. 

Pone hostis castra. 
Sine patria desiderium. 

Inter munus Deus. 

Cum bellum socius. 

Prseter cura liberi. 

A pater mors. 

Cum Aristobolus, rex Ju- 

daeus. 
Adversus tyrannis Lucius 

Sylla. 
Citra Taurus, mons Asia. 

Circa murus Troja urbs. 

Sine spes liberatio urbs. 

Penes Publius Scipio Na- 
sica, filius patruus Scipio 
Africanus. 

Infra fastigium magnitudo 
Alexander, rex Macedo. 



In area fcedus Deus cum 
Iraelita. 

Post tempus liberatio Ju- 
daeus a servitus -&gyp- 
tus. 



OP ADJECTIVES. 



11 



By Egerius, the King's bro- Ab Egerius rex frater filius. 
ther's son, 

On account of Sylla's trans- Propter Sylla pecunia trans- 
fer of moneys from the latio a dominus ad ami- 
owners to his friends. cus. 



OF ADJECTIVES. 

An adjective, as already observed, is a declinable part 
of speech, expressing some quality of a person, or thing, 
as ; doctus r learned ; tener, tender. 

Adjectives have either one, or two, or three termina- 
tions. 

All adjectives having three terminations, have their 
masculine gender in us, or in er,* the feminine in a, and 
the neuter in um. 

All adjectives, having three terminations, belong to the 
first and second declension, and are declined like domi- 
nus, or fiuer, fienna, and temfilum. 

EXAMPLES. 



Sing. 

Nom. doctus, docta, doctum, 
Gen. docti, doctae, docti, 
Dat. docto, doctae, docto, 
Ace. doctum, doctam, doctum, 

Voc. docte, docta, doctum, 

Abl. docto, docta, docto, 

Sing. 

Nom. tener, tenera, tenerum, 

Gen. teneri, tenerae, teneri, 

Dat. tenero, tenerae, tenero, 
Ace. tenerum, teneran^tenerum, 

Voc. tener, tenera, tenerum, 

Abl. tenero, tenera, tenero, 



P lur 

Nom. docti, doctae, docta, 
Gen. doct-orum,-arum,-orum, 
Dat. doctis, doctis, doctis, 
Ace. doctos, doctas, docta, 
Voc. docti, doctae, docta, 
Abl. doctis, doctis, doctis. 

Plur. 

Nom. teneri, tenerae, tenera, 
Gen. tenerorum,-arum,-orum, 
Dat. teneris, teneris, teneris, 
Ace. teneros, teneras, tenera, 
Voc. teneri, tenerae, tenera, 
Abl. teneris, teneris, teneris. 



Most adjectives in er drop the e, as ; 



Plur. 

Nom. pigri, pigrae, 

Gen. pigrorum,-arum, 

Dat. pigris, pigris, 



Sing. 

Nom. piger, pigra, pigrum, 

Gen. pigri, pigrae, pigri, 

Dat. pigro, pigrae, pigro, 

Ace. pigrum, pigram, pigrum, Ace. pigros, pigras, 

Voc. piger, pigra, pigrum, Voc. pigri, pigrae, 

Abl. pigro, pigra, pigro. Abl. pigris, pigris, 

* Except Satur, satura, saturum, the only noun in ur, of the se- 
cond declension, from the obsolete saturus. 



pigra, 
-orum, 

pigris, 
pigra, 
pigra, 
pigris. 



12 



DECLENSIONS OP 



ADJECTIVES FOR PRACTICE. 

Bonus, malus, magnus, parvus, perfidus, manifestus, 
idoneus, lapideus, negotiosus, ignominiosus, asper, liber, 
miser, prosper, cornifer, aeger, creber, niger, sacer, im- 
piger. 

Exceptions . 
The following adjectives have the genitive singular in 
ius, and the dative in i, in all the genders ; 

Neut. 

aliud; 

alterum; 

neutrum; 

nullum; 

solum; 

totum; 

ullum; 

unum; 

utrum; 

utrumvis; 
So also the other compounds of uter.' 
All adjectives having two terminations, have the mas- 
culine and feminine gender in is, and the neuter in c, as 
gravis, gravis, grave, heavy, f 

All adjectives, ending neither in us or er, nor in is, have 
one and the same termination in all the genders, as, au- 
dax, audax, audax, bold. J 

All adjectives having one or two terminations, belong 
to the third declension. 

EXAMPLES. 



Masc. 


Fern. 


Alius, 


alia, 


Alter, 


altera, 


Neuter, 


neutra, 


Nullus, 


nulla, 


Solus, 


sola, 


Totus, 


tota, 


Ullus, 


ulla, 


Unus, 


una, 


Uter, 


utra, 


Utervis, 


utravis, 



Gen. 


Dat. 


alius, 


alii, 


alterius, 


alteri, 


neutrius, 


neutri, 


nullius, 


nulli, 


solius, 


soli, 


totius, 


toti, 


ullius, 


ulli, 


unius, 


uni, 


utrius, 


utri, 


utriusvis, 


utrivis. 


unds of ul 


ft* * 



Singular. 






Masc. 


Fern. 


JVeut. 


Nom. audax, 


audax, 


audax, 


Gen. audacis, 


audacis, 


audacis, 


Dat. audaci, 


audaci, 


audaci, 


Ace. audacem, 


audacem, 


audax, 


Voc. audax, 


audax, 


audax, 


Abl. audace, veli, 


audace, vel i, 


audace, vel i 



* JLlteruter has in the gen. alterius utrius, and alterutrius. 
f Except the comparatives. 

* Degener, pauper, puber, uber> vetus, and intercus, are probably 
the only adjectives in er or us of one termination. 



ADJECTIVES. 



rs 



Plural. 

Nom. audaces, audaces, 

Gen. audacium, audacium, 

Dat. audacibus, audacibus, 

Ace. audaces, audaces, 

Voc. audaces, audaces, 

Abl. audacibus, audacibus, 

Singular. 

Nom. gravis, gravis, 

Gen. gravis, gravis, 

Dat. gravi, gravi, 

Ace. gravem, gravem, 

Voc. gravis, gravis, 

Abl. gravi, gravi, 

Plural. 

Nom. graves, graves, 

Gen. gravium, gravium, 

Dat. gravibus, gravibus, 

Ace. graves, graves, 

Voc. graves, graves, 

Abl. gravibus, gravibus, 

Adjectives for Practice. 

Capax; felix; clemens; negligens; 

fallax; simplex; demens; constans; 

verax; duplex; vehemens; elegans. 

Obs. 1. Eleven adjectives in is, have their nominative 
and vocative singular, masculine, in er also, but are other- 
wise declined like gravis; they are the following : 

Acer, alacer, camfiester, celeber, celer, equester, fialuster, 
fiedester, saluber, Sylvester, volucer. 

Obs. 2. There are no adjectives belonging to the 
fourth or fifth declension. 

RULES. 

1. Adjectives of the third declension have their ablative 
singular in e and i, as audax, abl. audace, or audaci; but 

2. If the nominative singular neuter, ends in e, the ab- 
lative ends in i only, as: gravis, gravis, grave, abl. gravis 



audacia, 

audacium, 

audacibus, 

audacia, 

audacia, 

audacibus. 



grave, 

gravis, 

gravi, 

grave, 

grave, 

gravi. 

gravia, 

gravium, 

gravibus, 

gravia, 

gravia, 

gravibus. 



acer, or, acris, aens, acre, 



abl. 



3. Adjectives of the third declension (except the com- 
paratives,) have their genitive plural in ium, and the 

2 



14 



DECLENSIONS 



nominative, accusative, and vocative plural neuter, in ia ; 
as audacia, audacium; gravid, gravium. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

Cicur, compos, impos, consors, degener, deses, dives, hebes, hospes, 
inops, juvenis, pauper, puber, reses, senex, sospes, superstes, supplex, 
teres, uber, and vigil, have in the ablative singular e, and in the geni- 
tive plural urn, as; vigil, abl. vigile, gen. plur. vigilum. 

2. Compounds of ceps, fex, pes, corpor, and color, have e in the 
ablative sing, and um in the genitive plural. 

3. JVLernor has memori in the abl. and memorum in the gen. plur. 

4. Locuples has e in the abl. ; turn in the gen. plur. 

5. The above are rarely found in the neuter singular, and almost 
never in the nom. ace. and voc. plur. neuter. 

6. Par has in the abl. pari, nom. plur. neut. paria. 

7. Vetus has vetera in the nom., veterum in the gen. plural. 

8. Plus wants the masculine and feminine in the sing. ha.splure in 
the abl. sing.; plures, plura, or pluria in the nom. plurium in the gen. 
plural. 

9. Adjectives in is, used as substantives, have frequently e in the 
abl. sing, as affinis, triremis; affine, trireme. 

OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 

There are six kinds of Numeral Adjectives. 
1. Cardinal. These are the roots of the others, and answer to the 
question quot, how many ? 



I 


unus. 


LX 


sexaginta. 


II 


duo. 


LXX 


septuaginta. 


III 


tres. 


LXXX 


octoginta. 


rv 


quatuor. 


XC 


nonaginta. 


V 


quinque. 


C 


centum. 


VI 


sex. 


CC 


ducenti, se, a. 


VII 


septem. 


CCC 


trecenti, se, a. 


VIII 


octo. 


CCCC 


quadringenti. 


IX 


novem. 


Ioor D 


quingenti. 


X 


decern. 


IoC 


sexcenti. 


XI 


undecim. 


IoCC 


septingenti. 


XII 


duodecim. 


IoCCC 


octingenti. 


XIII 


tredecim. 


IoCCCC nongenti. 


XIV 


quatuordecim. 


do or M mille. 


XV 


quindecim. 


cloclo 


bis mille, or duo millia. 


XVI 


sexdecim. 


loo 


quinquies mille, or quin- 


XVII 


septendecim. 




que millia. 


XVIII 


octodecim. 


ccloo 


decies mille, or decern 


XIX 


undeviginti. 




millia. 


XX 


viginti. 


Iooo 


quinquagies mille, or 


XXI 


viginti unus. 




quinquaginta millia. 


XXX 


triginta. 


CCClOOD 


centies mille, or centum 


XL 


quadraginta. 




millia. 


L 


quinquaginta. 







OP ADJECTIVES. 15 

2. Ordinal-, which answer to the question quotus, in what order? 



The first, primus, a, um. 


60th sexagesimus. 


2d 


secundus, a, um. 


70, 


septuagesimus. 


3d 


tertius, a, etc. 


80, 


octogesimus. 


4th quartus. 


90, 


nonagesimus. 


5, 


quintus. 


100, 


centesimus. 


6, 


sextus. 


101st centesimus primus. 


7, 


septimus. 


200th ducentesimus. 


8, 


octavus. 


300, 


trecentesimus. 


9, 


nonus. 


400, 


quadringentesimus. 


10, 


decimus. 


500, 


quingentesimus. 


11, 


undecimus. 


600, 


sexcentesimus. 


J 2 ' 


duodecimus. 


700, 


septingentesimus. 


13, 


decimus tertius. 


800, 


octingentesimus. 


14, 


decimus quartus. 


900, 


nongentesimus. 


18, 


duodevicesimus. 


1000, 


millesimus. 


19, 


undevicesimus. 


1001, 


millesimus primus. 


20, 


ricesimus, or vigesimus. 


2000, 


bis millesimus. 


21, 


vicesimus primus. 


5000, 


quinquies millesimus. 


30, 


trigesimus. 


10000, 


decies millesimus. 


40, 


quadragesimus. 


50000, 


quinquagies millesimus 


50, 


quinquagesimus. 


100000, 


centies millesimus. 



S. Distributive numbers answer to the question, to what number? 
as, singuli, one by one 5 bini, two by two ; terni, three by three, etc. 

4. Multiplicative numbers answer to the question, how many fold? 
as, simplex, single; duplex, double; triplex, threefold. 

5. Proportional numbers answer to the question, how many times 
more? as, duplus, double; triplus, tripled. 

6. Temporal numbers express time, and answer to the question, 
how old? as, bimus, two years old; trimus, three years old; bimes- 
tris, two months old. 

DECLENSION OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 

Numerals are declined like other adjectives according 
to their terminations. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1. Unus is declined, as it was said page 12. 

2. Duo, is thus declined : 

Norn, duo, duae, duo, 

Gen. duorum, duarum, duorum, 

Dat. duobus, duabus, duobus, 

Ace. duos,vel duo, duas, duo, 

Voc. duo, duae, duo, 

Abl. duobus, duabus, duobus, 

— So also, ambo, ambse, ambo, both. 

3. Tres, tres, trio, is declined like graves, graves, gra- 



16 DECLENSIONS 

4. From quatuor to centum, the cardinal numbers are 
indeclinable. 

5. From ducenti to mille, they are declined like the 
plural of doctus. 

6. Mille, a thousand, is an adjective indeclinable; but 
millia is a substantive, and governs the subjoined sub- 
stantive in the genitive by Rule II, as, duo millia homi- 
num, two thousand men. 

Millia is thus declined : 

Nominative, ace, and voc. millia, 
Gen. millium, dat. and abl. millibus. 

CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES. 
RULE III. 

An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, 
number, and case. 

Clarus dux, a noble general. 
Clara vox, a clear voice. 
Clarum sidus, a bright star. 
Inter claros duces, among noble generals. 
Contra claras voces, against the clear voices. 
Infra clara sidera, beneath the bright stars. . 
Obs. 1. The substantive, particularly homo, a person, 
or negotium, a thing, is often omitted, as boni {homines) 
the good (men); bonum (negotium), a good thing, or a 
blessing; omnia (negotia), all things; utile (negotium), 
a useful thing ; a dextera (manu), from the right (hand). 
Obs. 2. The English is not always the same part of 
speech as the Latin corresponding with it, as; Calendds 
Sextiles, the Calends of August ; in summo monte, on the 
top of the mountain ; fiorcus bimestris, a pig two months 
old. 

EXERCISES. 
Past the first letters. Ultra primus litera. 

For a weighty cause. Gravis de causa. 

During three years. Per tres annus. 

With great pleasure. Magnus cum voluptas. 

By the foot troops. A pedester copiae. 

For time perpetual. In tempus perpetuus. 

Without any doubt. Sineullus dubitatio. 

On account of the heavy Ob gravis onus, 
burdens. 



OP ADJECTIVES. 



17 



the civil judg- Contra civilis judicium. 



Against 
ments. 

Upon a green bough. 

Among the royal daugh- 
ters in law. 

At the Greek calends (i. 
e. never). 

Through the whole camp. 

Against the left wing of 
the army. 

At the right (hand). 

From the left. 

Amongst the wicked 
(men). 

By mortals. 

With the greatest power 
of government. 

After three obstinate bat- 
tles. 

On account of the uncer- 
tain will of the king. 

With the rest of the sol- 
diers. 

Through the midst of the 
army. 

With the remaining le- 
gions of the veterans. 

By Marcius Coriolanus, 
the enemy of the tribunitian 
power. 

Before the Calends of 
August. 

At the Nones of January. 

After the Ides of May. 

Without any loss of his 
reputation. 

Besides other heavenly 
prodigies. 

About the castles on the 
hills. 

Till late in the night. 

From one to another. 4 

On the highest part of 
the way. 



Super viridis frons. 
Inter regius nurus. 

Ad Calendar Graecus. 

Per totus castra. 
Contra sinister cornu ex- 
ercitus. 

Ad dexter (manus.) 

A sinister. 

Inter impius (homo). 

A mortalis. 

Cum summus (potestas) 
imperium. 

Post tres pertinax prae- 
lium. 

Ob incertus rex voluntas. 

Cum reliquus miles. 
Per medius acies. 

Cum reliquus legio vete- 
ranus. 

A Marcius Coriolanus, 
hostis tribunitius potestas. 

Ante Calendae sextilis. 

Ad Nonae Januarius. 

Post Idus Maius. 

Sine ullusexistimatio de- 
trimentum. 

Praeter alius ccelestis pro- 
digium. 

Circum montanus castel- 
lum. 

Ad multus nox. 

Ab alius ad alius. 

In summus via. 



2* 



18 DECLENSIONS 

For twenty silver pieces. Pro viginti argenteus 

nummus. 

On account of the singu- Ob singularis cura im- 

lar -care of the immortal mortalis Deus. 
Gods. 

For the perpetual remem- In sempiternus memoria 

brance of the deliverance of liberatio Israelita a tristis 

the Israelites from the sad servitus iEgyptus. 
slavery of Egypt. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

The comparison of adjectives is the expression of their 
signification in different degrees, as: bold, bolder, boldest. 

There are three degrees of comparison, the positive, 
com/iarative, and superlative. 

The positive gives the adjective in its simple form, as: 
doctus, learned ; tener, tender ; audax, bold. 

The comparative increases or diminishes the significa- 
tion of the positive, as: doctior, mT)re learned ; minus au- 
dax, less bold. 

The superlative increases or diminishes the significa- 
tion of the positive to the highest or lowest degree, as, 
doctissimus, the most learned ; minimus, the least; minime 
audax, the least audacious. 

FORMATION OF THE DEGREES. 

The comparative is formed from the first case of the 
positive, ending in i, by adding to it the syllable or, for 
the masculine and feminine, and us, for the neuter, as: 
doctus, docti; doctior, doctior, doctius: fiiger, fiigri; fii- 
gri-or, or, us: audax, audaci; audaci-or, or, us. 

The superlative is also formed from the first case of 
the positive in i, by adding ssimus, as, doctus, docti; doc- 
tissimus, doctissima, doctissimum: audax, audaci; audacis- 
sim-us, a, um. 

But if the positive ends in er, the superlative is form- 
ed by adding rimus to the nominative, as : tener, tenerri- 
mus; fiiger, fiigerrimus. 

Facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, humilis, and gracilis, 
form the superlative by changing is into limus, as: faci- 
lis, facillimus. — Fetus makes from the obsolete veter, ve- 
ter rimus. 



OP ADJECTIVES. 19 



IRREGULAR COMPARISONS. 

I. Bonus, melior, optimus; good, better, best. 
Malus, pejor, pessimus; bad, worse, worst. 
Magnus, major, maximus; great, greater, greatest. 
Parvus, minor, minimus; little, less, least. 
Multus, plus, neut. plurimus; much, more, most. 
Dives, ditior, ditissimus; rich, richer, richest. 
Senex, senior, or natu major, natu maximus; old, etc. 
Juvenis, junior, or natu minor, natu minimus; young, etc. 

II. Inferus, inferior, infimus, or imus; "beneath. 
Superus, superior, supremus, or summus; above. 
Posterus, posterior, postremus, or postumus; late. 
Exteri, exterior, extremus, or extimus; without. 

III. Nequam, nequior, nequissimus; worthless. 
Citra, citerior, citimus; on this side; hither. 
Intra, interior, intimus; within, inner, inmost. 
Ultra, ulterior, ultimus; beyond, farther, farthest. 
Prope, proprior, proximus; near, nearer, nearest. 
Pridem, prior, primus; lately, former, first. 

IV. Compounds in dicus, Jicus, loquus, and volus, change us into en- 
tior, and entissimus, as: 
Maledicus, maledicentior, maledicentissimus; reviling. 
Beneficus, beneficentior, beneficentissimus; kind. 
Magniloquus, magniloquentior, magniloquentissimus; boasting. 
Benevolus, benevolentior, benevolentissimus; well wishing. 
V. Those adjectives only admit of comparison whose signification 
may be increased or diminished; others want one or the other 
degree, as: 

Positive. Comparat. Superlative. 

Ingens, great; ingentior, 

Adolescens, young; adolescentior, 

Inclytus, famous; inclytissimus. 

Fidus, faithful; fidissimus. 

Novus, new, novissimus. 

Sacer, sacred; sacerrimus. 



Mirus, wonderful; 



ocior, swifter; ocissimus. 

deterior, worse; deterrimus. 



VII. Many adjectives, particularly those which end in us, pure, that 
is, in us preceded by a vowel, form their comparisons by adding 
magis, and maxime to the positive, as: idoneus, fit; magis ido- 
neus, fitter; maxime idoneus, fittest; so also the diminutive com- 
parisons, as: minus doctus, less learned; minime docius, least 
learned. (§ 9.) 



20 



DECLENSIONS 



ADJECTIVES TO BE COMPARED. 

Altus, densus, aptus, benignus, antiquus, aeger, pulcher, 
integer, miser, prosper, celeber, dulcis, utilis, sapiens, 
diligens, praestans, elegans, loquax, verax. 

DECLENSION. 



The 


comparatives 


are thus declined : 
Singular, 




Norn 


. doctior, 


doctior, 


doctius, 


Gen. 


doclioris, 


doctioris, 


doctioris, 


Dat. 


doctiori, 


doctiori, 


doctiori, 


Ace. 


doctiorem, 


doctiorem, 


doctius, 


Voc. 


doctior, 


doctior, 


doctius, 


Abl. 


doctiore, or 


doctiori, etc. 
Plural. 




Norn 


. doctiores, 


doctiores, 


doctiora, 


Gen. 


doctiorum, 


doctiorum, 


doctiorum, 


Dat. 


doctioribus, 


doctioribus, 


doctioribus, 


Ace. 


doctiores, 


doctiores, 


doctiora, 


Voc. 


doctiores, 


doctiores, 


doctiora, 


Abl. 


doctioribus, 


doctioribus, 


doctioribus. 



The superlative, ending in us, has three terminations, 
and is declined like doctus. 



Exercise on the 

Above the higher trees. 

With greater pleasure. 

Through thicker groves. 

According to a better con- 
science. 

By the braver soldiers. 

On account of better en- 
gagements. 

From a severer sickness. 

Among the lesser stars. 

With a more obedient ar- 
my. 

Against the richer lords. 

Through Italy, a more fer- 
tile country. 



Comfiarative. 
Supra altus arbor. 
Magnus cum voluptas. 
Per densus nemus. 
Secundum bonus conscien- 

tia. 
A fortis miles. 
Propter utilis negolium. 

A morbus gravis. 
Inter parvus sidus. 
Cum parens exercitus. 

Contra locuples dominus. 
Per Italia, ferax regio. 



OF ADJECTIVES. 



21 



Against the Carthaginians, 
a more formidable enemy. 

On account of a more last- 
ing peace with the invin- 
cible Romans. 

By a conclusion from the 
less (thing) to the great- 
er. 

Exercise on th 

Among the kindest friends. 

With the dearest parents. 

Towards the most wretched 
man. 

Contrary to the wisest ad- 
vice. 

With the worst advisers. 

Concerning the best man- 
ners. 

Through the Pylse, very nar- 
row passes of Cilicia. 

By the most ancient kings 
of the Macedonians. 

After the most miserable 
death of Suffetius, the 
leader of the Albans. 

Against the most august 
temple of Jupiter Opti- 
mus. 

About Darius, the mildest 
king of the Persians. 

Beyond the highest moun- 
tains of the Helvetia. 

Against the bravest legions 
within the strongest town. 

Concerning the best works 
of the most celebrated 
authors. 

On account of the very sea- 
sonable arrival of the 
horse (men), the bravest 
soldiers of the whole ar- 
my. 



Adversus Carthaginiensis, 

hostis terribilis. 
Ob diuturnus pax cum Ro- 

manus invictus. 

Per conclusio a parvus ad 
magnus. 

e Superlative. 
Inter benignus amicus. 
Cum carus parens. 
Erga homo miser. 

Contra prudens consilium. 

Cum malus consultor. 
De bonus mos. 

Per Pylae, arctus Cilicia 

faux. 
Ab antiquus rex Macedo. 

Post miser mors Suffetius, 
dux Albanus. 

Contra augustus sedes Jupi- 
ter Optimus. 

Circa Darius, mitis rex Per- 

sa. 
Ultra altus mons Helvetia. 

Adversus legio fortis intra 

oppidum tutus. 
De bonus opus auctor cele- 

ber. 

Propter opportunus adven- 
tus eques, miles audax 
totus exercitus. 



22 DECLENSIONS. 

From the most dangerous E periculosus dimicatio 

contentions with Philo, cum Philo, acer Pom- 

the most active defender peius defensor, 
of Pompey. 

PRONOUNS. 

A pronoun is a declinable part of speech, used instead 
of a noun. 

There are nineteen simple pronouns, viz. ego, tu, sui y 
ille, iste, ifise, hie, i«, qui, guis, meus, tuus, suus, noster, 
vester, cujus, nostrasyvestras, cujas. § 10. 





DECLENSION I 


3F PRONOUNS. 


Sing. 




Plur. 




Norn. Ego, 


I, myself, 


Nom. nos, 


we, ourselves, 


Gen. mei, 


of me, myself, 


Gen. nostrum, or nostri, of us, 








ourselves, 


Dat. mihi, 


to me, 


Dat. nobis, 


to us, ourselves, 


Ace. me, 


me, 


Ace. nos, 


us, ourselves, 


Voc. , 




Voc. -, 




Abl. me, 


with, from, by me. 


Abl. nobis, 


with, from us. 


Sing. 




Plur. 




Nom. tu, 


thou, you, yourself, 


Nom. vos, 


ye, you, yourselves, 


Gen. tui, 


of thee, 


Gen. vestrum, or vestri, of you, 


Dat. tibi, 


to thee, 


Dat. vobis, 


to you, yourselves, 


Ace. te, 


thee, 


Ace. vos, 


you, yourselves, 


Voc. tu, 


O, thou, 


Voc. vos, 


ye, you, 


Abl. te, 


with thee. 


Abl. vobis, 


with, from, by you. 


Sing. 




Plur. 




N. , 




N. , 




G. sui, of himself, herself, itself. 


G. sui, 


of themselves, 


D. sibi, to himself, herself, etc. 


D. sibi, 


to themselves, 


A. se, himself, herself, itself, 


A. se, 


themselves, 


V. , 




V. , 




A. se, wi 


th, from, by himself. 


A. se, 


with themselves. 



Sing. 
N. Ille, ilia, illud, he, she, it, that, 
G. illius, illius, illius, of him, her, 
D. illi, illi, illi, to, or for him, 
A. ilium, illam, illud, him, 

V. ille, ilia, illud, O that 

A. illo, ilia, illo, with him. 



Plur. 

N. illi, illae, ilia, they, those, 

G. illorum, illarum, illorum, of 

D. illis, illis, illis, to or for 

A. illos, illas, ilia, them, 

V. illi, illje, ilia, O those, 

A. illis, illis, illis, with them. 



So also ist-e, a, ud, and ips-e, a, urn. 



OP PRONOUNS. 



23 



Sing. 
N. Hie, haec, hoc, he, she it, this, 
G. hujus, hujus, hujus, of him, 
D. huic, huic, huic, to him, 

A. hunc, hanc, hoc, him, her, 
V. hie, haec, hoc, O this, 

A. hoc, hac, hoc, with him. 

Sing. 
N. Is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, 
G. ejus, ejus, ejus, of him, 

D. ei, ei, ei, to, or for him, 

A. eum, earn, id, him, her, it, 

v.. — > 

A. eo, ea, eo, with him, her. 

Sing. 
N. Qui, quae, quod, who, which, 
G. cujus, cujus, cujus, of whom, 
D. cui, cui, cui, to, or for whom, 
A. quern, quam, quod, whom. 

A. quo, qua, quo, with whom. 



Plur. 

N. hi, hae, haec, they, these, 
G. horum, harum, horum, of, 

D. his, his, his, to them, 

A. hos, has, haec, them, 

V. hi, hae, haec, O these, 

A. his, his, his, with them,, 

Plur. 
N. ii, eae, ea, they, these, 

G. eorum, earum, eorum, of, 
D. eis, or iis, to them, 

A. eos, eas, ea, them, 

V - » 

A. eis, or iis, with them. 

Plur. 
N. qui, quae, quae, who, which, 
G. quorum, quarum, quorum, of, 
D. quibus, or queis, to or for, 
A. quos, quas, quae, whom, 

V. , 

A. quibus, or queis, with whom. 



So also quis, quee, quid, or quod, 

Meus, tuus, and suus, are declined like doctus: meus, 
however, makes mi in the vocative sing. masc. 

JVoster, and -venter, are declined like fiiger. 

Nostras, vestras, and cujas, are declined like audax. 

Of cujus, to whom belonging, we find the following 
cases only : nom. sing, cujus, cuja, cujum, ace. sing, cu- 
jum, cujam, cujum; abl. sing. fern, cuja; nom. plur. fern. 
cuja. 

COMPOUND PRONOUNS, 

I. Of ego,tu, sui; these often have ipse connected with 
them, as : 

Ego ipse, I myself; gen. mei ipsius ; dat. mihi ipsi, etc. 

They have also the inclitics met and tc added to them, 
as: egomet, I myself; lute, or tumet, thou thyself; also 
egometip.se, meimetifisius, mihimetifisi, etc. 

II. Of iste and hie: 

Nom. isthic, isthaec, isthoc, or isthuc, 
Ace. isthunc, isthanc, isthoc, or isthuc. 
Nom. and Ace. plur. neut. isthaec. 



24 DECLENSIONS 



III. Of is and dem; Idem, the same. 

Sing, Plur. 

N. Idem, eadem, idem. 
G. ejusdem, ejusdem, ejus- 

dem. 
D. eidem, eidem, eidem, 
A. eundem, eandem, idem, 
V. 



N. iidem, eaedem, eadem, 
G. eorundem,earundem,eo- 

rundem, 
D. eisdem, or iisdem, 
A. eosdem, easdem, eadem, 
V. 



A, eodem, eadem, eodem. A. eisdem, or iisdem. 

IV. Of quis with warn, fiiam, quam, que, quis, as: 
Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, or quidnam; who. 
Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, or quidpiam; any one. 
Quisque, quaeque, quodque, or quidque; every one. 
Quisquis, — quidquid, or quicquid; some one, 

gen. cujuscujus; dat. cuicui; ace. quidquid, or quicquid; 
abl. quoquo, quaqua, quoquo; plural, nom. and ace. neut. 
quaequae; dat. and abl. quibusquibus. 

The three first are declined like quis. 

V. Of dam, cunque, libet, vis, as: 

Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, or quiddam; some one, 
gen. cujusdam; dat. cuidam, ace. quendam, quandam, 
quoddam, or quiddam; abl. quodam, quadam, quodam; 
plural nom. quidam, quaedam, quaedam; gen. quorundam, 
quarundam, etc. 

Quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque; whosoever. 

Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, or quidlibet; any one. 

Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quidvis; every one. 

Quolusquisque, quotaquaeque, quotumquodque, or quo- 
tumquidque; what one of many. 

Unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquodque, or unum- 
quidque, every one; gen. uniuscujusque, dat. unicuique, 
ace. unumquemque, etc. 

VI. Of ali, ec, si, ne, and num, with quis; these com- 
pounds have their nominative sing. fern, and the nomina- 
tive plural neuter, in a, as, 

Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or aliquid, some one. 
Ecquis, ecqua, ecquod, or ecquid, who. 
Siquis, siqua, siquod, or siquid, if any one. 
Nequis, nequa, nequod, or nequid, lest any one. 
Numquis, numqua, numquod or numquid, whether any 
one. 



PRONOUNS. 25 

Obs. Siquis, nequis, and numquis, are often found sepa- 
rated. 

Some pronouns are called 

I. Personals, pointing out a particular person, as; ego, 
tu, sui, hie, ille, is, idem, iste, iftse, and qui. 

II. Reciprocals, relating to the subject of the same sen- 
tence, as; suus, sui. 

III. Possessives, showing whose property something 
is, as; mens, tuus, suus, noster, vester, cujus, nostras, ves- 
tras, and cujas. 

IV. Interrogatives, as; quis, quisnam, ecquis, cujus, 
cujas. 

V. Indefinites, as; quicunque, quidam, quivis, siquis, 
etc. 

ICPThe student is requested to proceed now to the 
verbs. 

Observations, » 

I. The compound pronouns, the interrogatives, and 
possessives, are always used as adjectives according to 
Rule III. 

II. The personal pronouns ego, tu, and sui, are substan- 
tives, and assume the gender of the nouns, instead of 
which they are used. 

III. When hie, ille, is, iste, ifise,* and qui, are not used 
instead of a noun going before, they are construed as ad- 
jectives; but when they stand instead of a preceding noun, 
they are called relative pronouns, and are construed as 
substantives. 

IV. The preceding noun, instead of which a relative is 
used, is called the antecedent. 

RULE IV. 
A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
der, number, and person. 

RULE V. 

If no nominative comes between the relative and the 
verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb. 

But if a nominative comes between the relative and the 

* Hie, ille, is, iste, signifying this, or that, these or those, and ipse, 
signifying self, or very, are adjectives. 



26 



PRONOUNS. 



verb, the relative is governed either by a noun, or verb 
following, or by a preposition going before. 
Or more correctly thus: 

The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender, num- 
ber, and person; and it must be in that case, in which the 
antecedent would be, if it were used instead of the rela- 
tive, as; ■« 
Against me, who am the Contra me, quae sum regi- 

queen. na. 

By the very soldiers, whose Ab ipsis militibus, quorum 

leader he had been. dux fuerat. 

EXERCISE. 

Juxta deus sum in tuus 
potestas. 

Soror meus sum cum pa- 
ter suus. 



Next to God we are in 
your power. 

My sister will be with 
her father. 

I shall be with you for a 
short time. 

Whose cattle is this? It 
is Melibaeus's (cattle). 

Thou wast the seed of 
this most doleful war. 

The people will be the 
heir of this royal wealth. 

Against the forces, in 
whose power his life had 
been. 

Out of the ditches, that 
were between the two roads. 

Along the winding shore, 
which is opposite the isl- 
and. 

For these very causes the 
armies of the Lacedaemoni- 
ans were more obedient. 

Your brother will be with 
me, who have been the au- 
thor of his calamity. 

About all the towns, 



Sum tucum* ad brevis 
tempus. 

Cujus pecus sum hie? 
Sum Melibaeus (pecus). 

Tu sum semen hie luctu- 
osus bellum. 

Populus sum haeres hie 
regius opes. 

Contra copiae, penes qui 
vita suus sum. 

Ex fovea, qui sum inter 
duo via. 

Secundum curvus litus, 
qui sum contra insula. 

Ob hie ipse causa exerci- 
tus Lacedaemonius sum pa- 
rens. 

Frater tuus sum egocum, 
qui sum auctor ipse calami- 
tas. 

Circa omnis oppidum, 



* The pronouns ego, tu, and sui, have the preposition cum always 
annexed; qui has it before or after, as; mecum, nobiscum, quocum, or 
cum quo. 



PRONOUNS. 



27 



which were 
two rivers. 

What countryman are 
you? — I am a Numidian. 

There* is no mention of 
that affair amongst the 
more ancient writers. 

Concerning the miseries, 
of which men themselves 
are the authors. 

We ourselves have been 
in that party, in which your 
father was. 

Before me, who am your 
mother. 

Besides the forces, that 
were beyond the Rhone in 
winter-quarters. 

Independent of this con- 
tention, which is betwixt us. 

I have been the accuser 
of a Praetor, whose Quaestor 
I had been. 

For us, who have been 
the defenders of your life. 

This (end) was the end of 
the most eminent man, in 
whom there were many no- 
ble virtues. 

On account of Cornelia, 
Caesar's wife, whose father 
had been Sylla's enemy. 

Before the captive wo- 
men, amongst whom was 
Sisygambis, the mother of 



between the qui sum inter duo flumen. 



Cujas sum tu?— Sum Nu- 
mida. 

Nullus sum mentio is res 
apud vetustus scriptor. 



De miseria, qui 
ipse sum auctor. 



homo 



Ego ipse sum in idem 
pars, in qui pater tuus sum. 

Coram ego, qui sum ma- 
ter tuus. 

Praeter copiae, qui sum 
trans Rhodanus in hyberna. 

Extra hie contentio, qui 
sum inter ego. 

Sum accusator Praetor, 
qui Quaestor sum. 

Pro ego, qui sum defen- 
sor vita tuus. 

Hie sum exitus praestans 
vir, in qui sum multus no- 
bilis virtus. 

Ob Cornelia, Caesar uxor, 
qui pater sum Sylla inimi-, 
cus. 

Coram captivus mulier, 
inter qui sum Sisygambis 
mater Darius Persa rex. 



Darius, king of the Persians. 
Against Cleopatra, queen 
of Egypt, who was the 
handsomest woman of her 
age. 

* There, when not pointing out a place, is an inclitic, and omitte 
in the Latin; so also the pronoun it, when not referring to a pre- 
ceding noun. 



Adversus Cleopatra, re- 
gina iEgyptus, qui sum 
pulcher mulier suus setas. 



28 VERBS. 

Without doubt this man Sine dubium hie vir sum 

will be the most eminent nobilis inter nostras philos- 

amongst our country's phi- ophus. 
losophers. 

That Mettus is the leader Mettus ille sum ductor 

of this march, the same hie iter, idem Mettus ma- 

Mettus (is) the contriver of chinator hie bellum, Mettus 

this war, Mettus is the sum ruptor Albanus foedus. 
breaker of the Albanleague. 

OF VERBS. 

A Verb is a declinable part of speech expressing af- 
firmation, as; sum, I am; amo, I love; doceor, I am 
taught. 

Verbs are either personal, or impersonal. 

A personal verb is that, which admits of the personal 
pronouns ego, I ; tu, thou ; ille, etc. 

Personal verbs end either in o, or in or;* those which 
end in o, and have a passive in or, are called active or 
transitive verbs, as ; amo, I love ; amor, I am loved ; 
doceo, I teach ; doceor, I am taught. 

A verb, ending in o, and having no passive in or, is 
called a neuter, or intransitive verb, as ; noceo, I hurt. 

A verb ending in or, and having no active in o, is call- 
ed a deponent verb, as ; sequor, I follow. §11. 

A verb is declined or varied by Voices, Moods, Tenses, 
Numbers, and Persons. 

There are two voices; the Active and the Passive. 

There are four Moods ; the Indicative, the Subjunc- 
tive, or Potential, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. 

The Indicative simply expresses an affirmation, or 
asks a question, as ; he loved ; has he loved? 

The Subjunctive or Potential connects with the 
affirmation a condition, possibility, desire, or some other 
circumstance, as ; had he loved ; he might have been 
loved ; he would love. 

The Imperative connects with the affirmation a re- 
quest or command, as ; love ; let him love. 

The Infinitive affirms infinitively, that is, without de- 
fining any particular person, as ; to love ; to have been 
loved. 

• Except sum and its compounds, 



VERBS. 29 

Tenses express the time, when an event is said to take 
place. 

Though time, properly speaking, is divided only into 
three tenses, the present, past, and future ; yet the Latin 
language admits of six tenses ; viz. 

The present tense affirms an event, or action, as taking 
place at the time, in which it is affirmed, as; amo y I love ; 
sum, I am. 

The imperfect represents the event, or action, as taking 
place, but not finished at some period of time past, as ; 
amabam, I was loving. 

The perfect tense represents the event, or action, as 
past, and completely finished, as; amavi, I loved; I have 
loved. 

The pluperfect tense represents the event or action as 
past, and completely finished, before some other action or 
point of time specified in the sentence, as; amaveram, I 
had loved. 

The first future tense represents an event or action 
which is yet to take place, as; amabo, I shall love. . 

The second future, or future past, represents an event 
or action as completely finished at a point of time yet to 
come, as; amavero, I shall have loved. 

There are two numbers; the Singular, and the Plural. 

Each number, except in the imperative, is divided in- 
to three persons. 

The variation of a verb through its several modes, 
tenses, numbers and persons, is called Conjugation. 

Conjugation of the Auxiliary verb SUM, lam. 

Principal Parts. 

Indie, pres. Inf. pres. Perf ind. Participle. 
Sum, esse, fui, futurus. 

Indicative. Subjunctive. 

Present. Present. 

Sum, I am, Sim, I may or can be, 

es, thou art, sis, thou mayst or canst be, 

est, he, she, or it, is, sit, he, etc. may or can be, 

3* 



30 



VERBS. 



sumus, we are 

estis, ye or you are, 

sunt, they are. 

Imfierfect. 

eram, I was, 

eras, thou wast, 

erat, he was, 

eramus, we were, 

eratis, ye were, 

erant, they were. 

Perfect. 

fui, I have been, 

fuisti, thou hast been, 

fuit, he has been, 

fuimus, we have been, 

fuistis, ye have been, 

fuerunt, they have been, 

Plufierfect. 

fueram, I had been, 

fueras, thou hadst been, 
fuerat, he had been, 

fueramus, we had been, 
fueratis, ye had been, 

fuerant, they had been. 

F irst future. 

ero, I shall or will be, 

eris, thou shalt or wilt be, 
erit, he shall or will be, 
erimus, we shall or will be, 
eritis, ye shall or will be, 
erunt, they shall or will be, 



simus, we may or can be, 
sitis, ye or you may or can be, 
sint, they may or can be. 

Imfierfect 

n 

thou f might, 
! could, 
'should, or 



essem, 

esses, 

esset, 

essemus 

essetis, 

essent, 



he 
we 



ye | would be. 
theyj 

Perfect. 



fuerim, 

fueris, 

fuerit, 



•1 



thou 
he (may, or can 
fuerimus, we [have been, 
fueritis, ye | 
fuerint, theyj 

Plufierfect. 

fuissem, I" 

fuisses, thou 
fuisset, he 

fuissemus, we 
fuissetis, 
fuissent, 

Future fiast* 

fuero, I shall have been, 
fueris, thou shalt have been, 
fuerit, he shall have been, 
fuerimus, we shall have been, 
fueritis, ye shall have been, 
fuerint, they shall have been, 



might, 
could, 
>should, 
or would, 

theyj have been ' 



* The future past belongs to both the Indicative and Subjunctive. 
The first future of the subj. is compounded of the participle future, 
and sim, as; quis dubitat, quinfuturus sim, who doubts that I shall be ? 
the participle, being a verbal adjective, agrees with its substantive in 
gender, number, and case. 



VERBS. 31 



Imperative. 



Es, or esto, be thou, este, or estote, be ye, 

esto, let him be, sunto, let them be, 

Infinitive, 

Pres. and imperf. esse, to be. 

Perf. and pluperf. fuisse, to have been.. , 

Future, futurus, -a, -urn, esse, or fuisse, to be, 

or to have been about to be. 
Participle fut. futur-us, -a, -um, about to be; or he, 
she, it, that will or shall be. 

So are also conjugated all the compounds of sum, as; 
adsum, desum, prmsum, intersum, etc. except prosum, and 
possum, which see among the irregular verbs. 

Observation. 

1. Every sentence, however simple, has a subject, and 

a PREDICATE. 

2. The subject is the person or thing, concerning 
which something is affirmed, and it answers to the ques- 
tion who? or what? with the verb, as; All things proceed 
from God; here all things is the subject. 

3. The predicate is the affirmation itself, or what is 
said of the subject, as; All things proceed from God; pro- 
ceed from God is the predicate. 

4. The subject is often after the predicate, as; " The 
wages of sin is death;" here death is the subject; is the 
wages of sin , the predicate. 

5. The subject may consist of a whole sentence, as; 
"That he would act thus, was not to be expected" The 
nearest approach to happiness, is to enjoy from heaven, 
health, wisdom, and peace of mind." That he would act 
thus, and, to enjoy from heaven, health, wisdom, and 
peace of mind are the subjects. 

6. The subject is sometimes separated from the predi- 
cate, or it is itself divided by one or more sentences, as; "The 
sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, and 
the rest that we enjoy, admonish us of a superior Power." 
Here, the sun, the food and the rest, arethe subject to ad- 
monish us, etc. 



32 



VERBS. 



7. Every finite verb, that is, every verb in the indicative, 
subjunctive, or imperative, requires the subject to be in the 
nominative, and agrees with it in number and person. 

8. Of all subjects, ego, I, is the only first person singu- 
lar, and nos, we, the first person plural; tu, thou, or you, 
is the second person sing., vos, ye or you, is the second 
person plural; and all other subjects are of the third per- 
son.* 



RULE VI. 

A verb agrees with its subject, or nominative in num- 
ber and person. 



I was, 

Ye have been., 
Let the servant be, 
The servants would have 
been, 



(ego) eram, 
(vos) fuistis, 
servus esto, 
servi fuissent. 



EXERCISE. 



I am with friends. 
Thou art in great danger. 

He was in the army. 

She was among the 
maids. 

We shall be around a 
spring of cool water. 

Ye would be under a sha- 
dy oak. 

They will be near the an- 
cient temple of Ceres, 

The quickest foot (men) 
will be with the cavalry. 

The mortal wound was 
on the head along the ear. 

All things are under the 
control of a higher power. 



(Ego) sum cum amicus. 

(Tu) sum in magnus pe- 
riculum. 

(Ille) sum apud exerci- 
tus. 

(Ille) sum inter ancilla. 

(Ego) sum circum fons 
frigidus aqua. 

(Tu) sum sub umbrosus 
quercus. 

(Ille) sum juxta antiquus 
templum Ceres. 

Velox pedes sum cum 
equitatus. 

Mortalis vulnus sum in 
caput secundum auris. 

Omnis(negotium)sum sub 
imperium superior potestas. 



* The pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it, we, ye, and they, are omitted 
in the Latin, unless they are used with an emphasis. 



VERBS. 



33 



The dispute is before the 
judge. 

Carthage, a celebrated ci- 
ty of Africa, is opposite 
Italy. 

The embassadors were 
for a very weighty reason, 
with the general of the Ro- 
mans. 

Licinius was at the army 
with Lucius Lucullus, a 
most renowned commander. 

The two remaining le- 
gions had been in the great- 
er camp. 

The liberty of the repub- 
lic, would have been in the 
hands of an ambitious tri- 
bune of the soldiers. 

Observations. 

The verb Sum, has often a noun after it, agreeing with 
the subject according to Rule No. I, or III; hence, 

RULE VII. 

The verb Sum, has the same case after it that it has 
before it, belonging to the same person or thing. 

"^ Usus est optimus magister, 

Practice is the best master. W, .^ „.. OT . 

\ Exercitatio est optima ma- 

J gistra. 

Great were the losses. Magna erant damna. 

EXERCISE. 



Lis sum sub judex. 

Carthago, celeber urbs 
Africa, sum contra Italia. 

Legatus sum de gravis 
causa, cum dux Romanus. 



Licinius sum apud exer- 
citus cum Lucius Lucullus, 
clarus imperator. 

Duo reliquus legio sum 
in magnus castra. 

Libertas respublica, sum 
penes ambitiosus tribunus 
miles. 



You have been a rebel- 
lious tribune of the people. 

We are veterans of the 
tenth legion. 

Nothing is harder. 

Pride is the source of all 
evib. 



Tu sum seditiosus plebs 
tribunus. 

Ego sum veteranus de 
decimus legio. 

Nihil sum dfficilis. 

Superbia sum scaturigo 
omnis malum. 



34 



VERBS. 



No enemy had been more 
terrible. 

The acts of Nero were 
most cruel. 

Great was the slaughter 
of the horse (men) within 
the fortifications. 

The cause of Csecilius is 
the most expedite. 

Within the walls affairs 
were more quiet. 

No action of a consul has 
been more violent. 

After Croesus thou wilt 
be the richest man. 

The prices are various 
according to the number of 
merchants. 

A loss by neglect is the 
most disgraceful. 

The arrogance of oratory 
is the most troublesome. 

The books of Xenophon 
are very useful for many 
things. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
the orator, was a very fa- 
mous philosopher. 

Impudence is the greatest 
leader to all things base. 

Temperance is the enemy 
of lusts, lusts are the attend- 
ants of pleasure. 

Romulus, the grandson of 
Numitor, was the founder 
of the city of Rome. 

The glory of the father's 
virtue is the son's best in- 
heritance. 



Nullus hostis sum terri- 
bilis. 

Facinus Nero sum atrox. 

Magnus sum cladeseques 
intra munimentum. 

Causa Caecilius sum ex- 
peditus. 

Intra murus negotium 
sum quietus. 

Nullus actio consul sum 
vehemens. 

Secundum Croesus tu 
sum dives. 

Pretium sum varius e nu- 
merus mercator. 

Jactura per negligentia 
sum turpis. 

Arrogantia eloquentia 
sum molestus. 

Liber Xenophon sum uti- 
lis ad multus res. 

Marcus Tullus Cicero, 
orator, sum celeber philo- 
sophus. 

Impudentia sum magnus 
dux ad quisque turpis. 

Temperentiasuminimica 
libido, libido sum consecta- 
trix voluptas. 

Romulus, nepos Numi- 
tor, sum conditor urbs Ro- 
ma. 

Gloria virtus pater sum 
bonus hsereditas filius. 



10° The student will please return now to page 25. 



VERBS. 35 

CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE VERBS. 

There are four conjugations of active verbs, which are 
distinguished from one another by the formation of the 
present infinitive. 

A verb that belongs to the 

First Conjugation, changes o, of the present indicative 
into are with a long, as : am-o, am-are ; be-o, be-are. 

Second Conjugation changes eo into ere with e long, as: 
doc-eo, doc-ere. 

Third Conjugation changes o, or io into ere with e 
short, as: teg-o, teg-ere; cap-io, cap-ere. 

Fourth Conjugation changes io into ire with i long, as, 
aud-io, aud-Ire. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine. 

amo, amare, amavi, amatum, to love. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

The Pres. Ind. is a principal part, as: 
Sing. Amo, I love, or do love, 

amas, thou lovest, or dost love, 
amat, he loves, or doth love, 
Plur. amamus, we love or do love, 
amatis, ye love, or do love, 
amant, they love, or do love. 

IMPERFECT. 

The Imperfect Ind. is formed from jthe Pres. Ind. by 
changing o into abam in the first conjugation, as: am-o, 
Sing, amabam, I loved, or was loving, 

amabas, thou lovedst, or wast loving, 
amabat, he loved, or was loving. 
Plur. amabamus, we loved, or were loving, 
amabatis, ye loved, or were loving, 
amabant, they loved, or were loving. 



36 ACTIVE 

PERFECT. 

The Perfect Ind. is a principal part, as : 
Sing, amavi, I loved, or have loved, 

amavisti,* thou loved st, or hast loved, 
amavit, he loved, or has loved, 
Plur. amavimus, we loved, or have loved, 
amavistis, ye loved, or have loved, 
amav-erunt, or ere, they loved, or have loved. 

PLUPERFECT. 

The Pluperfect Ind. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by 
changing i into eram in all the conjugations, as : amav-i, 
Sing. amaveram,I had loved, 

amaveras, thou hadst loved, 
amaverat, he had loved, 
Plur. amaveramus, we had loved,' 
amaveratis, ye had loved, 
amaverant, they had loved. 

FIRST FUTURE. 

The first Future Ind. is formed from the Present Ind. 
by changing o into abo in the first Conj. as: am-o, 
Sing, amabo, I shall, or will love, 

amabis, thou shalt, or wilt love, 
amabit, he shall, or will love, 
Plur. amabimus, we shall or will love, 
amabitis, ye shall, or will love, 
amabunt, they shall, or will love. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

The Pres. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Ind. by 
changing o into em in the first conj. as : am-o, 

Sing, amem, I may, or can love, also let me love, 
ames, thou mayst, or canst love, 
amet, he may, or can love. 
Plur. amemus, we may, or can love, or let us love, 
ametis, ye may, or can love, 
ament, they may, or can love. 

* V, vi, ve, are often dropped, as: amdsti for amavisti, amdrunt 
for amaverunt. 



VERBS. 37 



IMPERFECT. 

The Imp. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Infinitive by 
adding the letter m in. all the conjugations, as: 
amare, 

Sing, amarem, I might, could, would, or should love, 

amares, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst 
love, 

amaret, he might, could, would, or should love. 
Plur. amaremus, we might, could, would, or should love, 

amaretis, ye might, could, would, or should love; 

amarent, they might, could, would, or should love. 

PERFECT. 

The Perf. Subj. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by chang- 
ing i into erim in all the conjugations, as : amavi, 

Sing, amaverim, I may, or can have loved, 

amaveris, thou mayst, or canst have loved, 
amaverit, he may, or can have loved, 

Plur. amaverimus, we may, or can have loved, 
amaveritis, ye may, or can have loved, 
amaverint, they may, or can have loved. 

PLUPERFECT. 

The Pluperf. Subj. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by 
c ranging i into issem in all the conjugations, as: amav-i, 

Sing, amavissem, I might, could, would or should have 

loved, 
amavisses, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or 

shouldst have loved, 
amavisset, he might, could, would or should have 

loved. 
Plur. amavissemus, we might, could, would, or should 

have loved, 
amavissetis, ye might, could, would, or should 

have loved, 
amavissent, they might, could, would, or should 

have loved. 



38 ACTIVE 

future past, belonging to both the Ind. and Subj. 

The Future past is formed from the Perf. Ind. by 
changing i into ero, in all the conjugations, as; amav-i, 

Sing, amavero, I shall have loved. 

amaveris, thou shalt have loved. 

amaverit, he shall have loved. 
Plur. amaverimus, we shall have loved. 

amaveritis, ye shall have loved. 

amaverint, they shall have loved. 

IMPERATIVE MODE. 

The Imperative is formed from the Pres. Infinitive, by 
casting off re in all the conjugations, as ; ama-re, 

Sing, ama, or amato, love, love thou, or do thou love. 

amato, let him love. 

Plur. amate, or amatote, love, love ye, or do ye love. 

amanto, let them love. 

INFINITIVE MODE. 
The Pres. Inf. is a principal part, as ; 

amare, to love. 
The Perf. Inf. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by chang- 
ing i into isse in all the conj. as: amav-i, 
amavisse, to have loved. 
The Fut. Inf. is formed from the Part. Fut. by adding 
esse, or fuisse, as, 

amatur-us, a, um esse or fuisse, to be, or to have 
been about to love. 

PARTICIPLES. 

The Part. Present is formed from the Pres. Ind. by 
changing o into ans in the first conj. as: am-o, 
amans, loving, or he who loves. 
The Part. Fut. is formed from the supine by changing 
m into rusy in all the conj. as: amatum, 

amatur-us, a, um, about to love, one who will love. 



VERBS. 39 

GERUNDS. 

The Gerund is formed from the participle pres. by 
changing s into dum in all the conj. as: aman-s, 

Nom. amandum, loving, or the necessity of loving. 

Gen. amandi, of loving. 

Dat. amando, to or for loving. 

Ace. amandum, loving, or the necessity of loving. 

Voc. 

Abl. amando, with, from, in, or by loving. 

SUPINES. 

The first Supine is a principal part, as : 

amatum, to love. 
The second Supine is formed from the first by reject- 
ing 7?2, as : amatu-m, 

amatu, to love, or to be loved. 

Verbs to be conjugated,^ 

Laudo, I praise. Concilio, I unite. 

Probo, I prove. Veto, I forbid. 

Sublevo, I lift. Seco, I cut. 

Spolio, I deprive. Juvo, I help. 

Beo, I bless. Domo, I conquer. 

Calceo, I shoe. Do, I give. 

OBSERVATION. 

The formation of all the tenses, that are not directly 
formed from the Pres. Ind. is the same in all the conjuga- 
tions; hence the student should not attempt the second 
conjugation, before he is completely master of the first j 
and he will save labour and time. 



40 



ACTIVE 



II. CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



Pres. Ind. 
Doceo, 



PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. ISufiine. 
docere, docui, doctum, to teach. 



INDICATIVE. 



Pres. Doceo, doces, docet, docemus, docetis, docent. 
Imp. Docebam,docebas, doce-bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant. 
Perf. Docui, docuisti, docu-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 
Plup. Docueram, docue-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant. 
Fut. Docebo, docebis, doce-bit, -bimus, -bitis,-bunt. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Doceam, doceas, doce-at, -amus, -atis, -ant. 
Imp. Docerem, doceres, doce-ret, -remus, -reds, -rent. 
Perf. Docuerim, docueris, docue-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
Plup. Docu-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent. 
Fut. Past. Docue-ro, -ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 



IMPERATIVE. 



Doce, or doceto, 
doceto, 



docete, or docetote, 
docento. 



INFINITIVE. 
Pres. Docere. Perf. Docuisse. Fut. Docturus esse, 



Particifiles. 
Pres. Docens, 
Fut. Docturus. 



Gerunds. 
N. Docendum, 
G. docendi, 
D. docendo, 
A. docendum, 
A. docendo. 



or fuisse. 

Supines. 

1. Doctum, 

2. Doctu. 



Verbs to be conjugated. 

Moneo, I warn. Jubeo, I order. Video, I see. 

Przebeo, I afford. Moveo, I move. Augeo, I increase. 

Terreo, I frighten. Spondeo, I promise. Deleo, I blot out. 

Habeo, I have, Mordeo, I bite. Lugeo, I bewail. 



VERES. 



41 



III. CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 
Tego, tegere, texi, 

INDICATIVE. 



Sufiine. 
tectum, to cover. 



Pres. Tego, tegis, tegit, tegimus, tegitis, tegunt. 
Imp. Tegebam, tegebas, tege-bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant. 
Perf. Texi, texisti, tex-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 
Plup. Texeram, texeras, texerat, texe-ramus,-ratis,-rant. 
Fut. Tegam, teges, teget, tegemus, tegetis, tegent. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Tegam, tegas, tegal, tegamus, tegatis, tegant. 
Imp. Tegerem, tegeres, tege-ret, -remus, -retis, -rent. 
Perf. Texerim, texeris, texe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
Plup. Texissem, texisses, texis-set, -semus, -setis, -sent. 
Fut. past. Texero, texeris, texe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Tege,* or tegito, tegite, or tegitote, 

tegito, tegunto. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Tegere. Perf. Texisse. Fut. Tecturus esse orfuisse. 

Participles. Gerunds. Sufiines. 

Pres. Tegens, Nom. Tegendum, 1. Tectum, 

Fut. Tecturus. Gen. tegendi, -2. Tectu. 

Dat. tegendo, 

Ace. tegendum, 

Abl. tegendo. 

Verbs to be conjugated. 

Scindo, I cut. Uro, I burn. Extinguo, I quench. 

Csedo, 1 beat. Jungo, I join. Capio, I take. 

Tango, I touch. Quaero, I seek. Jacio, I throw. 

Cingo, I gird. Arcesso, I send for. Inspicio, I inspect. 

* Dico, duco, and facio, make die, or dicito; due, or ducito; fac, or 
facito. 

4* 



42 ACTIVE 



IV. CONJUGATION. 
ACTIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine. 

Audio, audlre, audivi, auditum, to hear. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Audio, audis, audit, audimus, audltis, audiunt. 
Imp. Audie-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant. 
Perf. Audi-vi, -visti, -vit, -vimus, -vistis, -verunt or -vere. 
Plup. Audiveram, audive-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant. 
Fut. Audiam, audies, audi-et, -emus, -etis, -ent. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Audiam, audias, audi-at, -amus, -atis, -ant. 
Imp. Audirem, audires, audi-ret, -remus, -retis, -rent. 
Perf. Audiverim, audive-ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
Plup. Audivis-sem, -ses, -set, -semus, -setis, -sent. 
Fut. Past. Audive-ro, -ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Audi, or audito, audite, or auditote, 

audito, audiunto. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Audire, Perf. Audivisse, Fut. Auditurus esse, or 

fuisse. 

Participles. Gerunds. Sufiines. 

Pres. Audiens. N. Audiendum, 1. Auditum. 

Fut. Auditurus, G. audiendi, 2. Auditu. 

D. audiendo, 

A. audiendum, 

A. audiendo. 



VERBS. 43 

VERBS TO BE CONJUGATED. 
Finio, I finish. Vincio, I bind. Punio, I punish. 
Custodio, I guard. Sepelio, I bury. Sancio, I ratify. 
Nutrio, I nourish. Sepio, I surround. Fulcio, I prop. 
Impedio, I hinder. Haurio, I draw. Invenio, I find. 

Formation of all the Tenses in the four Conjugations. 

The present ind., the pres. inf., the perf. ind., and the first su- 
pine, which must be obtained from the Dictionary, or practice, are 
called the Principal Parts, because all the other parts of the verb 
are formed from them. 

From the Present Indicative is formed 

1. The Imperfect Ind. by changing- o into abam, in the first conj. 
as: am-o, am-abam; in the second we change eo'mtoebam, as: doc-eo, 
doc-ebam; in the third and fourth o into ebam, as: teg-o, teg-ebam; 
audi-o, audi-ebam. 

2. The First Future Ind. by changing o into abo in the first conj. 
as: am-o, am-abo; in the second conj. we change eo into ebo, as: doc- 
eo, doc-ebo; in the third and fourth o into am, as: teg-o, teg-am, 
audi-o, audi-am. 

3. The Present Subj. by changing o into em in the first conj. as: 
am-o, am-em; in the second, third and fourth we change o into am, 
as: doce-o, doce-am; teg-o, teg-am; audi-o, audi-am. 

4. The Participle Pres. by changing o into ans in the first conj. as: 
am-o, am-ans; in the second conj. we change eo into ens, as: doc-eo, 
doc-ens; in the third and fourth o into ens, as: teg-o, tegens; audi-o, 
audi-ens. 

5. The Gerund by changing s of the participle pres. into dum, 
as: aman-s, aman-dum; audi-ens, audien-dum. 

From the Present Infinitive is formed 

1. The Imperfect Snbj. by adding the letter m, in all the conjuga- 
tions, as: amare, amarem; docere, docerem; esse, essem. 

2. The Imperative by rejecting the syllable re, as: ama-re, ama; 
doce-re, doce; tege-re, tege; audi-re, audi; the third pers. sing, and 
plur. are formed by adding o to the same persons of the pres. ind. 
as: amat, amato; audiunt, audiunto; est, esto; sunt, sunto. 

From the Perfect Indicative are formed 

1. The Pluperfect Ind. by changing i into eram, as; amav-i, amav- 
eram; docu-i, docu-eram, etc. 

2. The Perfect Subj. by changing/ into erim, as: as amav-i, amav- 
erim; docu-i, docu-erim; tex-i, etc. 

3. The Pluperfect Subj. by changing i into issem, as: amav-i, 
amav-issem; docu i, docu-issero; tex-i, etc. 

4. The Future Pust by changing i into ero, as: amav-i, amav-ero; 
docu-i, docu-ero; tex-i, ect. 

5. The Perfect Inf. by changing i into isse, as: amav-i, amav- 
isse; docu-i, docu-isse; tex-i, etc. 



44 ACTIVE 

From the First Supine is formed 

1. The Second Supine by casting" off the letter m, as: amatu-m, 
amatu; doctu-m, doctu. 

2. The Participle Fut. by changing m into rus, as: amatu-m, 
amatu-rus, -ra, -rum; doctu-m, etc. 

3. The Future Inf. by adding esse or fuisse to the participle fut. 
as: amaturus, amatura, amaturum, etc. esse or fuisse; or by the ac- 
cusative, amatu-rum, ram, rum, ros, ras, ra esse or fuisse. 

Observations,, 

1. A Verb Active, as was said page 28, is a verb ending 
in o, having a passive in or; but as to its import, we 
may here add, that it has also an active signification. 

2. A verb is said to have an active signification, or to 
signify actively, when it affirms an action, or effect, pass- 
ing from the subject upon an object. 

3. The object of a verb, signifying actively, answers to 
the question whom or what with the subject and the verb, 
and is always put in the accusative. Hence 

RULE VIII. 
A verb signifying actively governs the accusative.* 

Ama Deum. Love God. 

Deus est spiritus, quern God is a spirit whom 

nemo vidit. no man has seen. 

EXERCISE. 

We love virtue; they Amo virtus; qusero laus; 
sought praise; despise plea- contemno voluptas; colo 
sure ; let us practise chari- caritas. 

ty. 

* It would perhaps be more proper to say that a verb, which go- 
verns the objective or accusative case, signifies actively: for "they 
live, they eat, they drink, they die," are verbs of the same kind and 
neuter verbs; yet when joined with an accusative, they assume the 
nature of active verbs, as: they live a happy life, they eat bread, they 
drink water, they die a miserable death. Moreover, Cicero was no 
doubt as active in his studies as any English scholar, yet as studeo 
does not govern the accusative, we say it does not signify actively 
and call it a neuter verb, whilst I study, governing the objective case, 
is called an active verb. 



VERBS. 



45 



We fear God ; let others 
honour the king. Discord 
produces strife; riches had 
caused envy. 

The generals drew out 
their forces into the plain of 
Marathon. 

Jugurtha had betaken 
himself into the woody 
places. 

Alexander takes Darius's 
wife, he puts him to flight, 
he routes his whole army. 

Would you kill the man 
from whom you have re- 
ceived the greatest favours? 

They who shall carry on 
this affair, will be the as- 
sertors of our liberty. 

The consuls had sold the 
great booty on account of 
the want of the treasury. 

The earth is a dark body, 
which receives its light from 
the sun. 

That friendship is the 
most pleasing, which a si- 
milarity of dispositions has 
connected. 

Of this number is that di- 
vine man Scipio Africanus, 
whom ourfathers have seen. 

We saw many things in 
Pompey's camp, which be- 
trayed too great confidence 
of victory. 

Juba, king of Mauritania, 

^sends to the borders of his 

kingdom four cohorts of 

those troops which he had 

brought out against Caesar. 

These studies nourish 



Timeo Deus ; alius hono- 
ro rex. Discordia contraho 
lis ; divitiae pario invidia. 

Praefectus deduco copiae 
suus in campus Marathon. 

Jugurtha recipio sui in 
locus saltuosus. 

Alexander capio Darius 
uxor, fugo ipse, fundo totus 
is exercitus. 

Occido homo, a qui acci- 
pio magnus beneficium ? 

Ille, qui gero hie res, sum 
vindex libertas noster. 

Consul vendo ingens prae- 
da propter inopia aerarium. 

Terra sum corpus opacus, 
qui lumen suus asolaccipio. 

Is amicitia sum jucun- 
dus, qui similitudo mos con- 
jugo. 

Ex hie numerus sum ille 
divinus homo Scipio Afri- 
canus, qui pater noster vi- 
deo. 

Video multus in castra 
Pompeius, qui designo ni- 
mius victoria fiducia. 

Juba, rex Mauritania, 
mitto ad finis regnum suus 
quatuor cohors de is copiae, 
qui contra Caesar adduco. 

Hie studium alo adoles- 



46 



ACTIVE 



youth, they delight old age, 
they adorn prosperity, they 
offer a refuge in adversity. 

May the name of a poet, 
which no barbarous nation 
violates, be sacred with you, 
the most humane judges. 

Petreius places in the 
front the veteran cohorts, 
which he had enrolled on 
account of the tumult; be- 
hind these he displays the 
other forces. 

The pleasures of the body 
impede our judgment, they 
confound our reason, they 
dim the eyes, they have no 
connection with virtue. 

The wrath of the king 
gave a sad example of re- 
bellion ; along a great extent 
of the coast he hung two 
thousand of the conspira- 
tors. 

Masinissa, king of the 
Numidians, had performed 
the most brilliant deeds of 
the military art, for which 
he received all that country, 
which he had taken from 
the enemy. 

Caius Fabricius carried 
on with Rufinus, a noble- 



centia, oblecto senectus, or- 
no secundas res, praebeo 
perfugium in adverse. 

Sum nomen poeta, qui 
nullus barbaries violo, sanc- 
tus apud tu humanus ju- 
dex. 

Petreius loco in frons ve- 
teranus cohors, qui conscri- 
bo ob tumultus ; post is dis- 
tribuo caeter copiae. 



Voluptas corpus impedio 
consilium, perverto ratio, 
praestringo oculus, habeo 
nullus cum virtus commer- 
cium. 

Ira rex praebeo tristis se- 
ditio exemplum ; per ingens 
litus spatium suspendo duo 
mille conjuratus. 



Masinissa, rex Numida, 
facio clarus facinus milita- 
ris scientia, ob qui accipio 
omnis ille regio, qui capio 
ab hostis. 



Caius Fabricius cum Ru- 
finus, vir nobilis, gero si- 
multas ob mos dissimilitu- 
do; hie sum avarus, ille 
contemptor pecunia. 



man, a private dissention in 
consequenceof the disparity 
of their dispositions; the 
latter was avaricious, the 
former adespiser of money. 

Obs. Some active verbs, particularly verbs of naming, 
or electing, often have by Rules I. and III. two accusa- 
tives, as : 

He proves himself brave. Praestat se fortem. 



VERBS. 



47 



The Albans elect Mettus 
dictator. 



Albani creant 
dictatorem. 



Mettum 



EXERCISE. 



The crier proclaimed Ci- 
cero consul. 

The senate has declared 
Fabius dictator. 

The dictator named Ser- 
vilius master of the horse. 

Our Ennius calls poets 
sacred. 

The wolf conducted her- 
self as a mother towards the 
infants. 

Nature itself makes men 
imitators. 

The Julian family calls 
lulus, jEneas's son, the au- 
thor of their name. 

The vestal virgin calls 
Mars the father of the un- 
certain offspring. 

The king discharged all 
the prisoners except the ge- 
neral's two sons, whom he 
retained as hostages. 

Afterthis victory theking 
occupied with the whole ar- 
my the country which they 
call Naura. 

Thou art a fortunate 
youth, who hast found Ho- 
mer the proclaimer of thy 
valour. 

Julius Caesar called the 
month Quintilis, from his 
own name, July. 

Q. Catulus, the chief of 



Praeco renuntio Cicero* 
consul. 

Senatus Fabius dictator 
dico. 

Dictator declaro Servi- 
lius magister eques. 

Noster Ennius vocopoeta 
sanctus. 

Lupa gero sui* mater 
erga infans. 

Natura ipse fingo homo 
imitator. 

Julius gens nuncupo lulus, 
tineas filius, auctor suus 
nomen. 

Vestalis virgo Mars in- 
certus stirps pater nuncupo. 

Rex dimitto omnis capti- 
vus praeter duo filius dux, 
qui retineo obses. 

Post hie victoria rex oc- 
cupo cum totus exercitus 
regio, qui voco Naura. 

Fortunatus sum adoles- 
cens, qui invenio Homerus 
praeco virtus tuus. 

Julius Caesar Quintilis 
mensis, ex suus nomen, Ju- 
lius appello. 

Q. Catulus, princeps hie 



* Esse, or tanquam, which are often expressed, are here, and in 
similar phrases, understood. 



48 PASSIVE 

this order, called me the fa- ordo, ego pater patria no- 

ther of his country. mino. 

In the first Punic war In primus bellumPunicus 

the Romans contrived iron Romanus instituo ferreus 

hands, which they called manus, qui voco corvus. 
grappling irons. 

A shady elm, which vain Opacus ulmus, qui vanus 

dreams hold as their seat, somnium teneosedes, pando 

expands its aged branches annosus bracchium ante 

before the very entrance. ipse vestibulum. 

The Sicilians, who had Siculus, qui vocito vivus 
called Dion, when alive, a Dion tyrannus, idem post 
tyrant, vaunted the same mors praedico liberator pa- 
man after his death as the tria. 
deliverer of their country. 

SECOND PART OF TRANSITIVE VERBS, 



PASSIVE VOICE. 

FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 

The perfect ind. and all the tenses, which in the active voice are 
formed from the perfect, are in the passive voice compound tenses, 
and are formed from the participle perfect and the auxiliary verb 
sum; but the participle, being a verbal adjective, agrees with the 
subject in gender, number, and case, by rule III. The other tenses 
of the indicative and subjunctive are formed from their correspond- 
ing tenses of the active by adding the letter r, if the active ends in 
o, and by changing m into r, if the active ends in m, as: amo, amor; 
amabam, amabar; docebo, docebor; tegam, tegar; audirem, audirer. 

The imperative passive is always the same, as the pres. inf. active, 
as: amare, to love; amare, or amator, be thou loved. 

The present inf. passive is formed from the present inf. active by 
changing e into i in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, as: 
amare, amari; docere, doceri; audire, audiri; but in the third conj. 
we change ere into i, as: tegere, tegi. 

The future inf. is formed from the supine by adding iri, as: ama- 
tum iri. 

The participle perfect is formed from the Supine by changing m 
into 5, as: amatum, amatus. 

The participle future pass, is formed from the participle pres. act. 
by changing s into dus, as: amans, amandus. 



VERBS. 49 



I. CONJUGATION. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

Amor, amari, amatus sum or fui. 

INDICATIVE MODE. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Sing. Amor, I am loved. 



1 thou art loved. 



•is, ) 
or amare, 5 
amatur, he is loved. 
Plur. amamur, we are loved. 

amamini, ye, or you are loved, 
amantur, they are loved. 

IMPERFECT. 

Sing. Amabar, I was loved. 

amabaris, ? thou wast loved . 
or amabare, 3 
amabatur, he was loved. 
Plufi. amabamur, we were loved. 

, amabamini, ye, or you were loved, 
amabantur, they were loved. 

PERFECT. 

fsum, or fui, I have been loved. 
Amatus, a, um^ es, or fuisti, thou hast been loved. 
Lest, or fuit, he has been loved, 
fsumus, or fuimus, we have been loved. 
» _ . J estis, or fuistis, ye have been loved. 

1 ' ' T um 'or u SS th£ y have been Ioved - 

PLUPERFECT. 

a - t feram, or fueram, I had been loved. 
ma ' < eras, or fueras, thou hadst been loved. 
a ' u ' Lerat, or fuerat, he had been loved. 
. . feramus, or fueramus, we had been loved. 
ma ' < eratis, or fueratis, ye had been loved. 
^ a ' Lerant, or fuerant, they had been loved. 

5 



50 PASSIVE 



FIRST FUTURE. 

Amabor, I shall, or will be loved. 

o?a£&Ure, } ,hou shalt ' or wilt be loved ' 
amabitur, he shall or will be loved, 
amabimur, we shall, or will be loved, 
amabimini, ye shall, or will be loved. 
' amabuntur, they shall, or will be loved. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 

FRESENT. 

Amer, I may, or can be loved, let me be loved, 
ameris, or amere, thou mayst, or canst be loved, 
ametur, he may, or can be loved, 
amemur, we may, or can be loved, 
amemini, ye may, or can be loved, 
ameutur, they may, or can be loved. 

IMPERFECT. 

Amarer, I might, could, would, or should be loved. " 
amareris, ^ thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst 
or amarere, 5 be loved. 

amarecur, he might, could, would, or should be loved, 
amaremur, we might, could, would, or should be loved, 
amaremini, ye might, could, would, or should be loved, 
amarentur, they might, could, would, or should be loved. 

PERFECT. 

'sim, or fuerim, I may, or can have been loved. 
Amatus, . sis, or fueris, thou mayst, or canst have been 



a, um, 



Amati, 
c£) a, 



loved, 
sit, or fuerit, he may, or can have been loved, 
simus, or fuerimus, we may, or can have been 

loved, 
sitis, or fueritis, ye may, or can have been loved, 
sint, or fuerint, they may, or can have been loved. 



VERBS. 



51 



PLUPERFECT. 

A fessem, or fuissem, I 

Amatus, , esses> orfuisses> lhou 

a, um, j^esset, or fuisset, he 
» . fessemus, or fuissemus, we 
<i essetis, or fuissetis, ye 
Lessent, or fuissent, they 



might, could, 

would, or 

' should have 

been loved. 



FUTURE PAST. 



Amatus, 
a, um 



fero, or fuero, I shall have been loved. 
^ eris, or fueris, thou shalt have been loved. 



> Lerit, or fuerit, he shall have been loved. 
. . TerimuSj or fuerimus, we shall have been loved, 
ma x ' ^ eritis, or fueritis, ye shall have been loved. 
' a > Lerunt, or fuerint, they shall have been loved. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Amare, or amator, be loved, be thou loved, 
amator, let him be loved, 
amamini, be loved, be ye loved, 
amantur, let them be loved. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Amari, to be loved. 

Perf. Amatus, a, um, etc. esse or fuisse, to have been loved. 

Fut. Amatum iri, to be about to be loved. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Amatus, a, um, loved, he who has been loved. 
Fut. Amandus, a, um, about to be loved, deserving to be 
loved. 



52 PASSIVE 



II. CONJUGATION. 



PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Free. Ind. I Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. 

Doceor, doceri, doctus sum or fui. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Doceor, doce-ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 
Imp. Doceba-r, -ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 
Perf. Doctus sum, or fui; doctus es, or fuisti, etc. 
Plup. Doctus eram, or fueram ; doctus eras, or fueras, etc. 
Fut. Doceb-or, -eris, or -ere, -itur, -imur, -imini, -untur. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Doce-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
Imp. Docer-er, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
Perf. Doctus sim, or fuerim ; doctus sis, or fueris, etc. 
Plup. Doctus essem, or fuissem ; doctus esses, etc. 
Fut. Doctus ero, or fuero ; doctus eris, or fueris, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Docere, or docetor, docemini, 

docetor, docentur. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Doceri. Perf. Doctus esse, or fuisse. Fut. Doctum iri. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perf. Doctus, a, um. Fut. Docendus, a, um. 



III. CONJUGATION. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf Ind. 

Tegor, tegi, tectus sum, or fui. 



VERBS. 53 



INDICATIVE. 



Pres. Teg-or, -eris, or -ere, -ltur, -ltnur, -imini, -untur. 
Imp. Tegeb-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -araur, -amini, -antur. 
Perf. Tectus sum, or fui ; tectus es, or fuisti, etc. 
Plup. Tectus eram, or fueram ; tectus eras, or fueras, etc. 
Fut. Teg-ar, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Teg-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
Imp. Teger-er, -eris, or -ere, etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
Perf. Tectus sim, or fuerim ; tectus sis, or fueris, etc. 
Plup. Tectus essem, or fuissem ; tectus esses, etc. 
Fut. Tectus ero, or fuero ; tectus eris, or fueris, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Tegere, cr tegitor, tegimini, 

tegitoi*, teguntur. 

INFINITIVE. 
Pres. Tegi. Perf. Tectus esse, or fuisse. Fut. Tectum iri. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perf. Tectus, a, um. Fut. Tegendus, a, urn, 



IV. CONJUGATION. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

Audior, audiri, auditus sum, or fui. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Audior, audl-ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -untur. 
Imp. Audieb-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
Perf. Auditus sum, or fui; auditus es, or fuisti, etc. , 
Plup. Auditus eram, or fueram ; auditus eras, or fueras, 

etc. 
Fut. Audi-ar, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 



54 PASSIVE 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Pres. Audi-ar,-aris, qr-are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
Imp. Audlr-er, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
Perf. Auditus sim, or fuerim ; auditus sis, or fueris, etc. 
Plup. Auditus essem, or fuissem ; auditus esses, or 

fuiesses, etc. 
Fut. Auditus ero, or fuero ; auditus eris, or fueris, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Audire, or auditor, , audimini, 

auditor, audiuntur. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Audire. 

Perf. Auditus esse, or fuisse. 

Fut. Auditum iri. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Auditus, a, urn. 
Fut. Audiendus, a, um. 

Observations. 

Every sentence with an active verb may be so changed, 
that its veiVbecomes passive. 

When a sentence is" changed from the active into a 
passive signification, the object, or accusative of the 
active verb becomes the subject, or nominative of the 
passive, and the nominative of the active is put in the 
ablative with the preposition a, ab, or abs, when it is the 
agent; but when it is the cause, manner, or instrument 
rather than the agent, the preposition is suppressed, as : 

God governs the world. Deus gubernat mundum. 

The world is governed A Deo gubernatur mun- 

by God. dus. 

The providence of God Providentia Dei gubernat 

governs the world. mundum. 



VERBS. 



55 



The world is governed 
by the providence of God. 



Mundus gubernatur pro- 
videntia Dei. 



RULE IX. 

Passive verbs take after them an ablative of the agent, 
or doer, with the preposition a, ab, or abs; but before 
the cause, manner, or instrument the preposition is sup- 
pressed. § 12. 



The city was taken by 
Annibal. 

The city was taken by the 
device of Annibal. 



Urbs ab Annibale capta 
est. 

Urbs Annibalis consilio 
capta est. 



EXERCISE. 



I am accused by enemies. 

Thou wilt be forced by 
necessity. 

He would have been 
checked by his companions. 

We were hindered by va- 
rious difficulties. 

Ye will be instructed by 
the most skilful teachers. 

They will be defended by 
the nature of the place. 

We all are drawn by the 
desire of praise. 

The globe of the earth 
had been divided by the tri- 
umviri into three shares. 

Many serious diseases are 
cured by abstinence. 

Men are caught by plea- 
sures, fishes by the hook. 

Virtue is praised by all ; 
pleasures are shunned by 
few. 



Accuso ab iniraicus. 
Compello necessitas. 

Inhibeo a socius. 

Impedio varius difficul- 
tas. 

Erudio a peritus doctor. 

Defendo natura locus. . 

Omnis traho studium 
laus. 

Orbis terra" divido a tri- 
umvir in tres pars. 

Multus gravis morbus 
euro abstinentia. 

Homo capio voluptas, 
piscis hamus. 

Virtus laudo ab omnis ; 
voluptas vito a pauci. 



56 



PASSIVE 



Men are roused to glori- 
ous actions by the love of 
praise. 

Youth will be corrupted 
by leisure. 

Friends are retained by 
complaisance. 

The republic had been 
harrassed during several 
years by the tribunes of the 
soldiers. 

The greatest affairs are 
transacted by the will of an 
inexperienced multitude. 

He, who loves God, is 
loved by him. They, who 
neglect their friends, will 
be neglected by them. 

Riches have been sought 
by few for the necessary 
wants of life. 

The young manis accused 
by the son of him, whom 
he himself has summoned 
to a trial. 

Let us avoid wanton jest ; 
men were formed by nature 
for some greater pursuits. 

Paris, Priam's son, by 
whom Hellen, the wife of 
Menelaus, had been carried 
off, was killed by Pyrrhus. 

The fame of the Roman 
people is celebrated by 
those, by whose talents 
these victories are reported. 

Carthage, a most noble 
city of Africa, which Dido, 
the Phoenician, had built, 
was destroyed by the fam- 
ous captain-general Scipio 
Africanus. 



Homo suscito ad prsecla- 
rus facinus amor laus. 

Inventus corrumpo oti- 
um. 

Amicus retineo obsequi- 
um. 

Respublica vexo per plus 
annus a tribunus miles. 



Res magnus ago arbitri- 
um imperitus multitudo. 

Qui amo Deus, amo ab 
ipse. Qui negligo amicus, 
•negligo ab ipse. 

Divitise expeto a pauci 
ad necessarius usus vita. 

Adolescens accuse ab is 
filius, qui ipse in judicium 
voco. 

Petulans vito jocus; ho- 
mo genero a natura ad qui- 
dam magnus studium. 

Paris, Priamusfilius, a qui 
Hellena, Menelaus uxor, ra- 
pio, occido a Pyrrhus. 

Fama populus romanus 
celebro ab is, qui ingenium 
hie victoria trado. 

Carthago, nobilisurbs Af- 
rica, qui Dido Phoenissa 
condo, deleo a celeber dux 
Scipio Africanus. 



VERBS. 



57 



Sine dubium domus ju- 
risconsultus sum oraculum 
totus civitas. Testis hicce 
sum Q. Mucius janua, qui 
in is infirmusvaletudo mag- 
nus civis frequentia celebro. 



Without doubt the house 
of a lawyer is the oracle of 
the whole city. Witness of 
this is Q. Mucius's door, 
which, in the weakest state 
of his health, is frequented 
by the greatest concourse 
of citizens. 

Observation. 
The passives of such active verbs, as by rules I. and 
III. have two accusatives, often have by the same rules 
two nominatives, as : 



Cicero was accounted 
eloquent. 

Volumnia was saluted 
queen. 



Cicero habebatur diser- 
tus. 

Volumnia salutata est re- 
gina. 



EXERCISE. 



Caesar was declared by 
the senate dictator for life. 

Jupiter, the son of Sa- 
turn, was reckoned a god 
on account of his fatherly 
affection towards his peo- 
ple. 

Among the Lacedaemo- 
nians, those who conduct 
the highest office, are called 
old men. 

After the death of King 
Ochus, Codomannus is 
made king by the people on 
account of his former brave- 
ry. 

M. Cato of Utica collect- 
ed as quaestor the money 
of King Ptolemy, by whom 
the Roman people had been 
constituted heir. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
the consul, by whom this 



Caesar dictator perpetuus 
a senatus decerno. 

Supiter, filius Saturnus, 
habeo Deus propter pater- 
nus in populus charitas. 



Apud Lacedaemonius is, 
qui gero amplus magistra- 
te, nomino senex. 

Post mors rex Ochus Co- 
domannus constituo rex a 
populus propter pristinus 
virtus. 

M. Cato Uticensis quaes- 
tor colligo pecunia rex Pto- 
lemaeus, a qui populus Ro- 
manus instituo haeres. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
consul, a qui is conjuratio 



58 NEUTER 

conspiracy had been sup- opprimo, appello a senatus 
pressed, was called by the pater patria. 
senate the father of his 
country. 

History is commended Bistoria testis tempus, 
by the voice of the orator lux Veritas, vita memoria, 
as the witness of times, magistra vita, nuntia vetus- 
the light of truth, the life of tas vox orator commendo. 
memory, the mistress of 
life, the reporter of anti- 
quity. 

Obs. The student should now change all the exercises 
given on the active verbs into the passive voice, and vice 
versa those of the passive. 

NEUTER VERBS. 

A Neuter verb is a verb ending in o, like an active, 
but not affirming an action, passing from the subject upon 
an object, and consequently it does not govern an objec- 
tive, or accusative case, as: noceo, I hurt, or do harm. 

Hence neuter verbs, used in the passive voice, have no 
nominative expressed, and are called impersonal verbs, 
as: nocetur, harm is done. 

Neuter verbs belong to all the conjugations, and are 
conjugated in the same manner as active verbs, as: 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Noceo, I hurt, or do harm. 
Imp. Nocebam, I was hurting, or doing harm. 
Perf. Nocui, 1 have hurt, or done harm. 
Plup. Nocueram, I had hurt, or done harm. 
Fut. Nocebo, I shall hurt, or do harm. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pres. Noceam, I may hurt, or do harm, etc. 

Obs. 1. Some neuter verbs form the perfect, and the 
tenses derived therefrom, like passives, from the partici- 
ple perfect, and are consequently called nculro-fiassiva, 
as: gaudeo, gavisus sum or fui, gavisus eram, etc.; audeo, 
ausussum; soleo, solitus sum; fido, fisus sum; so also 
the compounds, as: confido, confisus sum; diffido, etc. 

Obs. 2. Some neuter verbs, generally called verbs of 



VERBS. 59 

gesture, often have by Rules I. and III. the same case 
after them that they have before them, as: 

She walks as a queen. Incedit regina. 

The master stays alone. Herus manet solus. 

Obs. 3. Neuter verbs, like other parts of speech, often 
have the dative of acquisition, that is, the dative of the 
thing, or person, to whose advantage or disadvantage, 
convenience or inconvenience, satisfaction or displeasure, 
any thing may take place. — Hence 

RULE X. 

Verbs signifying advantage, or disadvantage, or ex- 
pressing a relation to or against, take the dative after 
them. 

Under this rule fall particularly 

1. Verbs signifying to firqfit or hurt, to trust, to favour, 
or to helfi. 

2. To command, to obey, serve, or resist. 

3. To threaten, to be angry with. 

4. The compounds of satis, bene, and ?nale* 

5. The verb sum, with its compounds, (except possum). 

6. Verbs compounded with these nine Prepositions, ad, 
ante, con, in, inter, ob, firee, sub, and super, as: 

I benefit myself. Mihi proficio. 

Fortune favours the brave. Fortuna favet fortibus. 

I was present at the bat- Aderam pugnae. 
tie. 

Every one has his own Suus cuique mos est. 
way. 

EXERCISE. 

I am warm, thou mayst Ego caleo, tu frigeo. 
be cold. 

He will be grieved, we Ille doleo, ego gaudeo. 
shall be glad. 

Be ye awake, let them Vigilo tu, sterto ille. 
snore. 

* The simple verbs of these compounds are active verbs; but as 
the compounds do not govern an accusative, they may be considered 
as neuter verbs. 



60 



NEUTER 



The magpies will chatter; 
the filthy pigs may grunt. 

The unlucky raven had 
crowed; the ass, the carrier 
of Silenus, would have bray- 
ed. 

The sword is blunt ; the 
right (hand) is benumbed. 

The meadows are green, 
the trees were blooming, 
the buds are swelling on the 
verdant twig. 

The head of the old man 
was white ; the field is 
parched ; the enraged sea 
looks horrible ; our tears 
will be dried up. 

The fleecy sheep did bleat; 
the lion, the lord of the fo- 
rest, would roar; the stur- 
dy oxen may low, the whole 
grove will answer with low- 
ing. 

Dogs, the most faithful 
attendants of their master, 
will bark. 

The cock, the vigilant 
proclaimer of the morning, 
had crowed from the top of 
the tree. 

The geese in the Roman 
castle cackled at the ap- 
proach of the Senones. 

That black cloud will 
rage, let us hasten to the 
nearest shore. 

The boys were playing in 
the green meadow; the girls 
were dancing under this 
shady oak. 

The,two queens had come 
to a conference ; peace has 
been concluded between 
them. 



Pica garrio ; immundus 
sus grunnio. 

Infaustus corvus crocito; 
asinus vector Silenus rudo. 



Ferrum hebeo ; dexter 
torpeo. 

Pratum vireo, arbor flo- 
reo, gemma turgeo in lgetus 
palmes. 

Caput senexcaneo ; ager 
areo ; iratus mare horreo ; 
noster lacryma aresco. 



Villosus ovis balo ; leo, 
dominus sylva, rugio ; du- 
rusbos mugio,omnis nemus 
remugio. 



Canis, fidus herus comes, 
latro. 

Gallus, vigil Aurora prae- 
co, canto de summus arbor. 



Anser in Romanus arx 
crocito ad adventus Senones. 

Ater ille nubes ssevio, fes- 
tino ad proximus littus. 

Puer colludo in viridis 
pratum ; puella salto sub 
hie umbrosus quercus. 

Duo regina venio ad col- 
loquium ; pax ordino inter 
is. 



VERBS. 



61 



After the death of Codrus 
the government of Athens 
devolved on magistrates, 
who were called Archons. 



Post mors Codrus Athe- 
nae administratio devenio ad 
magistratus, qui Archon 
appello. 



Exercise of Observation II. 



The fortifications of this 
place remained unimpaired. 

The traitors stood at the 
stake, trembling for fear. 
• Amongst the Romans the 
legionary soldiers marched 
on foot. 

Our poet slept secure 
from black vipers in the 
forests of Apulia. 

The rest of the fleet stood 
abandoned by its defenders 
in the middle of the river. 

The Scythians, who had 
come off victorious from 
the severest battles, were 
conquered by drunkenness. 

Fame, a filthy goddess, 
who during the day sits as 
a watch on the top of the 
highest roof, conceals her 
head among the clouds. 

Darius Hystapes, whose 
horse had neighed first, was 
saluted king by the gran- 
dees of the Persians, who 
had come to the palace be- 
fore the rising of the sun. 



Munitio hie locus maneo 
integer. 

Sto .proditor ad palus, 
trepidus prae metus. 

Apud Romanus legiona- 
rius miles incedo pedes. 

Vates noster dormio tu- 
tus ab ater vipera in sylva 
Apulia. 

Reliquus classis sto vacu- 
us a defensor in medius flu- 
men. 

Scythae, qui victor ex 
acer praelium decedo, ebrie- 
tas vinco. 

Fama, foedus Dea, qui 
per dies sedeo custos in cul- 
men summus tectum, con- 
do caput inter nubila. 

Darius Hystaspes, qui 
equus hinnio primus, saluto 
rex a princeps Persa, qui 
ante sol ortus ad regia ve- 
nio. 



Exercise on Observation III. 



I sleep for my own good ; 

thou labourest for thy own 

benefit ; he will be angry at 

me; take care of yourselves. 

6 



Dormio ego; Iaboro tu ; 
succenseo ego ; caveo tu. 



62 



NEUTER 



Let us assist the misera- 
ble ; you would have met 
the designs of your enemy ; 
I shall attend to your most 
difficult affairs. 

The youth that obeys his 
parents, resists bad exam- 
ples, plies his studies, will 
outshine his fellow stu- 
dents. 

Cicero, the orator, had a 
ready eloquence. 

Some men have a weak- 
ness of judgment, others 
want prudence. 

Kings have long hands. 

Poverty wants many 
things, avarice (wants) all 
things. 

Thebes was for many 
years subject to a foreign 
power. 

They have, as shades, the 
same care for horses, which 
they had when living. 

The houses of illustrious 
men are open for illustrious 
guests. 

This most prudent ad- 
vice displeased all except 
the King. 

Many good young men 
favoured that villain. 

In that conspiracy was 
Q. Curius, who had an old 
acquaintance with Fulvia, 
a noble lady. 



Subvenio miser ; occurro 
concilium inimicus tuus ; 
adsum tuus difficilis res. 



Adolescens, qui obedio 
parentes, resisto malus ex- 
emplum, vaco studium, 
praeluceo condiscipulus. 

Cicero, orator, sum* 
promptus eloquentia. 

Quidam homo insum im- 
becilitas judicium, alius de- 
sum prudentia. 

Rex sum longus magnus. 

Inopia desum multus, 
avaritia (desum) omnis. 

Thebas per multus annus 
pareo alienus imperium. 

Idem cura equus qui ille 
sum vivus, ipse umbra in- 
sum. 

Domus homo illustris 
pateo illustris hospes. 

Hie sapiens consilium 
displiceo omnis prseter rex. 

Multus bonus adolescens 
studeo ille homo nequam. 

In is conspiratio sum 
Q. Curius, qui sum vetus 
consuetudo cum Fulvia, no- 
bilis mulier. 



* When swot, or insum is used to express / have, and desum for 
J have not, or I want; the nominative of the English verb is put in 
the dative, and the English objective case becomes the subject to 
the Latin verb, as: I have books, mihi sunt libri. They have not mo- 
ney, illis deest pecuuia. 



VERBS. 



63 



Livius Salinator fled with 
the soldiers, who had escap- 
ed the slaughter, to theTa- 
rentine cidatel. 

I shall provide for the 
safety of those, whom I 
have led into this danger ; 
do you provide for your- 
selves. 

The parricides raged 
against the age, which the 
most cruel enemy would 
have spared. 

Mazaeus, who command- 
ed the passage, sat idle on 
the hill, which he had oc- 
cupied. 

Clitus was killed by Alex- 
ander, whose safety he had 
consulted in the greatest 
dangers. 

There were two factions. 
Egesaretus, a man of old 
power, favoured Pompey's 
affairs ; Petreius a youth of 
the greatest nobility, assist- 
ed Caesar. 

The rusty boat ap- 
proaches the bank ; the 
shabby ferry-man Charon 
chases off the souls, that sit 
alongthelongbenches. Cha- 
ron receives the great Mne- 
as into his patched-up boat, 
which groans under his 
weight. The hero is safely 
landed in the shapeless mire 
beyond the river. 



Livius Salinator confugio 
cum miles, qui supersum 
caedes, in Tarentinus arx. 

Prospicio salus is, qui in 
hie periculum deduco; tu 
tu consulo. 



Paricida saevio in setas, 
qui atrox parco hostis. 



Mazaeus, qui praesideo 
iter, sedeo segnis in tumu- 
lus, qui occupo. 

Clitus occido ab Alexan- 
der, qui salus ipse consulo 
in magnus periculum. 

Sum duo factio. Ege- 
saretus, vetus homo po- 
tentia, Pompeianus stu- 
deo res; Petreus, adolescens 
summus nobilitas, juvo Cae- 
sar. 

Ferrugineus cymba ap- 
propinquo ripa ; sordidus 
portitor Charon deturbo ani- 
ma, qui sedeo per longus 
jugum. Charon accipio in- 
gens iE.neas in sutilis cym- 
ba, qui gemo jsub pondus. 
Vir incolumis expono in in- 
formis limus trans fluvius. 



64 



DEPONENT 



DEPONENT VERBS.* 

A deponent verb is a verb ending in or, like a passive, 
but having either an active, or neuter signification,! as ; 
sequor, I follow ; tumultuor, I am noisy. 

05s. Deponent verbs, signifying actively, govern the. 
accusative according to Rule VIII. 

Deponent verbs belong to all the conjugations, and are 
conjugated like passives; but they deviate with respect 
to the fut. inf., participles, etc. as will appear from the 
following example. 

Sequor, I follow. 



PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres, Inf. Per/, Ind. 



Sequor, 



sequi, 



secutus sum, or fui. 



INDICATIVE. 



Sequor, 

sequeris or 

sequere, 

sequitur, 

sequimur, 

sequimini, 

sequuntur, 



PRESENT. 

I follow, or do follow. 

thou followest, or dost follow. 

he follows, or does follow. 
we follow, or do follow, 
ye follow, or do follow, 
they follow, or do follow. 



* Deponent verbs, verba deponentia, are thus called, because they 
have laid aside their passive signification, and with it their active ter- 
mination; hence there are some verbs, which are used both as pas- 
sive, and deponent verbs, as: punior, I am punished, and I punish; 
impertior, I present, and I am presented; for the same reason have 
the participles of the perfect frequently, and the participles in dus 
always a passive signification, as expertus having tried, and being 
tried; emensus, having, or being measured. 

f Nascor, I am born, has a passive signification. 



VERBS. 



65 



IMPERFECT. 

I followed, or was following. 

thou followedst, or wast following. 

he followed, or was following. 
we followed, or were following, 
ye followed, or were following, 
they followed, or were following. 

PERFECT. 

Secutus sum, or fui, I followed, or have followed, 

secutus es, or fuisti, thou followedst, or hast followed. 

secutus est, or fuit, he followed, or has followed, 

secuti sumus, or fuimus, we followed, or have followed, 
etc. etc. 



Sequebar, 

sequebaris, or 

sequebare, 

sequebatur, 

sequebamur, 

sequebamini, 

sequebantur, 



PLUPERFECT. 

Secutus eram, or fueram, 
secutus eras, or fueras, 
etc. 



I had followed, 
thou hadst followed, 
etc. 



FUTURE. 



Sequar, 

sequeris, 01 

sequere, 

sequetur, 

sequemur, 

sequeraini, 

sequentur, 



I shall, or will follow. 

thou shalt, or wilt follow. 

he shall, or will follow. 

we shall, or will follow. 

ye shall, or will follow. 

they shall, or will follow. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Sequar, 

sequaris, or ^ 

sequare, 5 

sequatur, 

sequamur, 

sequamini, 

sequantur, 



PRESENT. 

I may, or can follow. 

thou mayst, or canst follow. 

he may, or can follow. 

we may or can, or let us follow. 

ye may, or can follow. 

they may, or can follow. 



6* 



66 



DEPONENT 



IMPERFECT. 



Sequerer, 

sequereris, or 

sequerere, 

sequeretur, 

sequeremur, 

sequeremini, 

sequerentur, 



thou 



he 

we 

ye 

theyj 



might, could, 
>would, or 
should follow. 



PERFECT. 

Secutus sim, or fuerim, I may, or can have followed. 



secutus sis, 
etc. 



thoumayst, or canst have followed, 
etc. 



PLUPERFECT. 

Secutus essem, or fuissem, I 

secutus esses, or fuisses, 
etc. 



might, could, would, 
or should have followed, 
etc. 



FUTURE PAST. 

Secutus ero, or fuero, I shall have followed. 



secutis eris, or fueris, 
etc. 



thou shalt have followed, 
etc. 



IMPERATIVE. 



Sequere, or 

sequitor, 

sequitor, 

sequimini, 

sequuntor, 



follow, or follow thou. 

let him follow. 

follow, or follow ye. 

let them follow. 



INFINITIVE. 



Pres. and Imperf. sequi, to follow. 
Perf. and Pluperf. secutus esse, or fuisse, to have fol- 
lowed. 
Future, secuturus esse, or fuisse, to be about to follow. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. sequens, following. 

Perfect, secutus, a, um, having followed. 



VERBS. 67 

Fut. active ; secuturus,* a, um, about to follow, he that 

will follow. 
Fut. passive; sequendus,t a, um, he who deserves, or 

ought to be followed. 

GERUNDS. 

Nom. sequendum, the necessity of following. 

Gen. sequendi, of following. 

Dat. sequendo, to, or for following. 

Ace. sequendum, following. 

Abl. sequendo, with, from, etc. following. 

SUPINES. 

1st. secutum, to follow. 
2d. secutu, to be followed. 

EXERCISE. 

I. CONJUGATION. 

They deign ; we will assist j Dignor; auxilior ; as- 

she would have despised. pernor. 

Ye may endeavour; they Conor; causor ; meri- 

would allege; he takes a nap. dior. 

Let us rejoice; he might Laetor ; glorior ; insi- 

glory; they will lay snares. dior. 

II. CONJUGATION. 

Pity thou ; ye would pro- Misereor ; tueor; polli- 

tect ; they promise. ceor. 

We have supposed ; he may Reor ; medeor ; fateor. 
heal ; I shall confess. 

She had feared ; he will Vereor ; liceor ; profi- 
ted ; we would profess. teor. 

* Nascor, morior and orier make nasciturus, moriturus and oritu- 
rus', orior and its compounds are, in the present ind., particularly in 
the third person sing., generally of the third conj., but in the pre- 
sent inf. and the imperf. subj. generally of the fourth. 

f The participle in dus belongs only to deponent verbs that have 
an active signification; yet there are exceptions, potiendus or potiun- 
das, fruendus, uUndus often occur; 



68 



DEPONENT 



Awaken ye ; they will be 
angry ; she may have com- 
plained. 

Thou wouldst enjoy ; die 
thou ; let us set out. 

They will remember ; ye 
were speaking ; use thou ; re- 
turn ye. 



III. CONJUGATION. 

Expergiscor j irascor ; 
queror. 



Fruor ; morior ; profi- 
ciscor. 

Reminiscor ; loquor ; 
utor : revertor. 



IV. CONJUGATION. 



Thou liest ; they may flat- 
ter ; I had obtained by lot. 

You would assent ; they en- 
terprise; she has experienced. 
They will take ; thou 
wouldst impart ; he has be- 
gun ; they had measured. 



Mentior ; blandior ; sor- 
tior. 

Assentior ; molior ; ex- 
perior. 

Potior; impertior ; or- 
dior ; metior. 



PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 



Industrious boys deserve 



praise. 
Deceitful 



shall 



servants 
suffer punishment. 

Gnawing cares attend the 
money of the miser. 

The joyful mother had em- 
braced her son returning. 

Honours are accompanied 
by pride.* 

The woman had been ac- 
cused by her enemies. 

He confesses himself a par- 
ricide. 

The centurions without 
delay executed the com- 
mands of the king. 



Diligens puer mereor 
laus. 

Fallax servus patior 
poena. 

Mordax cura sequor pe- 
cunia avarus. 

Laetus mater amplexor 
filius redux. 

Superbia comitor ho- 
nor. 

Mulier criminor inimi- 
cus. 

Confiteor sui paricida. 

Centurio sine mora, ex- 
sequor imperium rex. 



* When an English passive verb is to be rendered Latin by a de- 
ponent verb, the English must be changed, so that the verb become 
active, as; he is followed by his servants; ipsum sequuntur servi, i. e. 
his servants follow him. 



VERBS. 



69 



Fortune has accompanied 
your endeavours. 

He finds fault with us, 
who admire these effusions 
of money. 

Many cruel wars have 
arisen from most trifling 
causes. 

L. Philip obtained with- 
out any present, all the of- 
fices which are reckoned the 
greatest. 

Cethegus, who complain- 
ed of the inactivity of his 
companions, would have at- 
tacked Cicero himself. 

No one, who has gained 
the fame of fortitude by 
snares, has obtained any 
praise. 

The first commendation 
of a youth arises from his 
modesty, the second from 
his affection towards his 
parents, the third from his 
kindness towards his own. 

The barbarians perceived 
the greatness of Scipio's 
mind, who despised the 
royal name, which other 
mortals admire. 

Alexander had killed Cal- 
listhenes, by whom he had 
been recalled to life; this 
cruelty was followed by too 
late a repentance. 

The three legions, which 
had gone out of the camp 
with the setting of the sun, 
awaited in a hilly place the 
arrival of the enemy. 

Caesar revenged in the 
battle on this side of the 



Fort una comitor conatus 
vester. 

Reprehendo ego, qui ad* 
miror hie effusio pecunia. 

Multus atrox bellum ex- 
orior de levis causa. 

L. Philippus sine ullus 
munus, adipiscor omnis offi- 
cium, qui habeo amplus. 

Cethegus, qui queror de 
ignavia socius, Cicero ipse 
aggredior. 

Nemo, qui consequor for- 
titudo gloria per insidiae, 
adipiscor ullus laus. 

Primus adolescens com- 
mendatio proficiscor a mo- 
destia, secundus a pietas in 
parens, tertius a benevolen- 
tia in suus. ' 

Barbarus sentio magnitu- 
do Scipio animus, qui as- 
pernor regius nomen, qui 
caster mortales admiror. 

Alexander occido Callis- 
thenes, a qui ad vita revoco; 
qui crudelitas serus poeni- 
tentia consequor. 

Tres legio, qui egredior 
e castra cum sol occasus, 
opperior in tumulosus locus 
adventus hostis. 

Caesar ulciscor in praeli- 
um citra flumen Araris, om- 



70 



IRREGULAR 



river Araris, all the injuries 
which the Roman people 
had received from the Hel- 
vetii. 

Alexander changes his 
garments into a foreign 
dress; he follows the man- 
ners of the nations, which 
he had despised before the 
victory; he imitates the tri- 
umph of Bacchus. 



nis injuria, qui Romanus 
populus accipio ab Helve- 
tii. 

Alexander muto vestis in 
peregrinus habitus; sequor 
mos gens, qui sperno ante 
victoria; imitor triumphus 
Liber. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

A verb, which is not conjugated according to any one 
of the four conjugations, is called irregular. 

The irregular verbs are, generally speaking, irregular 
in the present ind. only, and the tenses formed from it. 

Besides sum, and its compounds, already given page 
29, the most common irregular verbs are: firosum, fios- 
sum, volo, nolo, malo,fero,Jio, eo, veneo, queo, nequeo, and 
edo. 



I. Prosum, I do good. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Per/. Ind. Part. Fut. 

Prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus. 

This verb, compounded of firo and sum, is conjugated 
like sum; but a d is inserted, wherever the verb sum be- 
gins with a vowel, as; prosum, firodes, firodcst, firosumus, 
firodestis, firosunt. 

Imfierfect, proderam, proderas, proderat; etc. 
II. Pcssum, compounded of fiotis and sum. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perf. Ind. 

Possum, posse, potui. 



VERBS. 71 

Pres. Possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt. 
Imp. Poteram, poteras, poterat, poteramus, etc. 
Perf. Potui, potuisti, is regular. 
Pluperfect is regular. 

Fut. Potero, poteris, poterit, poterimus, poteritis, pote- 
runt. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Possim, possis, possit, possimus, possitis, possint. 

The four remaining tenses are regular. The Impera- 
tive is wanting. 

Infinitive pres. Posse. Perf. is regular. The rest is 
wanting. 

III. Volo, I will, I am willing. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perfect. 

Volo, velle, volui. 

INDICATIVE. 
Pres. Volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt. 

The four remaining tenses are regular, according to 
the third conjugation. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pres. Velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velint. 
The remaining tenses are regular. The Imperative is 
wanting. 

Infinitive pres. Velle. Perf. Voluisse. 
Participle pres. Volens. The rest is wanting. 

IV. Nolo, (compound of non and volo,) I will not, I 
am not willing. 





PRINCIPAL PARTS. 




Ind. fires. 


Inf. fires. 


Perf Ind 


Nolo, 


nolle, 


nolui. 



INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt. 
The rest is regular according to the 3d conjugation. 



72 IRREGULAR 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pres. Nolim, nolis, nolit, nolimus, nolitis, nolint. The 
rest is regular. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Noli, or } be thou unwilling, Nolite, or > be ye unwilling, 
nolito 3 or d° not ' nolitote, 5 or do not> 

Inf. pres. Nolle. Perf. Noluisse. 
Participle pres. Nolens. 
The rest is wanting. 

V. Malo, (compound of ?nagis i and voio) I will, or 
wish rather, I am more willing. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Ind. Pres. Inf. Pres. Perf. Ind. 

Malo, malle, malui. 

INDICATIVE. 
Pres. Malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt. 
The rest is regular according to the third conj. 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pres. Malim, malis, malit, malimus, malitis, malint. 
The rest is regular. 

imperative is wanting. 
Inf. pres. Malle. Perf. Maluisse. 

The rest is wanting. 

VIII. Eo, I go, an irregular of the fourth conj. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Ind. Pres. Inf. Pres. Perf Ind. Sufiine. 

Eo, ire, ivi, itum. 

INDICATIVE. 
Pres. Eo, is, it, Imus, itis, eunt. 
Imperf. Ibam, ibas, ibat, ibamus, ibatis, ibant. 
Perfect. Ivi, ivisti, ivit, etc. 
Pluperf. Iveram, iveras, etc. 
Future. Ibo, ibis, ibit, ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pres. Earn, eas, eat, eamus, eatis, eant. 
The rest is regular. 

( 



VERBS. 73 

IMPERATIVE. 
I, or ito, go, go thou ; ite, or itote, go, go ye ; 
ito, let him go. eunto, let them go. 

INFINITIVE. 
Pres. Ire ; Perf. Ivisse ; Fut. Iturum, am, um, esse, or 

fuisse. 
Particifiles. Gerunds: Supines. 

Pres. lens. gen. euntis. Nom. Eundum, I. Itum. 
Fut. Iturus, a, um. Gen. eundi, II. Itu. 

Dat. eundo, 
Ace. eundum, 
Abl. eundo. 
In like manner are also conjugated the compounds of eo, as: 
Abeo, I go away, exeo, I go out. 

adeo, I go to. redeo, I return, 

anteeo, I go before, depereo, I perish, 

coeo, I unite with, transeo, I pass over, etc. 

Of Veneoy I go off, or am sold, (compound of venum and eo, ) we 
do not use the imperative, nor the participles, gerunds, or supines. 

VII. Queo, I can. 

VIII. Nequeo, I cannot. 

These two verbs are conjugated like <?o, but they are 
not used in the imperative, or the gerunds ; and the par- 
ticiples occur but rarely. 

IX. Fero, I carry, I bear, I suffer. 

This verb is an irregular of the third conjugation. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine. 

Fero, ferre, tuli, latum. 

INDICATIVE. 
Pres. Fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt. 

The rest of the indicative, and the whole subjunctive, 
are regular. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Fer, or ferto, ferte, or fertote, 

ferto, ferunto. 

The rest is regular. 

7 



74 IRREGULAR 

PASSIVE. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres Inf. Per/. Ind. 

Feror, ferri, latus sum, or fui. 

INDICATIVE. 
Pres. Feror, ferris, or ferre, fertur, ferimur, ferimini, fe- 

runtur. 
The rest of the indie, and the whole subj. is regular. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Ferre, or fertor, ferimini, 

fertor, feruntor. 

INFINITIVE. 
Pres. Ferri. The rest is regular. 

In like manner are also conjugated all the compounds 
of fero, as: 

affero, aufero, confero, differo, offero, refero. 

X. Fio, I am made, I become. 
This verb is the passive of Facio.* 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

Fio, fieri, factus sum, or fui. 

INDICATIVE. 
Pres. Fio, fis, fit, fimus, fitis, fiunt. 
Imperf. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat, fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant. 
Perfect. Factus sum, or fui, factus es, or fuisti, etc. 
Pluperf. Factus eram, or fueram, factus eras, etc. 
Future. Fiam, fies, fiet, fiemus, fietis, fient. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. Fiam, fias, fiat, fiamus, fiatis, fiant. 
Imperf. Fierem, fieres, fieret, fieremus, fieretis, fierent. 
Perfect. Factus sim, or fuerim, factus sis, or fueris, etc. 
Pluperf. Factus essem, or fuissem, factus esses, etc. 
Future past. Factus ero, or fuero, factus eris, etc. 

*AU the compounds of facio, which retain the a, make the passive 
in fio, as: madefacio, madefio,- calefacio, colefio; but those compounds, 
which change a into i, have the passive regular, as: officio, afficior; 
efficio, efficior. 



VERBS. 75 

IMPERATIVE. 

Fi, or fito, fite, or fitote, 

fito, fiuuto. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Fieri. Perf. Factum esse, or fuisse. 
Future. Factum iri. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Factus, a, urn, Fut. Faciendus, a, um. 

XI. Edo, I eat. 

This verb together with its compounds is regular ac- 
cording to the third conj.; yet it takes also all the per- 
sons of sum, that begin with es, as: 

Ind. Pres. Edo, I eat; es, thou eatest ; est, he eats; — ? 

estis, ye eat; — . 
Subj. Imp. Essem, I might eat; esses, esset, essemus, 

essetis, essent. 
Imperat. Es, esto; este, estote. Inf. Esse, to eat. 

So also the compounds: comedo, comes, comest, com- 
estis, comessem, etc.; exedo, exes, exest, exestis, etc. 

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Those verbs which want some of the modes, or tenses, 
are called defective. They are 

Memini, Forem, Salve, 

Coepi, Afforem, Cedo, 

Odi, Ausim, Quaeso, 

Aio, Faxim, Ovat. 

Inquam, Ave, 

The three first are called preterit verbs. 

I. Memini, I remember, or have remembered, is a re- 
gular perfect ; it is used also for the present, and has all 
the tenses formed from the perfect. 



76 



DEFECTIVE 



Memini, 

Meministi, 

Meminit, 

Meminimus, 

Meministis, 

Meminerunt, 



INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

-] 
I 

I I have remembered. 

j 



il remember, or 

n 



Memineram, 
memineras, 
meminerat, etc. 



Meminerim, 
memineris, 
meminerit, etc. 



Meminissem, 
merninisses, 
meminisset, etc. 



PLUPERFECT. 

I remembered, or had remembered. 
SUBJUNCTIVE. 

PERFECT. 

I may remember, or may have remem- 
bered. 

PLUPERFECT. 

I might remember, or might have re- 
membered. 

FUTURE PAST. 



Meminero, I shall remember, or shall have remembered. 

memineris, 

meminerit, etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Memento, remember thou ; mementote, remember ye. 

INFINITIVE. 

PERFECT. 

Meminisse, to remember, or to have remembered. 



VERBS. 77 

II. Coen, I begin, or have begun, is also a regular 
perfect; and is conjugated like memini, but has no imper- 
ative ; it has however the 

Participle fut. ccepturus, a, um, about to begin, 
Part. Perf. passive, coeptus, a, um, begun. 
Hence the compound tenses of the passive, as ; coeptus 
sum, orfui; coeptus eram, coeptus sim, etc. 

III. Odi, I hate, or have hated, is conjugated like the 
preceding. 

Participle fut. osurus, a, um, about to hate. 
Part. Perf. active, osus, a, um, hating, or having 
hated. 

IV. Aio, I say. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Aio, ais, ait, , , aiunt. 

Imp. Aiebam, aiebas, aiebat, aie-bamus, -batis, -bant. 
Perf. ■- — , aistr. 

| SUBJUNCTIVE/ 
Pres. , aias, aiat, — * — , aiatis, aiant. 

Imperat. ai, say thou. Part. Pres. aiens, saying. 

V. Inquam, I say. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Inquam, inquis, inquit,inquimus, inquitis, inqui- 
unt. 

Imp. — , -linquiebat, , , inquiebant. 

Perf. , inquisti, inquit. ' 

Fut. , inquies, inquiet, , , inquient. 

Imperative, Inque, or inquito, say, say thou. 
Part. Pres. Inquiens, saying. 

VI. Forem, for essem, I might, could, would, or should 

be. 
Subjunct. Imperf. Forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, 

forent. 
Inf. Fut. Fore. 

7* 



78 DEFECTIVE 

VII. Afforem, for adessem, I might be present. 
Subjunct. Imperf. Afforem, affores, afforet, afforemus, 

afforetis, afforent. 
Inf. Fut. Affore. 

VIII. AusiM, I may dare. 

Subj. Pres. Ausim, ausis, ausit, , , ausint. 

IX. Faxim, for fecerim, I may have done. 

Subj. Perf. Faxim, faxis, faxit, , faxitis, faxint. 

Fut. Faxo, faxis, faxit, , faxitis, faxint. 

X. Ave, hail, be thou well, God save you. 
Imperat. Ave, or aveto; avete, or avetote. 
Infin. Avere. 

XI. Salve, hail, be thou well, God save you. 
Imperat. Salve, salveto; salvete, or salvetote. 
Infinit. Salvere.* 

XII. Cedo, tell, give thou; cediterf tell, or give ye. 

XIII. Qu^so, pray, I pray, quaesumus, pray, we pray. 

XIV. Ovat, he rejoices, tye triumphs in the lesser 

triumph. 
Subj. Ovet, ovaret. 

Part. Pres. ovans. Part. Perf. Pass, ovatus. 
Gerund, gen.ovandi. 

Observe yet, that of dari, and fori, the first person sing, of the 
pres. Ind. and Subj. viz. dor, der; for, fer, and probably the whole 
pres. Subj. fer, feris, fetur, etc. are not in use. Of Scio we do not 
use sci nor scite, but scito, and scitote. 

Obs. I. Some of the defective and irregular verbs, as 
ccefii, fiossum, volo, etc. are rarely found without another 
verb in the same sentence. 

To the defective verbs may be added defit, it is wanting", de/iet, de- 
fieri. Infit, he begins, dpage, or rather apage te, be gone, from 
the Greek ecjnsyg, abduc. 

* Cic. ad Attic, salvebis a meo Cicerone. 

f Cedite is often contracted into cette, as: cette manus vestras. 
Enn. 



VERBS. 79 

Obs, II. A simple sentence can have but one finite verb. 
Hence 

RULE XI. 

One verb governs another in the infinitive.* 

Caesar would not engage. Caesar nolebat dimi- 

care. 

They had not been able to Nequiverant deterrere 
deter the enemy. hostem. 

A bridge has been begun Pons coeptus est insti- 
to be built. tui. 

They endeavour to satisfy Conantur nobis satisfa- 
us. cere. 

Obs. III. After verbs of a sense, or an effect, such as 
to hear, to see, to perceive, to think, to hope, to know, to 
dream, to wonder, to rejoice, to inform, to be known, to 
be evident, in fine after all verbs of giving, or receiving 
information, the English language generally has the fol- 
lowing verb resolved by that expressed or understood, 
as : I believe that he is honest; or I believe, he is honest. 
To render such phrases into Latin, we omit the conjunc- 
tion that, put the following verb in the infinitive, and its 
subject in the accusative. This is sometimes imitated 
in the English as: I believe him to be honest, — Hence 

RULE XII. 

All verbs of information, also jubeo, fiatior, and some 
others govern the following verb in the infinitive with its 
subject in the accusative. f 

The enemy thought that Hostis nos decipi posse 
we could be deceived. credebat. 

* A verb of local motion requires the following- verb to be ex- 
pressed by the supine in um, as: he is gone to teach, ivit dodum. 

■j- 1. To this rule may be referred the verbs of wishing, permit- 
ting, forcing, to be just or proper, as: volo, studeo, cupio, cogo, 
sequum est, fas est, etc. The verbs of asking, as oro, flagito, rogo, 
etc. have the conjunction generally expressed. 

2. The tense of the verb in the infinitive depends on its rela- 
tion with the preceding verb, namely, whether its affirmation with 
regard to the preceding verb is present, past, or yet to come. 

3. The accusative, se, eum, eos, etc. and esse, belonging to the 
infinitive, are often omitted. 



80 



VERBS. 



I am glad my sister has re- 
turned. 

He expected that the towns- 
men would bring assistance. 

He ordered the palace to be 
fired. 



Gaudeo sororem meam 
esse reversam. 

Oppidanus auxilium la- 
turos sperabat. 

Regiam incendi jussit. 



Exercise on Rule XI, 



Think (thou) on death. 

I remember to have read 
this book. 

You had begun to study 
philosophy. 

He cannot be angry at any 
one. 

They wished to go Britain. 

We prefer to stay in Gaul. 

Thou wishest to be rich ; as 
a wise man, thou wouldst ra- 
ther wish to be well. 

Let us endeavour to be such 
as we wish to be reckoned. 

Without virtue true friend- 
ship cannot exist. 

Who would dare to renew 
the battle with the few horse- 
men that have followed us? 

Alexander is said to have 
subdued the most warlike na- 
tions. 

The senate had decreed to 
send embassadors to the em- 
peror. 

The two kings are said to 
have finished the affairs which 
had been begun to be trans- 
acted between them. 

Comius was said to have 
resolved to avoid the sight of 
every Roman. 

All the things that I have 



Memini morior. 
Memini lego hie liber. 

Coepi studeo philoso- 
phia. 

Nequeo succenseo quis- 
quam. 

Volo proficiscor in Bri- 
tannia. 

Malo maneo in Gal- 
lia. » 

Tu volo sum dives ; sa- 
piens valeo malo. 

Conor sum is qui ha- 
beo volo. 

Sine virtus verus ami- 
citia sum nequeo. 

Quis audeo renovoprse- 
lium cum pauci eques, 
qui ego sequor. 

Alexander dico subigo 
bellicosus natio. 

Senatus decerno mitto 
legatus ad imperator. 

Duo rex fero perficio 
res, qui coepi ago inter is. 



Comius dico statuo vi- 
to conspectus quisquam 
Romanus. 

Omnis, qui dico, sum 



VERBS. 



81 



mentioned, are important ; do 
(thou) not despise them. 

The house of C. Caesar, a 
most eminent man, was re- 
ported to have been besieged 
for many hours of the night. 

These were the leaders of 
Greece, except the kings, 
whom I did not wish to med- 
dle with. 

There is no art, in which 
all the things, that can be ac- 
complished by that art, are 
conveyed by the teacher. 

Hast thou been able to de- 
vastate this land, which has 
begotten thee, which feeds thy 
children, which supports thy 
mother ? 

Thefoundation of perpetual 
commendation is justice, 
without which nothing can 
be praiseworthy. 

Nobody can without elo- 
quence attain the name of an 
orator, all other arts can do 
their part without it. 



magnus ; nolo contemno 
is. 

Domus C. Caesar, cla- 
rus vir, nuntio oppugno 
per multus nox hora. 

Hie sum Graecia dux, 
praeter rex, qui attingo 
nolo. 

Nullus sum ars, in qui 
omnis, qui possum effi- 
cio ille ars, trado a doctor. 

Possum populor hie 
terra, qui tu gigno, qui 
alo liberi tuus, qui sus- 
tento mater tuus. 

Fundamentum perpe- 
tuus commendatio sum 
justitia, sine qui nihil pos- 
sum sum laudabilis. 

Nemo sine eloquentia 
nomen oratorobtineo pos- 
sum, omnis caeter ars sine 
is suum munus praesto 
possum. 



Exercise on Rule XII, 



, Horatius confesses, that by 
his hand his sister had been 
slain. 

Fabius expected, that the 
fame of his name would sub- 
due the iEqui. 

Alexander suffered himself 
to be called the son of Jupiter 
Hammon. 

He was betrayed by her, 
whom he had reckoned to be 
his most faithful friend. 



Horatius fateor suus 
manus soror interficio. 

Fabius spero, fama no- 
men suus paco iEqui. 

Alexander patior sui 
appello filius Jupiter 
Hammon. 

Prodo ab ille, qui cre- 
do sum arnica fidelis. 



82 



VERBS. 



The soldiers declared, that 
they would not bear arms 
against a fellow citizen. 

Scaevola said that the best 
part of the speech had been 
deferred to his day. 

Dost thou think that in the 
devastation of all things, thy 
possessions will be sacred. 

We see that the whole lives 
of the brightest men have 
been spent in this study. 

Fortune herself, that mis- 
tress of human affairs, con- 
fesses, that all this glory is 
your own. 

Lucilius, a most learned 
man, did not wish to debate 
concerning these studies be- 
fore the illiterate; he rather 
wished his speech to be un- 
derstood by the hearers. 

L. Philip, a most eminent 
man, used to boast, that he 
without a present had obtain- 
ed all things, which are reck- 
oned the greatest. 

Do (ye) not suffer the king- 
dom of Numidia, which is 
yours, to decline by crimes, 
by the blood of our family. 

The embassadors, who had 
come to Caesar from Thessa- 
ly, promised, that their cities 
would comply with his com- 
mands. 

Scipio Nasica exclaimed: 
may those who wish the re- 
public to be safe, follow me. 
yCaesar had been informed, 
ina.t the disposition of all the 
Iguvians, whom Thermus the 



Miles nego sui fero ar- 
ma contra civis. 

Scaevola dico bonus 
pars sermo in hie dies 
differo. 

Puto in vestatio omnis 
res, tuus possessio sum 
sacrosanctus. 

Video, totus aetas in- 
geniosus homo conteroin 
hie studium. 

Fortuna ipse, ille res 
humanus domina, totus 
hie gloria sum tuus fa- 
teor. 

Lucilius, homo doctus, 
nolo disputo de hie stu- 
dium apud rusticus; malo 
oratio suus intelligo ab 
auditor. 

L. Philippus, vir cla- 
rus, glorior soleo, sui sine 
munus adipiscor omnis, 
qui habeo magnus. 

Nolo patior regnum 
Numidia, qui sumvester, 
per scelus, per sanguis 
familia noster tabesco, 

Legatus, qui ex Thes- 
salia ad Caesar venio, poi- 
liceor suus civitas imper- 
atum facio. 

Scipio Nasicaexclamo: 
qui respublica salvus sum 
volo, ego sequor. 

Caesar facio certior vo* 
luntas omnis Iguvini, 
qui Thermus praetor prae- 



VERBS. 



83 



praetor governed, was the best 
towards him. 

Do (thou) not think, that 
this is Pompey's army, which 
conquered Gaul. I attended 
all the battles. A very small 
part of that army is remain- 
ing, the greatest part has pe- 
rished. 

Thorius, who had led the 
veteran legions to Corduba, 
pretended, that he wished to 
recover the provinces which 
had revolted from Cn. Pom- 
pey. 

The nations of all the east 
had built magnificent temples 
in honour of Jason, which, 
after many years, Parmenio, 
a general of Alexander the 
Great, ordered to be pulled 
down. 

The king, who had under- 
stood that Mithridates was 
approaching the town, sent 
against him great forces, by 
which he thought the enemies 
could be kept back without a 
doubt. 

Alexander, who desired to 
enter Tyre, a most fortified 
city, said, that he wished to 
offer a sacrifice to Hercules; 
that the kings of the Macedo- 
nians believed, that they drew 
their race from that God. 
TheTyrians replied that there 
was a temple of Hercules 
without the city. 

The priest of Jupiter Ham- 
mon denied, that the father of 
Alexander could be injured by 
the wickedness of any man; he 



sum, sum bonus erga sui. 

Nolo existimo, Pom- 
peius hie sum exercitus, 
qui Gallia devinco. Om- 
uls intersum praelium. 
Perexiguus pars ille ex- 
ercitus supersum, mag- 
nus pars depereo. 

Thorius, qui adduco 
vetus legio ad Corduba, 
dictito, sui volo recupero 
provincia, qui deficio a 
Cn. Pompeius. 

Natio totus orienssedi- 
fico magnificus templum 
in honor Jason, qui post 
multus annus, Parmenio, 
dux Alexander Magnus, 
diruo jubeo. 

Rex, qui cognosco Mi- 
thridates oppidum appro- 
pinquo, mitto adversus is 
magnus copise, qui credo 
hostis sine dubium pos- 
sum retineo. 

Alexander, qui cupio 
intro Tyrus, urbs muni- 
tus, dico sui volo sacrifico 
Hercules;Macedo rex cre- 
do, ipse duco genus ab 
ille Deus. Tyrii respon- 
deo, sum templum Her- 
cules extra urbs. 



Sacerdos Jupiter Ham- 
mon nego, parens Alexan- 
der possum violo scelus 
ullus homo; adjicio omnis 



84 IMPERSONAL 

added that all the murderers interfector Philippus luo 

of Philip had suffered their supplicium; Alexanderip- 

punishments; that Alexander se forem invictus. 
himself would be invincible. 



OF IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Impersonal verbs are such as are generally used in the 
third person singular only. § 13. 

Impersonal verbs rarely have a subject, or nominative 
expressed, and then only the pronouns hoc, id, quod, quid; 
or they have an infinitive, or a whole sentence for their 
nominative, as; tonat, it thunders; id licet, this is allowed; 
vivere secundum naturam licet, it is allowed to live accord- 
ing to nature. 

Impersonal verbs have either an active or a. passive ter- 
mination. 

Most of those which have an active termination, are 
rarely used as personal verbs, as; tonat, it thunders; licet, 
it is allowed; filuit, it rains; lucescit, it dawns. 

Other verbs are thus sometimes used impersonally, as; 
Jit, it happens; necesse est, it is necessary; delectat, it 
pleases; etc. 

Those, which have a passive termination, come 

1. From neuter verbs, which, not governing an ac- 
cusative in their active termination, cannot have a sub- 
ject, or nominative in their passive termination. Thus 
from faveo, I favour, or show a favour, we have favetur, 
a favour is shown; from fiugno, I fight, fiugnatur, a battle 
is fought, or some persons fight. 

2. From active verbs, particularly those, which do not 
admit of an accusative of the person, as; nuntiatur, it is an- 
nounced, or the news is brought; traditur, it is delivered; 
traditur famd, it is handed down by fame.* 

Impersonal verbs are conjugated according to one or 
the other of the regular conjugations; they have however 
no imperative, instead of which we use the present sub- 
junctive. 

* These verbs are also used in the passive voice as personal verbs 
with the nominative of the thing, as; minx graves nuntiabantur, Sal. 
Liter* traduntur, Cic. 



VERBS. 



85 





PRINCIPAL PARTS. 


Pres. Ind. 
Licet, 


Pres. Inf. Perf Ind. 
licere, licuit. 




INDICATIVE. 


Pres. Licet, 
Imperf. Licebat, 
Perf. Licuit, 
Pluperf. Licuerat, 
Fut. Licebit, 


it is lawful, it is allowed. 

it was lawful, it was allowed. 

it has been lawful. 

it had been lawful. 

it will be lawful. 




SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Pres. Liceat, 
Imperf. Liceret, 
Perf. Licuerit, 
Pluperf. Licuisset, 
Fut. past. Licuerit, 


it may be lawful, let it be lawful. 

it might be lawful. 

it may have been lawful. 

it might have been lawful. 

it shall have been lawful, 




INFINITIVE. 



Pres. Licere, to be lawful. 

Perf. Licuisse, to have been lawful. 



With a fiassive termination. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Pres. Ind. 
Favetur, 



Perfect. 
fautum est. 



Pres. Inf. 

faveri, 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. Favetur, a favour is sho wn. 

Imperf. Favebatur, a favour was shown. 

Perf. Fautum est, or fuit, a favour has been shown. 

Pluperf. Fautum erat, or fuerat, a favour had been shown. 
Fut. Favebitur, a favour will be shown. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pres, Faveatur, a favour may be shown, let a favour 

be shown. 
Imperf. Faveretur, a favour might be shown. 

Perf. Fautum sit, or fuerit, a favour may have been shown. 

a favour might 
have been shown. 



Pluperf. Fautum esset, or fuisset, 
Fut. past, Fautum erit or fuerit, 



a favour shall have 
been shown. 



86 



IMPERSONAL 



INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Faveri. Perf. Fautum esse, or fuisse. 

Obs. I. Impersonal verbs with an active signification, 
take the dative of acquisition, as; 







INDICATIVE. 


Pres. 


Licet mihi, £ 

licet tibi, 
licet illi, 
licet nobis, 
licet vobis, 
licet illis, 






It is allowed to me, or 

I am allowed. 

thou art allowed. 

he is allowed, 

we are allowed. 

ye are allowed. 

they are allowed. 


Imp. 


Licebat mihi, 
licebat tibi, 






I was allowed, 
thou wast allowed, etc. 


Perf. 


Licuit mihi, 






I have been allowed, etc. 


Plup. 


Licuerat mihi, 






I had been allowed, etc. 


Fut. 


Licebit mihi, 






I shall be allowed, etc. 


Subj. 


Pres. Liceat mihi, 


I may 


be allowed, let me be al- 



lowed, etc. 

II. Active and neuter verbs, which take the dative of 
acquisition, retain the same, when they are used with a 
passive termination, whether as personal or as imperson- 
al verbs, as: 
A favour is shown to me, 

or, I am favoured. 
It is announced to me, or, 

I am informed, 
Hence: 



Favetur mihi. 
> Nuntiatur mihi. 



Indie. Present. 



Favetur mihi, 
favetur tibi, 
favetur illi, 
favetur nobis, 
favetur vobis, 
favetur illis, 



Favebatur mihi, 
Favebatur tibi, etc. 



j A favour is shown to me, to thee, 
to him, to us, etc. 
or 
I am favoured, thou art favoured, 
he is favoured, etc. 

Imfierfect. 

I was favoured. 

Thou wast favoured, etc. 



VERBS. 



87 



Fautum est mihi, etc. 
fautum est nobis, 
etc. 



Perfect. 

I have been favoured, etc. 
we have been favoured, 
etc. 



In like manner: 



Pres. Nuntiatur mihi. 

nuntiatur tibi, etc. 

nuntiatur nobis, etc. 
Imp. Nnntiabatur mihi, 
Perf. Nuntiatum est mihi, 
etc. 



C It is announced to me, 
\ or, I am informed. 

thou art informed, etc. 

we are informed, etc. 

I was informed. 

I have been informed, 
etc. etc. 



RULE XIII. 
Impersonal verbs take the dative of acquisition, as 
I am succeeded. Succeditur mihi. 

We are commanded. Imperatur nobis. 

They please. Lubet illis. 



EXERCISE. 



It lightened ; it would have 
thundered ; it was hailing ; it 
will freeze. 

It may snow ; it will rain 
for us all ; it grows evening ; 
after a few hours it will dawn. 

It pleases me to die with- 
out disgrace. 

It contributes to health to 
live according to nature. 

It pleases the gods, that 
nothing be left of so great a 
city. 

The same thing would 
have happened to you, which 
happened to them. 

You were allowed to pass 
your life in exile with the 
greatest infamy. 

It benefits all good men, 
that the republic be safe. 



Fulgurat; intonat; gran- 
dinat ; gelascit. 

Ningit; pluit ego om- 
nis; vesperascit; post pau- 
ci hora dilucescit. 

Lubet ego morior sine 
dedecus. 

Conducit salus vivo e 
natura. 

Placet Superi nihil ex 
tantus urbs relinquo. 

Idem contingit tu, qui 
evenit ille. 

Licet tu ago aetas in 
exilium cum summns tur- 
pitudo. 

Expedit omnis bonus, 
respublica sum salvus. 



88 



IMPERSONAL 



Other nations thought, that 
the same thing was allowed 
to them. 

An agreement has been 
made between the two great- 
est generals of their age con- 
cerning the conditions of 
peace. 

You, who were allowed to 
be the most fortunate, pursue 
a miserable prey. 

It pleased the other gene- 
rals, that Philotas, the way- 
layer of the best king, be 
overwhelmed with stones. 

We will be pardoned ; ye 
would be resisted ; he had 
been commanded; let them be 
indulged. 

They served fame ; virtue is 
opposed ; vice will be favour- 
ed; no labour would be spared. 

We are met by the learned. 

There was a doubt concern- 
ing his safety. 

What is that, concerning 
which the dispute is? 

They go into an ancient 
forest, the high dens of the 
wild beasts. 

One age is favoured, ano- 
ther will be envied. 

It was believed, that Romu- 
lus had gone to the gods. 

The contest will be concern- 
ing themselves, concerning 
their children, concerning 
their country, concerning their 
fortunes. 

Silence will be kept concern- 
ing the greatest injuries of 
that robber. 



Caeter natio idem licet 
sui arbitror. 

Convenit inter duo cla- 
rus dux suus aetas de con- 
ditio pax. 

Tu, qui licet sum fortu- 
natus, sector miser praeda. 

Placet caeter dux, Philo- 
tas insidiator bonus rex, 
obruo^axum. 

Ego ignoscitur; tu re- 
sistitur ; ille mandatur ; 
ille indulgetur. 

Fama servitur ; virtus 

obstatur ; vitium favetur ; 

nullus labor parcitur. 

Occurritur ego a doctus. 

Dubitatur de ille salus. 

Quis sum is, de qui 
disputatur? 

Itur in antiquus sylva, 
altus stabulum fera. 

Alius aetas favetur, alius 
invidetur. 

Creditur Romulus abeo 
ad Deus. 

Decertatur de sui, de 
liberi suus, de patria, de 
fortuna. 



Siletur de magnus ille 
latro injuria. 



VERBS. 



89 



Important are the causes, 
in which we contend about the 
civil law. 

The consul had been in- 
formed that very great forces 
of Carthaginians had set out 
from Africa. 

This comeliness, which 
shines in life, produces the 
approbation of those, with 
whom we live. 

Concerning this whole kind 
of expenses I have argued in 
those books, which I have 
written concerning the re- 
public. 

After Sylvius the sceptre 
was swayed in Alba Longaby 
thirteen kings during the 
space of four hundred years. 

Caesar Augustus professes 
himself the avenger of Caesar, 
the dictator ; a battle is fought 
at Philippi, a town of Thes- 
saly. 

They, who wish no one to 
be pardoned by you, oppose 
your clemency. 

During three hundred whole 
years the government will be 
under Hector's family. 



Magnus sum causa in 
qui certatur de civilis jus. 

Nuntiatur consul mag- 
nus Pceni copiae ex Africa 
proficiscor. 

Hie decorum, qui elu- 
ceo in vita, moveo appro- 
batio is, quicum vivitur. 

De hie totus genus im- 
pensa disputatur in is li- 
ber, qui scribo de respub- 
lica. 

Post Sylvius regnatur 
in Alba Longa a tredecim 
rex per spatium quadrin- 
genti annus. 

Caesar Augustus profi- 
teor sui ultor Caesar dic- 
tator ; pugnatur apud 
Philippi, urbs Thessalia. 

Hie, qui nemo a tu ig- 
noscitur volo, impedo de- 
mentia tuus. 

Per tercentum totus 
annus regnatur sub Hec- 
toreus gens. 



OF PARTICIPLES. 

A participle is an adjective, derived from a verb, and 
implying time. § 14. 

Obs. I. Participles have always the same government 
as the verbs, of which they are parts. 

Obs. II. The Participle in dus, or of the future passive, 
imports necessity, or obligation rather than futurity, and 
instead of the ablative of the agent with the preposition 
a or abi it takes the dative, as : 

8* 



90 PARTICIPLES. 

He ought, or he is deserv- Audiendus est mihi. 
ing, to be heard by me. 

Obs. III. When two or more verbs are connected by 
the relative who, which, or that, or by the conjunctions 
and, as, when, whilst, after, or although ; these connecting 
words may often be omitted, and the former verb or 
verbs be elegantly expressed by participles, as : 

The man who loves God, Homo, amans Deum, 

is happy. est felix. 

The happiness of the man, Felicitas hominis, aman- 

that loves God^ is certain. tis Deum, certa est. 

Catiline is run through, Catilina pugnans con- 

whilst he is fighting. foditur. 

The traitors after they had Proditores, virgis caesi, 

been beaten with rods, were securi percussi sunt, 
executed with the axe. 

Obs. IV. In order to get a proper participle, we have 
often to change the verb from the active into the passive, 
and vice versa, as : 

He tortured and killed him. Excruciatum (eum) ne- 

cavit. 
The enemies fled, and were Equites nostri hostes 
pursued by our horse, who fugientes insecuti, mag- 
slew a great number of them, num eorum numerum in- 

terfecere. 

Obs. V. After making the aforesaid changes, we often 
get a substantive with a participle, independent of the 
rest of the sentence, which is put in the ablative; hence 

RULE XIV. 

A substantive with a participle, independent of the 
rest of the sentence, is put in the ablative, called abso- 
lute* as : (§ 15.) 

* This ablative generally expresses time, and is governed by the 
preposition de, sub, cum, a, or ab, as: cum_Diis volentibus. Cato. 
Positis repetistis ab armis. Lucan. 



PARTICIPLES. 



91 



After our general had rout- 
ed the enemies, he returned 
to the camp. Or, The enemies 
being routed, our general re- 
turned to the camp. 

With the will of God (i. e. 
God being willing) I shall 
finish this work. 



Noster dux, hostibus 
fusis, rediit in castra. 



Deo volente, hoc opus 
perficiam. 



Obs. Instead of participles we often use substantives, 
or adjectives, which may also be explained by existente, 
or existentibus understood, as : 



What I have undertaken by 
your advice, I shall accom- 
plish with your assistance. 

He did it without my know- 
ledge. 



Quod suasore (i. e. sua- 
dente) te suscepi, adjutore 
te exequar. 

Me inscio (i. e. nesci- 
ente) hoc fecit. 



EXERCISE 
obedient to 



We all live 
others. 

Sink and overwhelm their 
ships. 

Plato died whilst he was 
writing. 

He chases and puts into 
confusion the whole multi- 
tude. 

The body of Tiberius, 
when dead, was thrown into 
the river. 

The path of death must be 
trod by all. 

They carry on wars that 
must be spoken of by their 
wives. 

He took the city by a siege, 
and destroyed it. 

Chorcebus, ready to die, 
throws himself into the midst 
of the enemy. 



Omnis vivo obediens 
alius. 

Submersus obruo pup- 
pis. 

Plato scribens morior. 

Misceo agens omnis tur- 
ba. 

Corpus Tiberius mor- 
tuus in flumen projicio. 

Via lethum sum calcan- 
dus omnis. 

Gero prselium conjux 
loquendus. 

Deleo urbs obsidio cap- 
tus. 

Chorcebus injicio sui- 
sui moriturus in medius 
hostis. 



92 



PARTICIPLES. 



The turrets, being built in 
the middle of the mount, were 
beyond the throw of a dart. 

The enemies proceeded, 
and fell into the snares that 
had been laid about the road. 

Horrid famine shall force 
you to consume the gnawed 
trenchers. 

Metellus, distrusting the 
veteran army, enrolls soldiers. 

What care has the boy for 
his lost mother? 

A traveller ought to avoid 
a nocturnal arrival at the city. 

The women, that had been 
carried off, dared to place 
themselves between the flying 
darts. 

May we be allowed to bring 
up the fleet, shattered by the 
winds. 

We saw Ti. Gracchus, when 
he disturbed the republic, for- 
saken by his friends. 

Antigonus delivered up 
Eumenes, when dead, to be 
buried by his relatives. 

He entreats his father by 
the smoking ruins of Troy 
destroyed. 

The dictator yielded to the 
prayers of the brothers in- 
treating him for the safety of 
their brother. 

I have a mind to finish the 
solemnities, which I have be- 
gun and prepared. 

Conon, having returned to 



Turris, in medius ager 
erectus, extra telum jac- 
tus sum. 

Hostis progressus, in 
insidiae circa iter locatus 
delabor. 

Dirus fames subigo tu 
ambesus absumomensa. 

Metellus, diffidens ve- 
tus exercitus, conscribo 
miles. 

Ecquis cura amissus 
parens sum puer ? 

Viator nocturnus ad 
urbs adventus vitandus 
sum. 

Raptus mulier audeo 
sui inter volans telum in- 
fero. 

Licet ego subduco clas- 
sis ventus quassatus. 

Ti. Gracchus, respub- 
lica vexans, ab amicus de- 
relictus video. 

Antigonus Eumenes 
mortuus propinquus is 
sepeliendus trado. 

Obtestor genitor per 
fumans Troja e versus 
excidium. 

Dictator cedo precis 
frater obsecrans is pro 
salus frater. 

Ego sum animus per- 
ficio sacra, qui inceptus 
paro. 

Conon, cum pars navis 



PARTICIPLES. 



93 



his country with a part of the 
ships, caused the walls of 
Athens to be rebuilt. 

Aulus Posthumius, having 
been made dictator, engaged 
with the enemies at the lake 
Regillus. 

Will you rush in upon us, 
when prostrate at the feet of 
the conqueror, trusting to his 
humanity, which you yourself 
have experienced. 

Orestes, being fired with 
great love for his ravished 
spouse, kills Pyrrhus at his 
country's altars. 

Fabius Quintus, who alone 
had survived the family, 
which was destroyed at the 
Cremera, was made consul 
with Ti. Aemilius. 

As an enemy I wished to 
kill an enemy ; after me there 
is a long file of men seeking 
the same glory. 

Antipater sent to Alexan- 
der, who had pursued the ene- 
mies in their flight, messen- 
gers to make him acquainted 
with the movement of Greece. 

The king, having attempted 
to take this city, was repuls- 
ed by the great courage of 
those that defended it. 

He learned from the spies, 
that all the forces of the Bel- 
gae had been drawn together 
into one place and were ad- 
vancing towards him. 

Catiline was found among 
the dead of the enemies, re- 
taining that fierceness, which 
he had had when living. 



in'patria reversus, murus 
Athenae reficiendus euro. 



tator factus, cum hostis 
apud Regillus lacus con- 
fligo. 

Irrumpo in ego pro- 
stratus ad pes victor, fi- 
dens is humanitas, qui tu 
ipse experior ? 

Orestes, inflammatus 
magnus amor ereptus 
conjux, obtrunco Pyrrhus 
ad patrius ara. 

Fabius Quintus, qui 
unus extinctus ad Creme- 
ra gens supersum, creo 
consul cum Ti. Aemilius, 

Hostis hostis occido 
volo ; longus post ego or- 
do sum petens idem de- 
cus. 

Antipater ad Alexan- 
der, fugiens hostis inse- 
cutus, mitto nuntius de 
motus Graecia is certior 
facturus. 

Rex hie urbs expugno 
adortus, magnus vis is 
defendens repello. 

Cognosco ab explora- 
tor, omnis Belga copiae in 
unus locus coactus ad sui 
venio. 

Catilina reperio inter 
hostis cadaver, retinens 
ferocia, quihabeo vivus. 



94 



PARTICIPLES. 



Caius Lutatius, coming in- 
to Sicily, is informed, that 
the greatest fleet of the Car- 
thaginians was coming from 
Africa. 

Scipio Africanus being or- 
dered to plead his cause, he, 
without any mention of the 
charge, delivered a magnifi- 
cent oration concerning the 
affairs achieved by him. 

The Tyrians, contrary to 
the law of nations, killed the 
heralds, and threw them into 
the deep ; Alexander, being 
irritated by their unworthy 
death, resolves to besiege the 
city. 

Having gone out of the city 
you have an ancient temple of 
the deserted Venus, near 
which there is an old cypress, 
preserved for many years by 
the religion of our fathers. 



Cajus Lutatius, adve- 
nietis in Sicilia,nuntiatur, 
magnus Poeni classis ex 
Africa venio. 

Scipio Africanus jus- 
sus causa dico, sine ullus 
crimen mentio, magnifi- 
cus oratio de res a sui ges- 
tus habeo. 

Tyrii caduceator, con- 
tra jus gens occisus, prae- 
cipito in altum ; Alexan- 
der,commotusisindignus 
nex, urbs obsideo statuo. 



Sum tu ex urbs egres- 
sus vetustus templum de- 
sertus Venus, juxta qui 
sum antiquus cupressus, 
religio pater multus ser- 
vatus per annus. 



Exercise on the Abl. Absolute. 



This law being set aside, the 
acts of Caesar are annulled. 

Perdiccas, having led his 
army into the city, held a 
council of the chief men. 

A short interval having in- 
tervened, the enemies ran from 
all parts down to the trench. 

My father, whom I wished 
to take into the high moun- 
tains, refused, since Troy was 
destroyed, to prolong his life. 

Letters are sent by Cicero 
to Caesar, which, all the roads 
being blocked up, were inter- 
cepted by the enemy. 

Octavius, having entered 



Hie lex sublatus, acta 
Caesar dissolve 

Perdiccas, perductus in 
urbs exercitus, consilium 
princeps vir habeo. 

Brevis spatium inter- 
jectus, hostis ex omnis 
pars ad vallum decurro. 

Genitor, qui tollo in al- 
tus mons opto, nego, ex- 
cisus Troja,produco vita. 

Literse ad Caesar a Ci- 
cero mitto, qui, omnis via 
obsessus, ab hostis inter- 
cipio. 

Octavius, initus cum 



PARTICIPLES. 



95 



into friendship with Antonius, 
prosecuted Marcus Brutus the 
slayer of Caesar. 

The most beautiful Dido 
proceeded to the temple, be- 
ing accompanied by a great 
baud of young men. 

You being the accuser, no 
mention will be made of this 
crime; the most notorious in- 
juries will be passed over in 
silence. 

The castle being taken, the 
king is killed whilst resisting 
with a few. 

Having slain his kin, he 
made his kingdom the prey 
of his crime. 

Ancus, having enrolled a 
new army, set out, and took 
Politorium, a city of the La- 
tins. 

His faults wearing away, 
whilst his virtue is maturing, 
permit so great a man to 
become old in our city. 

Annibal, having seen the 
head of his brother, who had 
been slain, is said to have ex- 
claimed: I know the fate of 
Carthage. 

Sertorius, having left a 
small detachment in Maurita- 
nia, embraced a dark night, 
and endeavoured to fly. 

The enemies, after their ar- 
my was routed, fled in disor- 
der, and fell in with Quintius, 
returning with the wounded 
consul. 

The bridge being finished, 
five great states having been 
joined to our friendship, grain 



Antonius societas, Mar- 
cus Brutus Caesar inter- 
fector persequor. 

Pulcher Dido incedo 
ad templum, magnus ju- 
venis stipans caterva. 

Tu accusans, hie cri- 
men mentio nullus facio ; 
siletur de notus injuria. 



Arx captus, rex cum 
pauci repugnans occido. 

Propinquus suus inter- 
fectus, regnum is scelus 
suus praeda facio. 

Ancus, novusexercitus 
conscriptus, profectus, 
Politorium urbs Latini ca- 
pio. 

Senescens vitium, ma- 
turescens virtus, sino tan- 
tus vir senex in civitas 
fio. 

Annibal, visusfrateroc- 
cisus caput, dico fero: 
Agnosco fortuna Cartha- 
go- 

Sertorius, levis praesi- 
dium relictus in Mauri- 
tania, nactus obscurus 
nox, fugio conor. 

Hostis, disp.ipatus ag- 
men, vagus fugiens, in 
Quintius, cum saucius 
consul revertens, incido. 

Perfectus pons, magnus 
quinque civitas ad amici- 
tia adjunctus, expeditus 



96 



PARTICIPLES. 



having been provided, the re- 
ports concerning the legions, 
that were said to come with 
Pompey through Mauritania, 
havingdied away, many states, 
more distant, go from Afra- 
nius over to Caesar. 



res frumentarius, extinct- 
us rumor de legio,qui cum 
Pompeius per Mauritania 
venio dico, multus lon- 
ginquus civitas ab Afra- 
nius ad Caesar descisco. 



Exercise on the last Observation. 



His armour bearer alone be- 
ing his attendant, he entered 
the camp. 

Caesar being the guardian 
of the state, no power will 
drive away our ease. 

P. Lentulus, in my consul- 
ship, surpassed all former 
ediles. 

Under the guidance of the 
immortal gods, I conceived 
this thought. 

Arcadia being judge, Pan 
shall say, that he has been 
conquered. 

May the forests be beaten, 
thou being safe. 

Libo proposing it, they de- 
parted from arms. 

Against your will, I will 
not be safe. 

Asdrubal, without the know- 
ledge of his wife, threw him- 
self at the knees of Scipio. 

My father, I being a lad, set 
out as commander for Spain. 

Lucius Scipio, brother of 
Africanus, was sent against 
Antiochus, his brother being 
his lieutenant. 

Publius Valerius, by whose 
assistance Junius Brutus had 
banished the kings, was made 
consul. 



Solus armiger comes, 
ingredior castra. 

Caesar custos res, nul- 
lus vis exigo otium. 

P. Lentulus, ego con- 
sul, vinco omnis superior 
aedilis. 

Deus immortalis dux, 
suscipio hie mens. 

Arcadia judex, Pan di- 
co sui vinco. 

Sylva plecto, tu sospes. 

Libo auctor, ab arma 
disceditur. 

Invitus tu, salvus sum 
nolo. 

Asdrubal, inscius uxor, 
ad genu Scipio procumbo. 

Pater, ego puerulus, 
imperator in Hispania 
proficiscor. 

Lucius Scipio, frater 
Africanus, mitto contra 
Antiochus, frater legatus. 

Publius Valerius, qui 
adjutor Junius Brutus 
rex ejicio, creo consul. 



ADVERBS. 97 

This festival day, at the re- Hie festus dies, rediens 

turn of the year, shall remove annus, dimoveo cortex ad- 

the cork fastened with pitch strictuspix consul Tullus. 
in the consulship of Tullus. 

What would he have done Quis ille vivus facio, 

whilst living, who, when dead, qui mortuus, unus e suus 

fired the senate-house, Sex. satelles Sex. Clodius dux, 

Clodius, one of his champions, curia incendo ? 
being the manager? 

OF ADVERBS. 

An Adverb is an indeclinable part of speech joined to a 
verb, participle, noun, or another adverb, to express some 
circumstance thereof, as: 

He spoke well. Bene dixit. 

Making various allusions. Alludens varie. 

You are too much atrifler. Nimium nugator es. 

The fittest. Maxime idoneus. 

Less piously. Minus pie. 

Adverbs are either primitive, as: sic, itoy or they are 
derivative. 

The derivative adverbs are formed 

1. From verbs, as: statim, on the spot, from sto; con- 
junctim, jointly, from conjungo. 

2. From substantives, as: -viritim, from virj temfiorius, 
from temfius; Pol, from Pollux; Edefiol, from deus and 
Pollux. 

3. From adjectives and participles, as: certe, turpiter, 
ornate, abundanter, etc. 

Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the second de- 
clension by changing i of the genitive into e, as: doctus, 
docti, docte ; teneri, tenere; pigri, pigre. Except bene 
from bonus. (§ 16.) 

From adjectives of the third declension by changing s 
of the genitive into ter; as: felix, felicis, feliciter; celer, 
celeris, celeriter; but adjectives in ns, as also solers, 
change tis into ter, as: diligens, diligentis, diligenter ; so- 
lers, solertis, solerter. 

These adverbs generally have also a comparative and 
superlative. 

The comparative is the same as the neuter of the ad- 

9 



98 



ADVERBS. 



jective in the comparative degree, as: docte, doctius ; ce- 
leriter, celerius. 

The adjective of the superlative belonging to the se- 
cond declension, the adverb is formed by changing i into 
e, as: as doctissimus, doctissime ; celerrimus, celerrime. 

Obs. Adverbs are sometimes rendered Latin by a noun, 
and vice versa, as: 

Unexpectedly, de improviso. By stealth, furtim. 

Purposely, ex industria. With the great- C accura- 

est exactness. / tissime. 



EXERCISE. 



All things were carried on 
most successfully. 

They have some apprehen- 
sion from God. 

Cato having become Cen- 
sor, discharged that office 
with severity. 

You will do this at your 
peril. 

The public faith being 
pledged, he spoke with more 
confidence. 

A life, passed in the great- 
est integrity, commended the 
Scipios. 

The worst fellow suffers a 
director with the greatest re- 
luctance. 

Here the crops succeed 
better, there the grapes. 

The battle was most valiant- 
ly maintained on both sides. 

Scipio, who never sought 
the consulship, became twice 
consul. 

The most vigorous resist- 
ance was made to the enemy 
by our men. 



Omnis gero prospere. 

Divinitus ille sum qui- 
dam ingenium. 

Cato, Censor factus, se- 
vere is potestas praesum. 

Periculose hie facio. 

Publicus fides datus, lo- 
quor confidenter. 

Vita integre actus, Sci- 
pio commendo. 

Malus aspere rector pa- 
tior. 

Hie seges, illic venio 
feliciter uva. 

Pugnatur utrinque for- 
titer. 

Scipio, qui nunquam 
peto consulatus, bis con- 
sul fio. 

Acriter resistitur hos- 
tis a noster miles. 



ADVERBS. 



99 



The farmers dig up bad 
herbs by the root. 

This kind of citizens will 
always be most applauded. 

A great number of darts 
had been thrown at a distance 
from the smaller vessels. 

He has not acted in this af- 
fair with sufficient consisten- 
cy. 

Having embraced one ano- 
ther, they conversed in the 
most friendly manner. 

He must watch, who wishes 
to do his duties in due time. 

Lasting vigour cannot be in 
that, which has too quickly 
attained maturity. 

Cleopatra did not woman- 
like dread the sword. 

When did you, with my 
knowledge, wish for any thing 
in vain? 

Ariovistus most eagerly 
sought, in the consulship of 
Caesar, the friendship of the 
Roman people. 

A haughty answer was giv- 
en by the Latins to the Roman 
ambassadors, when complain- 
ing of these injuries. 

Sulpicius undertook in his 
tribuneship to rob those, with 
whom he had lived as a pri- 
vate man most familiarly. 

The few, who resisted, be- 
ing killed, our men pursued 
the remaining multitude with 
more eagerness. 

The enemies, raised by this 
victory, unexpectedly fly to 



Malus herba agricola 
radicitus effodio. 

Hie genus civis maxime 
semper applauditur. 

Ex parvus navis mag- 
nus vis telum eminus mit- 
to. 

In hie res non satis 
constanter facio. 

Sui invicem amplexa- 
tus, amice colloquor. 

Vigilo debeo, qui volo 
suus tempori conficio offi- 
cium. 

Non passum in is sum 
succus diuturnus, qui ni- 
mis celeriter maturitas 
assequor. 

Cleopatra non mulie- 
briter expavesco ensis. 

Quando, ego sciens, 
quisquam frustra opto? 

Ariovistus, Csesar con- 
sul, cupide populus Ro- 
manus amicitia peto. 

Romanus legatus, que- 
rens de hie injuria, su- 
perbe respondetur a La- 
tini. 

Sulpicius in tribunatus 
instituo spolio hic,quicum 
privatus conjuncte vivo. 

Pauci resistens inter- 
fectus, noster reliquus 
multitudo pertinaciter in- 
sequor. 

Hostis hie victoria sub- 
latus, improviso ad Cicero 



100 



ADVERBS. 



Cicero's winter quarters, be- 
fore the news of Titurius's 
death was brought to him. 

He ordered the head of As- 
trubal, which he had carefully 
preserved and brought along, 
to be thrown before the sen- 
tries of the enemy. 

The fortune of the city is 
again changed, the command 
being transferred from the 
consuls to decemvirs, as it 
had come before from the 
kings to the consuls. 

He came into Macedonia, 
to the camp of Cn. Pompey, 
to that very party, by which 
he had been unjustly rejected. 

Caesar did not wish these 
things to be enlarged upon, in 
the presence of many, where- 
fore he quickly dismisses the 
assembly; Liscus, whom he 
had retained, now speaks with 
less reserve. 

Cataline lived with the pen- 
sive seriously, with the jovial 
merrily, with the old sedately, 
with the young sociably, with 
the bold audaciously, with the 
lewd lecherously. 

What has been done, es- 
pecially in passion, with gen- 
tleness, with mildness, with 
justice, with moderation, with 
discretion, we certainly ought 
to admire. 

At length Octavius, having 
vanquished hisenemies, show- 
ed himself mild ; he pardoned 
many, by whom he had been 
often grievously offended. 



hyberna advolo, prius- 
quam ad is fama de Titu- 
rius mors perfero. 

Caput Astrubal,quiser- 
vatus cum cura affero, 
projicio ante hostis statio 
jubeo. 

Iterum muto fortuna 
civitas, imperium transla- 
tus ab consul ad decemvir, 
quemadmodum ante a rex 
ad consul venio. 

In Macedonia ad Cn. 
Pompeius castra venio, in 
is ipse causa, a qui rejicio 
cum injuria. 

Caesar multus praesens 
is res jacto nolo ; quare 
celeriter dimitto consili- 
um ; Liscus, qui retineo, 
nunc dico libere. 



Catalina vivo cum tris- 
tis severe, cum remissus 
jucunde,cum senex gravi- 
ter,cum juventus comiter, 
cum facinorosus audac- 
ter, cum libidinosus luxu- 
riose. 

Qui clementer, mansu- 
ete, juste, moderate, sapi- 
enter facio, in iracundia 
praesertim, debeo certe 
admiror. 

Tandem Octavius, hos- 
tis victus, clemens suiex- 
hibeo; ignosco multus, a 
qui saepe graviter laedo. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



101 



Fortune, as it were, pur- 
posely equalising the contest 
between the bravest men, vic- 
tory was for a long time 
doubtful; at length the Spar- 
tans, scarcely supporting their 
arms, begin to withdraw, the 
enemy pressing on. 



Velut de industria inter 
fortis vir certamen sequans 
fortuna, victoria diu an- 
ceps sum ; tandem Laco, 
vix sustinens arma refero 
pes caepi urgens hostis. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 

A preposition is an indeclinable part of speech, set be- 
fore another part of speech, to express spme relation. 

Preparations are either separable, or inseparable . 

A separable preposition is set. before a noun or pronoun, 
and requires it to be put in a certain case. 

The separable prepositions are divided into three sorts: 

I. The following twenty-eight require the accusative. 



Ad, to. 
Apud, at. 
Ante, before. 
Adversus, "} 
Adversum, ^against. 
Contra, J 
Circa, } about; 
Circum,^ around. 

r*. ' > on this side. 
Citra, S 

Erga, towards. 

Extra, without. 

Infra, beneath. 

Inter, between. 



Intra, within. 

Juxta, near, nigh to. 

Ob, for. 

Propter, for, hard by, 

Penes, in the fiower oj. 

Per, through. 

Pone, behind. 

Post, after. 

Praeter, except, against. 

Secundum, according to. 

Secus, along. 

Supra, above. 

Trans, on the farther side. 

Ultra, beyond. 



II. The following fourteen require the ablative. 



A, 1 

Ab, Wrom, by. 

AbsJ 

Absque, without. 

Clam, without the knowledge of. 

Coram, before, in the presence of. 

Cum, with, in company of. 

9* 



De, of concerning. 

l^} of out of. 

Prae, before, for. 
Pro, for. 
Sine, without. 
Tenus, to. 



102 



PREPOSITIONS. 



III. These four have sometimes an accusative, some- 
times an ablative: 



In, in, into. 

Sub, under, about. 



Super, above. 
Subter, beneath, 



RULE XV. 



The prepositions, ad, afiud, ante, etc. govern the accu- 
sative, as ; 

To the Lord. Ad dominum. 

In my power. Penes me. 

EXERCISE. 



To the stars. 
To a nail. 
To the tops. 
At hand. 
At the walls. 
At noon. 

Towards evening. 
At the army. 
At the states. 
At the castle. 
Before the judge. 
Before the people. 
Amongst friends. 
Before the altars. 
Before the windows. 
Before a mirror. 
Before the time. 
Before noon. 
Before the feet. 
Towards men. 
Towards a brother. 
Towards the sun. 
Against wealth. 
Against the laws. 
Against nature. 
Against right. 
Opposite to Italy. 
On, this side of the Rhine. 



Ad stell-a, ae, f. 
Ad ungu-is, is, m. 
Ad cacum-en, inis, n. 
Ad man-us, us, f. 
Ad mur-us, i, m. 
Ad meridi-es, ei, m. 
Ad vesper-a, as, f. 
Apud exercit-us, us, m. 
Apud civita-s, tis, f. 
Apud castell-um, i, n. 
Apud jud-ex, icis, m. 
Apud popul-us, i, m. 
Apud amic-us, i, m. 
Ante ar-a, ae, f. 
Ante fenestr-a, ae, f. 
Ante specul-um, i, n. 
Ante temp-us, oris, n. 
Ante meridi-es, ei, m. 
Ante pe-s, dis, m. 
Adversus hom-o, inis, m. 
Adversum frat-er, ris, m. 
Adversus sol, is, m. 
Adversus diviti-ae, arum, f. 
Adversum le-x, gis, f. 
Contra natur-a, ae, f. 
Contra ju-s, ris, n. 
Contra Itali-a, ae, f. 
Citra Rhen-us, i, m. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



103 



On this side of the Eu- 
phrates. 

Without controversy. 

About the cottages. 

About the general. 

Around the towns. 

Around the heads. 

Towards God. 

Towards parents. 

Towards children. 

Without the country. 

Without guilt. 

Beyond measure. 

Out of order. 

Beneath a man. 

Under the age. 

Under the milt. 

Among philosophers. 

Between the twins. 

Amongst cups. 

During supper. 

Within the bounds. 

Within the inclosures. 

Within a year. 

Within an hour. 

Near the pyramids. 

Near the senate-house. 

Close by the way. 

On account of the expenses. 

For the ice. 

For reasons. 

Before the eyes. 

For laziness. 

On account of the sighs. 

For fear. 

Hard by Sicily. 

In the power of the magis- 
trates. 

In the power of the accu- 
sers. 

In the power of custom. 

Through the defiles. 

Through the hands. 

For years. 



Citra Euphrat-es, is, m. 

Citra controversi-a, ae, f. 
Circa cas-a, ae, f. 
Circa du-x, cis, m. 
Circum oppid-um, i, n. 
Circum cap-ut, itis, n. 
Erga De-us, i, m. 
Erga parent-es, um, m. 
Erga liber-i, orum, m. 
Extra regio, nis, f. 
Extra.culp-a, ae, f. 
Extra mod-us, i, m. 
Extra ord-o, inis, m. 
Infra hom-o, inis, m. 
Infra aeta-s, tis, f. 
Infra splen, is, m. 
Inter philosoph-us, i, m. 
Inter gemin-i, orum, m. 
Inter pocul-um, i, n. 
Inter ccen-a, ae, f. 
Intra termin-us, i, m. 
Intra claustr-um, i, n. 
Intra ann-us, i, m. 
Intra hor-a, ae, f. 
Juxta pyrami-s, dis, f. 
Juxta curi-a, ae, f. 
Juxta vi-a, ae, f. 
Ob sumpt-us, us, m. 
Ob glaci-es, ei, f. 
Ob caus-a, ae, f. 
Ob ocul-us, i, m. 
Propter segniti-es, ei, f. 
Propter gemit-us, us, m. 
Propter met-us, us, m. 
Propter Sicili-a, ae, f. 
Penes magistrat-us, us, m. 

Penes accusator, is, m. 

Penes us-us, us, m. 
Per angusti-ae, arum, f. 
Per man-us, us, f. 
Per ann-us, i, m. 



104 



PREPOSITIONS. 



By the faith. 
By letter. 
Behind the army. 
Behind the cavalry. 
After death. 
After winter. 
Behind the back. 
Besides cruelty. 
Beside the bank. 
Against custom. 
Against the opinion. 
According to the deeds. 
According to the will. 
Next to the king.. 
Along the rivers. 
Along the way. 
Along the lines. 
Above the earth. 
Above the general's tent. 
Above the top. 
On the farther side 

Anio. 
Beyond Taurus. 
Beyond the lakes. 
Beyond the rivers. 
Beyond the villa. 
Above the number. 



Per fid-es, ei, f. 
Per liter-ae, arum, f. 
Pone aci-es, ei, f. 
Pone equitat-us, us, m. 
Post mor-s, tis, f. 
Post hiem-s, is, f. 
Post terg-um, i,n. 
Praeter crudelita-s, tis, f. 
Praeter rip-a, ae, f. 
Praeter mo-s, ris, m. 
Praeter opinio, nis, f. 
Secundum fact-um, i, n. 
Secundum arbitri-um, i, n 
Secundum re-x, gis, m. 
Secus fluvi-us, i, m. 
Secus vi-a, ae, f. 
Secus line-a, 32, f. 
Supra terr-a, ae, f. 
Supra praetori-um, i, n. 
Supra ap-ex, icis, m. 
of the Trans Anien, is, m. 

Trans Taur-us, i, m. 
Trans stagn-um, i, n. 
Ultra flum-en, inis, n. 
Ultra vill-a,ae, f. 
Ultra numer-us, i, m. 



RULE XVI. 

The prepositions a, ab, abs, absque, etc. govern the ab- 
lative, as :* 

From, or by the father. A patre. 
EXERCISE. 



From dangers. 
From behind. 
Since the death. 
From the cradle. 
By the senate. 



A pericul-um, i, n. 

A terg-um, i, n. 

A mor-s, tis, f. 

Ab incunabul-a, orum, n. 

A senat-us, us, m. 



* A and e are generally used before a consonant, ab before a 
vowel, and abs before t and q. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



105 



By the oarsmen. 

Without prudence. 

Without the filth. 

Without arguments. 

Without the knowledge of 
the wife. 

Without the knowledge of 
the friends. 

Before the people. 

Before the parents. 

In the presence of the chil- 
dren. 

With fear. 

With horsemen. 

In company of his brother.. 

Concerning the motions. 

From a place. 

About nothing. 

Of gold. 

According to the league. 

Out of necessity. 

According to order. 

From the day. 

Opposite. 

For grief. 

For joy. 

For tears. 

At hand. 

For a consul. 

For the sins. 

Before the assembly. 

According to custom. 

According to ability. 

Without doubt. 

Without cork. 

Without barbarism. 

To the neck. 

To the hilt. 

To the ground. 

To the eyes. 

To the legs. 



A rem-ex, igis, m. 
Absque prudenti-a, se, f. 
Absque illuvi-es, ei, f. 
Absque argument-um, i, n. 
Clam uxor, is, f. 

Clam amic-us, i, m. 

Coram popul-us, i, m. 
Coram parent-es, um, m. 
Coram liber-i, orum, m. 

Cum met-us, us, m. g 

Cum equ-es, itis, m. 

Cum frat-er, ris, m. 

De mot-us, us, m. 

De loc-us, i, m. 

De nihil-um, i, n. 

Ex aur-um, i, n. 

Ex foed-us, eris, n. 

E necessita-s, tis, f. 

Ex ord-o, inis, m. 

Ex di-es, ei, m. 

E regio, nis, f. 

Prse mceror, is, m. 

Prse gaudi-um, i, n. 

Prse lachrym-a, se, f. 

Prse man-us, us, f. . . t 

Pro consul-is, m. 

Pro peccat-um, i, n. 

Pro concio, nis, f. 

Pro consuetud-o, inis, f. 

Pro faculta-s, tis, f. 

Sine dubi-um, i, n. 

Sine cort-ex, icis, m. 

Sine barbari-es, ei, f. 

Coll-um, i, n. terms.* 

Capul-us, i, m. tenus. 

Solum, i, n. tenus. 

Ocul-us, i, m. tenus.* 

Cru-s, ris, n. tenus. 



* Tenus is generally put after its case, and governs a plural noun in 
the genitive. 



106 



PREPOSITIONS. 



RULE XVII. 

The prepositions m, sub, super, and subter, govern 
the accusative, when motion or tendency to an object is 
signified; but when rest or motion in a place is signified 
in and sub govern the ablative, sufier and subter the 
accusative, or ablative.* § 17. 

Exercise with an accusative. 



Against the enemies. 
To the height. 
Towards the country. 
Until death. 
From hour to hour. (i. e, 

into hours.) 
After the manner. 
For pay. 
For punishment. 
About day light. 
Towards evening. 
Under the yoke. 
Under the tables. 
Besides the disease. 
Besides the honours. 
At the wine. 
Upon a viper. 
Under the moon. 
Under the walls. 



In inimic-us i, m. 
In altitud-o, inis, f. 
In patri-a, ae, f. 
In mor-s, tis, f. 
In hor-a, ae, f. 

In mod-us, i, m. 
In stipendi-um, i, n. 
In pcen-a, ae, f. 
Sub lu-x, cis, f. 
Sub vesper-a, ae, f. 
Sub jug-um, i, n. 
Sub mens-a, ae, f. 
Super morb-us, i, m. 
Super honor, is, m. 
Super vin-um, i, n. 
Super aspi-s, dis, f. 
Subter lun-a, ae, f. 
Subter mceni-a, um, n. 



With an ablative. 



In the power. 
In the bosom. 
On the surface. 
On the tombs. 
Among the Greeks. 
During supper. 
Under the condition. 



In potesta-s, tis, f. 
In sin-us, us, m. 
In superfici-es, ei, f. 
In tumul-us, i, m. 
In Graec-us, i, m. 
In ccen-a, ae, f. 
Sub conditio, nis, f. 



• In signifying in, on, or among, generally governs the ablative: 
otherwise the accusative. — Sub signifying at or about a certain time, 
governs the accusative; when it signifies nigh to a place, it general- 
ly governs the ablative. — Super, signifying besides, in addition, go- 
verns the accusative; signifying concerning, or on, it generally go- 
verns the ablative.— Subter is found with an ablative with poets only. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



107 



Under the judge, 
Under pretence. 
Near the castles. 
Nigh to the mountain. 
At hand. 
Upon a leaf. 
Concerning the subject. 
Under a tortoise. 
Under the shore. 



Sub jud-ex, icis, m. 
Sub praetext-us, us, m. 
Sub castell-um, i, n. 
Sub mon-s, tis, m. 
Sub man-us, us, f. 
Super fron-s, dis, f. 
Super r-es, ei, f. 
Subter testud-o, inis, f, 
Subter lit-us, oris, n. 

Promiscuous Exercises, 



Amongst the conquerors. 

In the battle. 

Through rage. 

Without success. 

For gain. 

From the side. 

In remembrance. 

By snares. 

With the tribunes. 

To the purpose. 

Among the constellations. 

Without images. 

Without a song. . 

Without feats. 

Without funeral solem- 
nities. 

Without lamentations. 

Without eulogies. 

Without a funeral. 

From head to foot. 

From the Romans to the 
Carthaginians. 

On account of services to 
the republic. 

Against the (dignity of the) 
republic to the good of 
the republic. 

|C7*The reader is requested to return to page 8, from 
whence he digressed. 



Inter victor, is, m. 
In aci-es, ei, f. 
Per rabi-es, ei, f. 
Sine success-us, us, m. 
Ob quaest-us, us, m. 
A lat-us, eris, n. 
Ad memori-a, ae, f. 
Per insidi-ae, arum, f. 
Cum tribun-us, i, m. 
E r-es, ei, f. 
Inter sid-us, eris, n. 
Sine imag-o, inis, f. 
Sine cant-us, us, m. 
Sine lud-us, i, m. 
Sine exsequi-ae, arum, f. 

Sine lament-um, i, n. 

Sine laudatio, nis, f. 

Sine fun-us, eris, n. 

A caput ad calx. 

A Romanus ad Carthagi- 

niensis. 
Ob meritum in respublica. 

Contra respublica e respub- 
lica. 



108 CONJUNCTIONS. 

Obs. Prepositions in composition generally retain their original sig- 
nification, as; adeo,I go to; alloquor, I speak to; circumveho, I carry 
around; yet 

In, in composition, often expresses negation, as; illegitimus, irri- 
tus; sometimes it increases the original signification, as; infractus, 
incanus. 

Be, signifies sometimes down, as; delabor, descendo; sometimes 
without, as: demens,- sometimes to cease, as; detono, desum,- some- 
times much, as; demiror. 

Ex, signifies sometimes privation, as; exsanguis. 

Ob often signifies against or towards, as; obnuntio, qffero. 

Per and prse, often signify much or very, as ; pervelle, prsedives. 
- Sub signifies sometimes upon, as; in equum suty'ectus; sometimes 
little, as; subrideo. 

The inseparable prepositions are found in compounds only. They 

are am, or amb, around; com, or con, together; dis or di, asunder; 
re, again, back; se, aside, as; 

Ambio, I go about. DifFero, I carry about. 

Combibo, I drink with. Relego, I read again. 

Contraho, I draw together. Revertor, I return. 

Cohabito, I dwell with. Redamo, I love in turn. 

Disjicio, I scatter. Sepono, I lay aside. 

Dijudico, I decide. Socors, without heart. 

OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

A Conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, used 
to connect words, or sentences. § 18. 

Conjunctions are either cofiulative or disjunctive. 

RULE XVIII. 

The conjunctions et, ac, atque, que, nee, neque, aut, vel, 
ve, and some others, connect like cases and moods,* as; 
(§ 19-) 

Honour thy father and mo- Honora palrem et matrem. 

ther. 
He neither reads,nor writes. Nee legit nee scribit. 

* 1. This rule does not take place, when the word coupled has 
not the same relation as the word to which it is coupled; this rela- 
tion is easily ascertained by filling up the ellipsis, as; honour thy fa- 
ther and mother, is the same as honour thy father, and honour thy 
mother; by the cruel anger of Juno, and her insaturable breast; i. e. 
and by her insaturable breast. 

2. Que, ve, and ne, are also called inclitics, and are always annexed 
to other words, as; honora patrem matremque. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



109 



EXERCISE. 



They are ruled by the nod 
and humour of a little wo- 
man. 

All the spies had reported 
one and the same thing. 

Friendship contains the 
most and greatest advan- 
tages. 

In a great state there are 
many and various disposi- 
tions. 

I do not wish to be the ac- 
tor of another's character, but 
the improver of my own. 

Neither had ever the furious 
wolves nor the lions this cus- 
tom. 

That age is not only not en- 
vied, but even favoured. 

Great is the admiration of 
a man speaking copiously and 
with wisdom. 

The counsel of Cn. Pompey, 
the most just and wisest man, 
revives and strengthens me. 

Between the Punic and Ro- 
man camp there was a hillock, 
which Marcellus wished to 
take. 

They fought on both sides 
with the greatest courage and 
valour. 

,The morals had been cor- 
rupted and depraved by the 
admiration of riches. 

Pomponius Atticus pro- 
nounced poems both in Greek 
and Latin. 

By the cruel anger of Juno 
and her insaturable breast I 



Guberno nutus atque 
arbitrium muliercula. 

Omnis explorator unus 
atque idem res renuntio. 

Amicitia contineo mul- 
tus et magnus commodi- 
tas. 

In magnus civitas mul- 
tus et varius ingenium 
sum. 

Nolo sum actor alienus 
persona, sed auctormeus. 

Neque hicmos unquam 
sum ferus lupus nee leo. 

Non modo non invide- 
tur ille setas, verum etiam 
favetur. 

Magnus sum admiratio 
copiose sapienterque di- 
cens. 

Consilium Cn. Pom- 
peius, Justus et sapiens 
vir, ego recreo et reficio. 

Tumulus sum inter Pu- 
nicus et Romanus castra, 
qui Marcellus occupo cu- 
pio. 

Pugnatur utrinque for- 
titer atque acriter. 

Mos corrumpo depra- 
voque admiratio divitiae. 

Pomponius Atticus pro- 
nuntio poemaet Graeceet 
Latine. 

Gravis ira Juno et in- 
exorabilis pectus cogo 



10 



110 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



am forced to descend to all 
prayers. 

The foundation of perpetual 
commendation and fame is 
justice, without which nothing 
can be praiseworthy. 

They, who think themselves 
rich, honoured, and blessed, 
do not even wish to be obli- 
gated by kindness. 

Some men use to dispute 
most strenuously amongst any 
persons concerning things 
either the most difficult, or 
not necessary. 

For neither can abase death 
happen to a brave man, nor a 
premature death to a consular 
man, nor a miserable death to 
a wise man. 

Neither shall cruel poison, 
nor the hostile sword, nor 
pain of the sides, or the cough, 
nor the crippling gout carry 
off this boy. 

He, that can both see and 
explain a cause in the acutest 
and quickest manner, uses to 
be justly reckoned the most 
prudent and wisest. 

Some bestow much study, 
and much application on mat- 
ters obscure and difficult, and 
the same not being necessary. 

Of this crime also, you be- 
ing the accuser, no mention 
will be made; silence will be 



descendo ad omnis pre- 
cis. 

Fundamentum perpe- 
tuus commendatio et fa- 
ma sum justitia, sine qui 
nihil possum sum lauda- 
bilis. 

Qui sui locuples, ho- 
noratus et beatus puto, is 
ne obligo quidem benefi- 
cium volo. 

Quidam soleointer qui- 
cunque homo de res aut 
difficilis, aut non necessa- 
rius argute disputo. 

Nequeenim turpismors 
fortis vir possum accido, 
nequeimmaturusconsula- 
ris, nee miser sapiens. 

Neque dirus venenum, 
nee hosticus ensis, nee la- 
tus dolor, aut tussis, nee 
tardus podagra auferohic 
puer. 

Is, qui acute et celeri- 
ter possum et* video et 
explico ratio, prudens et 
sapiens rite habeo soleo. 

Quidam magnus stu- 
dium, multusque opera 
confero in res obscurus 
atque difficilis, idemque 
non necessarius. 

Hie quoque crimen, tu 
accusans, mentio nullus 
facio ; siletur de magnus 



* Et signifying both, does not couple? so also nee, and neque, when 
signifying neither. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



Ill 



observed concerning his great- 
est and most notorious thefts 
and injuries. 

In death the spirit of the 
good man flies with the great- 
est ease, as it were from the 
custody and the chains of the 
body; who had then an easier 
course to the gods than Scipio? 

The queen having address- 
ed the people from the upper 
part of the house, says, that 
the king had indeed received 
a serious but not a mortal 
wound. 

Let those, who preside over 
the republic, keep Plato's pre- 
cepts. They who consult the 
advantage of a part of the ci- 
tizens, and neglect a part, 
bring into the state sedition, 
the most pernicious thing. 

Crassus thus addressed his 
fellow citizens: Rescue us 
from these miseries, rescue us 
from the jaws of those (men), 
whose cruelty cannot be satia- 
ted: do not suffer us to serve 
any one, but you in a body, 
whom we both can and ought 
to serve. 

M. Caecilius, your most gal- 
lantbrother,and amostaccom- 
plished youth, is not only not 
present, and prosecutes with 
you your injuries, but he is 
with Verres, and lives with 
him on the most intimate and 
friendly terms. 

Obs. Other parts of speech, and particularly adverbs 
of likeness, often connect words, or sentences, as: 

Who should be ignorant of Quis genus iEneadum, 



et notus ille furtum et in- 
juria. 

Bonus vir animus in 
mors facile evolo tanquam 
e custodia vinculumque 
corpus; quis igitur cur- 
sus ad Deus facilis sum, 
quam Scipio? 

Regina populus ex su- 
perior pars aedes allocu- 
tus, aio rex gravis qui- 
dem sed non mortalis vul- 
nus accipio. 

Ille, qui praesum res- 
publica, teneo Plato prae- 
ceptum. Qui consulo pars 
civis, et pars negligo, in- 
duco in civitas seditio, res 
perniciosus. 

Crassus ita alloquor ci- 
vis: Eripio ego ex hie 
miseria, eripio ego ex 
faux is, qui crudelitas non 
possum expleo: nolo sino 
ego quisquam servio, nisi 
tu universus, qui et pos- 
sum et debeo (servio.) 

M. Caecilius frater tuus 
lectus, atque ornatus ado- 
lescens, non modo non ad- 
sum, ncque tucum perse- 
quor tuus injuria, sed sum 
cum Verres, et cum ille 
familiariter atque amice 
vivo. 



112 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



the Trojan race, or the city quis Trojae nesciat ur- 

Troy? bem? 

Honour, like the rainbow, Honos, ut iris, fugit se- 

flies the pursuer. quentem. 

EXERCISE. 



Avoid idleness as a plague. 

The soldier was not want- 
ing to the commander, nor 
the commander to the soldier. 

The people obey the senate, 
as the body the mind. 

Alexander ordered Hephses- 
tion after his death to be wor- 
shipped as a god. 

Lycurgus, a famous law- 
giver, abolished the use of 
gold and silver, as the cause 
of all wickedness. 

True glory forms roots, and 
is also propagated, but all fic- 
titious things soon die, like 
little flowers. 

In so great and so corrupt- 
ed a city Catiline could easily 
have about himself bands of 
all villainous and wicked men 
as body-guards. 

That Jupiter resisted these 
abandoned citizens; he pre- 
served the capitol, these tem- 
ples,, this city, and you all. 

Milo is allowed to exclaim 
with impunity: I have killed 
him, who banished the citi- 
zen, whom the senate, whom 
the people, whom all nations 
reckoned the preserver of the 
city and the life of the citi- 
zens. 



Fugio desidia, ceu pes- 
tis. 

Non miles dux,non dux 
miles desum. 

Plebs obedio senatus, 
sicut corpus animus. 

Alexander jubeo He- 
phaestion colo ut Deus 
post mors. 

Lycurgus, inclytus le- 
gislator, tollo usus aurum 
argentumque velut mate- 
ria omnis scelus. 

Verus gloria radix ago, 
atque etiam propago, fic- 
tus omnis celeriter, tan- 
quam flosculus, decido* 

In tantus tamque cor- 
ruptus civitas, Catilina 
omnis flagitiosus atque 
facinorosus circum sui, 
tanquam stipator, caterva 
facile habeo possum. 

Ille Jupiter resisto hie 
perditus civis ; ille capi- 
tolium, ille hie templum, 
ille hie urbs, ille tu om- 
nis conservo. 

Impune Milo clamo li- 
cet: Occido, is, qui ex- 
termino civis, qui senatus, 
qui populus, qui omnis 
gens urbs ac vita civis 
conservator judico. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



113 



Honest and active accusers 
are no less concerned about 
their praise, honour, and re- 
putation, than they, who are 
accused, are about their life 
and fortunes. 

You have been rescued from 
the most cruel, and most mi- 
serable destruction, and res- 
cued without slaughter, with- 
out blood, without an army, 
without a contest: in peace 
you have conquered, I being 
the only leader and command- 
er clothed in the toga. 

As often as you shall think 
on us, whom you wished to 
be together with you safe in 
the republic, so often will you 
think on your greatest kind- 
nesses, so often on your in- 
credible generosity, so often 
on your singular wisdom. 



Honestus diligensque 
accusator non minus de 
laus, de honor, de fama 
suus, quam ille, qui ac- 
cuso, de caput ac fortuna 
sua pertimesco. 

Eripio ex crudelis ac 
miser interitus, etereptus 
sine ccedes, sine sanguis, 
sine exercitus, sine dimi- 
catio: togatus ego unus 
togatus dux et imperator 
vinco. 



Quoties cogito de ego, 
qui in respublica tucum 
simul salvus sum volo, to- 
ties de magnus tuus bene- 
ficium, toties de incredi- 
bilis liberalitas, toties de 
singularis sapientia tuus 
cogito. 



RULE XIX. 

The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, Miriam, dummodo, 
donee, and quin, likewise before an imperfect, or pluper- 
fect, the conjunctions cum, quum, si, and nisi, are gene- 
rally followed by the subjunctive mood, as ; (§ 20.) 

Although he had been three Cum ter fuisset consul, 
times consul, yet he died in 
such poverty, that the senate 
buried him at the expense of 
the public. 

Re himself hindered me 
from doing it. 

I do not object to your fol- 
lowing me. 



in tanta tamen decessit 
paupertate, ut senatus 
eum publice sepeliret. 



Ipse me impedivit, quo 
minus facerem. 

Non recuso,quin mese- 
quamini. 

Obs. I. The infinitive after verbs of asking, wishing, 
hindering and impelling is in the Latin, often resolved by 
the conjunctions ut,quo, ne, etc., which, if preceded by a 

10* 



114 CONJUNCTIONS. 

verb in the present, or future tense, have the following 
verb in the present^ but if preceded by a preterit tense, 
they are generally followed by the imperfect, as ; 

I ask, or I shall ask you to Rogo, vel rogabo (te), 

come. ut venias. 

I was asking, have asked, Rogabam, rogavi, vel 

or had asked you to come. rogaveram(te),ut venires. 

06s. II. By the future past we can express occurrences 
only, that shall take place prior to others, as ; 

When I shall have done my Cum opus perfecero, 
task, I shall receive my pay. mercedem recipiam. 

To express, therefore, in the future subjunctive an oc- 
currence, not thus referring to another futurity, we use 
the participle future with the present subjunctive of sum, 
as ; 

I do not doubt, but he will Non dubito, quin ven- 
come. turus sit. 

EXERCISE. 

! that Clitus had not fore- Utinam Clitus non co- 
ed me to get into a passion go ego sui irascor. 
against him. 

Such a number was throw- Tantus multitudo jacio 

ing stones and darts, that no- lapis ac telum, ut nemo in 

body could stand on the wall, murus consisto possum. 

1 omitted nothing to draw Nihil praetermitto, quin 
Pompey from his union with Pompeius a Caesar con- 
Caesar, junctio avoco. 

Antigonus, when he fought Antigonus, quum ad- 

against Seleucus and Lysima- versus Seleucus Lysima- 

chus, was slain in the battle. chusque dimico, in praeli- 

um occido. 

I fear, that what I shall say, Vereor, ut* hie, qui di- 

cannot be understood by my co, perinde intelligo ab 

hearers just so, as I myself auditor possum, ac ego 

think. ipse sentio. 

* The verbs vereor, timeo, and metuo, signify to expect with some 
doubt or fear of the contrary ; hence after these verbs ne is translated 
affirmatively, ut, and ne non, negatively. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



115 



They feared, lest they 
should be conquered not by 
the bravery of the enemies, 
but by their own fatigue. 

There is no doubt, but men 
most benefit, and injure men. 

The Belgae were fearing, 
lest, all Gaul being subdued, 
our army would be led to 
them. 

Although you may think, 
that fear is nimble, yet hope 
is quicker. 

The Senate decreed, that 
the Quaestors should (by con- 
tract) cause the statues to be 
demolished. 

As soon as age shall have 
strengthened your limbs and 
mind, you shall swim without 
cork. 

I shall provide that the 
number of the enemies may 
not surround you. 

Such an orator I shall ad- 
vise to restrain himself, or to 
betake himself to another 
study. 

Not one of the enemies was 
allowed to depart from the 
road, but he was taken up by 
the cavalry. 

That circumstance did not 
deter me from sending a letter 
to you. 

I shall come to a conference, 
provided there be a wall be- 
twixt you and me. 

As often as I came to you, 
I remained standing, until you 
beckoned to me to sit down. 



Timeo, ne non virtus 
hostis, sed lassitudo suus 
vinco. 

Non dubium sum, quin 
homo plurimum homo et 
prosum et obsum. 

Belgae vereor, ne omnis 
pacatus Gallia, ad is ex- 
ercitus noster adduce 

Licet strenuus metus 
puto sum, velox tamen 
spes sum. 

Senatus decerno, ut 
statua quaestor demolien- 
dus loco. 

Simul ac duro aetas 
membrum animusque tu- 
us, no sine cortex. 

Ne mullitudo hostis tu 
circumvenio queo, ego 
provideo. 

Talis orator, ut sui con- 
tineo, aut ad alius studi- 
um transfero, admoneo. 

Nemo hostis ex iter ex- 
cedo licet, quin ab equi- 
tatus excipio. 

Non is res ego deterreo, 
quominus literae ad tu 
mitto. 

Venio ad colloquium, 
dummodo murus sum in- 
ter tu et ego. 

Quotiescunquead tu ve- 
nio, donee, ut consideo, 
annuo, resto. 



116 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



Although the strength be 
wanting, yet the inclination is 
praiseworthy. 

The first duty of justice is, 
that we do not injure any one, 
unless forced by injury. 

I would listen to this, if you 
lived for yourself alone, or if 
you were even born for your- 
self alone. 

! that Pompey had not 
joined friendship with Csesar, 
or had never dissolved it. 

You are so far from having 
finished the greatest works, 
that you have not yet laid the 
foundations. 

Great will be your fame, if 
you shall subdue the Romans. 

1 do not doubt, but I shall 
prove my defence. 

When the winds had carri- 
ed me from Sicily to Leuco- 
petra, I crossed from that 
place over to Greece. 

Nothing, that is done with- 
out reason, can be lasting, 
though fortune may some- 
times seem to be favourable. 

No one ought to doubt, but 
that he would raise many from 
the dead ; since he saves of 
the same army those, whom 
he can (save.) 

O 1 that you had deliberated 
with us at the beginning of 
this affair, we would have ad- 
vised you to pardon Philotas. 



Ut desum vires, tamen 
sum laudandus voluntas. 

Justitia primus mu- 
nus sum, ut nequis* no- 
ceo,nisi lacessitus injuria. 

Is audio, si tu solus vi- 
vo, aut si tu etiam solus 
nascor. 

Utinam Pompeius cum 
Caesar societas non con- 
jungo, aut nunquam di- 
rimo. 

Tantum absum aperfec- 
tio magnus opus, ut funda- 
mentum nondum jacio. 

Egregius tuus fama 
sum, si Romanus oppri- 
mo. 

Non dubito, quin pro- 
bo sum defensio meus. 

Cum ego ex Sicilia ad 
Leucopetra ventus defero, 
ab is locus transmitto in 
Grsecia. 

Nihil possum sum diu- 
turnus, qui sine ratio 
ago, licet felicitas quan- 
doque adspiro videor. 

Nemo debeo dubito, 
quin multus, si possum, 
excito de inferi , quoniam 
ex idem acies conservo, 
qui possum (conservo.) 

Utinam in principium 
hie res egocum delibero, 
suadeo, ut Philotas ignos- 
co. 



* Jili after si and ne is omitted, as; aliquis, some one, siquis, if 
some one; aliquando, ever, nequando, that not, or lest at any time. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



117 



Parmenio informs Alexan- 
der, that, unless early aid were 
sent, the flight of his men 
could not be arrested. 

The memory of posterity 
causes, that we are present 
when absent, and live though 
dead. 

We ought to be such, that 
no oblivion shall ever obscure 
our praises. 

If they had followed me, 
we would have some repub- 
lic, if not the best. 

Some men disregard all 
things, right and honest, pro- 
vided they obtain power. 

We ought to be concerned 
for all our fellow citizens ; 
but so, that this conduct may 
either benefit, or certainly not 
injure the community. 

If, whilst a part of the ar- 
my stood yet in the field of 
battle, he had continued to 
press those, who fled ; he 
would have been conquered 
by his own fault. 

Labienus has been ordered 
by Caesar not to join battle, 
unless his troops had been 
seen near the enemy's camp. 

Pompey declares, that Cae- 
sar's men cannot be persuad- 
ed to defend, or follow him. 

Expressions, which come 
to my ears, are repeatedly 
made by those, who fear, that 
I have not a guard sufficient- 
ly strong. 



Parmenio Alexander 
certior facio, nisi mature 
subvenitur, non possum 
sisto fuga miles. 

Memoria posteritas ef- 
ficio, ut absens adsum, et 
mortuus vivo. 

Talis sum debeo, ut 
noster laus nullus oblivio 
unquam obscuro sum. 

Si ago obtemperatur, si 
non optimus, aliquis res- 
publica habeo. 

Quidam omnis rectus 
et honestus negligo, dum- 
modo potentia consequor. 

Singuli civis consulo 
debeo ; sed ita, ut is res 
aut prosum, aut certe ne 
obsum respublica. 

Si, pars exercitus ad- 
hue in acies stans, insto 
fugiens persevero ; suus 
culpa vinco. 



Praecipitur Labienus a 
Caesar, ne praelium com- 
mitto, nisi ipse copiae 
prope (ad) hostis castra 
video. 

Pompeius affirmo,miles 
Caesar non possum per- 
suadetur, ut is defendo, 
aut sequor. 

Vox, qui venio ad meus 
auris, jacto ab is, qui ve- 
reor, ut habeo praesidium 
satis firmus. 



118 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



I do not object to your im- 
itating me, whether I shall 
have been an example of bra- 
very, or of cowardice. 

He says, (that) I feign 
flight: would to God I could 
see him, by whose wicked 
deed I have been cast into 
these miseries, feigning these 
same things ! 

He said, that the Aedui 
would not refuse to be for 
ever under the controul and 
power of the Sequani. 

O ! that you had such a 
number of valiant and honest 
men, that this consultation of 
your's would be the most dif- 
ficult. 

Nobody ought to doubt, 
but that the Romans, if they 
shall vanquish the Helvetii, 
will reduce the Aedui toge- 
ther with the rest of Gaul un- 
der their power. 

Therefore, if I had not 
given life, Rome would not 
be besieged ; if I had not a 
son, I would have died as a 
free woman in a free country. 

The foundations of justice 
are, first, that no one be injur- 
ed ; secondly, that the public 
good be promoted. 

The townsmen suffered 
Pompey to advance, until he 
approached to the very gates 
and the wall ; then having 
suddenly made a sally, they 
routed the Pompeians and 
drove them in every direction 
to the sea and their ships. 



Non recuso, quo minus 
imitor ego, sive fortitudo 
exemplum, sive ignavia 
sum. 

Ego fuga simulo dico : 
utinam ille, qui impius 
facinus in hie miseria 
projicio, idem hie simu- 
lans video. 

iEdui dico non recuso, 
quo minus sub Sequani 
ditio atque imperium 
sum. 

Utinam vir fortis atque 
innocens copia tantus ha- 
beo, ut hie deliberatio 
vester difficilis sum. 

Nemo dubito debeo, 
quin Romanus, si Helve- 
tii supero, una cum reli- 
quus Gallia iEdui in suus 
poteslas redigo. 

Ergo nisi pario, Roma 
non oppugno ; nisi filius 
habeo, liber in liber pa- 
triamorior. 

Fundamentum justitia 
sum, primum, ut nequis 
nocetur ; deinde, ut com- 
munis utilitas servitur. 

Oppidanus Pompeius 
patior accedo, donee ad 
ipse porta ac murus ap- 
propinquo ; turn subito 
eruptio factus, prostratus 
Pompeianus in mare pas- 
sim navisque compello. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



119 



I came into Asia, not that 
I might utterly overthrow 
nations, nor that I might 
make the half of the earth a 
desert ; but that they, who, 
having been insolently treat- 
ed, had revolted, might be 
free. 

Take care, I pray, lest your 
divine virtue shall have 
greater admiration, than glo- 
ry ; if indeed glory is the il- 
lustrious and well spread 
fame of many and great merits 
either towards one's own, or 
towards one's country, or to- 
wards the whole human race. 

If you, as Verres's enemy, 
shall deny that act, which he, 
to whom this affair is most 
prejudicial, dares not deny ; 
take care, lest you may seem 
to vent your enmities with too 
much friendship. 

This kind of speaking 
moves and forces the minds 
of the judges either to hate 
or to love, to grudge or to 
wish the accused to be safe, 
to fear or to hope, to desire 
or to disdain, to rejoice or to 
mourn, to pity or to wish to 
punish. 

This orator has a ready and 
fluent eloquence, whether he 
speaks of the nature of hea- 
ven, or that of the earth; whe- 
ther of the divine or human 
power; whether from a lower, 
a level, or a higher place; 
whether to impel men, or to 
teach them; whether to deter, 
to incite, or to turn them; 



Venio in Asiam,non ut 
funditus everto gens, nee 
ut dimidius pars terra so- 
litudo facio ; sed ut ille, 
qui superbe habitus re- 
bello, liber sum. 



Video, quseso, ne tuus 
divinus virtus habeomag- 
nus admiratio, quam glo- 
ria; siquidem gloria sum 
illustris ac pervagatus fa- 
ma multus et magnus vel 
in suus, vel in patria, vel 
in omnis genus homo me- 
ritum. 

Si tu, Verres inimicus, 
nego ille factum/qui ipse, 
qui hie res maxime obsto, 
nego non audeo ; video, 
ne nimium familiariter 
inimicitia exerceo videor. 

Hie ratio oratio mens 
judex permoveo, impello- 
que, ut aut odi, aut dili- 
go, aut invideo aut reus 
salvus (sum) volo, aut 
metuo aut spero, aut cu- 
pio aut abhorreo, aut lae- 
tor aut rncereo, aut mise- 
reor, aut punio volo. 

Hie orator sum promp- 
tus ac profluens eloquen- 
tia, sive de coelum natura 
loquor, sive de (natura) 
terra; sive de divinus vis, 
sive de humanus; sive ex 
inferior locus, sive ex 
sequus, sive ex superior; 
sive ut impello homo, si- 
ve ut doceo; sive ut deter- 



120 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



whether to incense, or to ap- 
pease them; whether to few 
persons, or to many; whether 
amongst strangers, or with 
his own, or by himself. 



reo, sive ut concito, sive 
ut reflecto; sive ut incen- 
do, sive ut lenio; sive ad 
pauci, sive ad multus; si- 
ve inter alienus, sive cum 
suus, sive suicum. 



Obs. Interrogatives, not used interrogatively, and pre- 
ceded by a verb of information, or sense, generally gov- 
ern the subjunctive mood, as; 

Tell what you want, whence Die, quod velis, unde 
you come, when you will re- venias, quando rediturus 
turn. sis. 



EXERCISE. 



Consider who you are, and 
not whence you are sprung. 

I know not, whether we 
shall see those things, which 
we aim at. 

Do you see, how according 
to Homer, Nestor very often 
speaks of his virtues ? 

I know how unpleasant this 
undertaking will be in the be- 
ginning. 

You all understand in what 
state our affairs are. 

I do not know whether Mi- 
lo ought not rather to be as- 
sisted by you. 

Do I say firmness ? I know 
not whether I should not ra- 
ther say patience. 

I wish to know, whether I 
have come to an enemy or to 



Quis sum, non unde na- 
tus sum, reputo. 

Nescio, an video sum 
is, qui peto. 

Videone, ut apud Ho- 
merus ssepe Nestor de 
virtus suus prsedico ? 

Ego scio, quam asper 
hie res inprincipium sum 
sum. 

In quis locus res nos- 
ter sum, omnis intelligo. 

Haud scio,* an Milo 
sum tu adjuvandus ma- 
gis. 

Constantia dico ? Nes- 
cio, an melius patientia 
possum dico. 

Scio volo, ad hostis, an 
ad filius venio: captiva, 



* In this, and the like phrases, haud scio, or nescio, is a modest 
affirmation, the negative not is therefore omitted in the Latin; and 
when the following sentence is affirmative, it will be negative in the 
Latin, as; omnium ineptiarum, haud scio, an nulla sit major quam, 
etc.; of all absurdities, I know not whether any is greater than, etc. 
Cic. de Or. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



121 



a son: whether I am in your 
camp a captive, or your mo- 
ther ? 

Do you see what a guard 
sits at the entrance ? what 
face keeps the thresholds ? 

There was such cunning in 
Jugurtha, that they did not 
know, whether he was more 
dangerous when absent, or 
present; when keeping up 
peace, or war. 

Know ye Trojans, both 
what strength I had in my 
youthful body, and from what 
death you remand and pre- 
serve Dares. 

The subject itself, seems to 
exhort us to discuss the insti- 
tutions of our forefathers, how 
they kept the republic, and 
how great they left it; and 
how it was by degrees im- 
paired, and became, from the 
most beautiful, the worst, and 
most vicious. 

Serve then those judges al- 
so, who after many ages shall 
judge concerning you, and 
indeed I know not, whether 
not more impartially than 
we; for they will judge with- 
out love, without desire, and 
again without hatred, with- 
out envy. 

In the mean time Metellus 
endeavoured to find out 
through the deserters, and 
other fit persons, where Ju- 
gurtha was, or what he was 
doing; whether he was with 
few, or whether he had an 
army, and how he conducted 
himself after his defeat. l 



materne in castra tuus 
sum. 

CernO, custodia qualis 
in vestibulum sedeo ? fa- 
cies quis limen servo? 

Tantus in Jugurtha do- 
lus sum, ut nescio, absens 
an prsesens, pax an bel- 
lum gerens, perniciosus 
sum. 

Cognosco Teucri, et 
ego quis sum juvenilis in 
corpus vires, et quis servo 
revocatus a mors Dares. 

Res ipse ego hortor vi- 
deor dissero institutum 
majores, quomodo res- 
publica habeo, quantus- 
que relinquo, et ut paula- 
tim imminutus, ex pul- 
cher, malus ac flagitiosus 
fio. 

Servio igitur is etiam 
judex, qui post multus 
saeculum de lu judico, et 
quidem haud scio an in- 
corrupte quam ego; nam 
et sine amor, et sine cu- 
piditas, et rursus sine 
odium, et sine invidia ju- 
dico. 

Interim Metellus conor 
exploro per transfuga, et 
alius opportunus, ubi Ju- 
gurtha sum, aut quis agi- 
to, cum paucine sum, an 
exercitus habeo, uti sui 
victus habeo. 



122 INTERJECTIONS. 



OF INTERJECTIONS. 



An Interjection is a word, and sometimes only a 
sound uttered between the parts of a sentence, to express 
the passion or feeling of the speaker. 

The different passions are expressed by different words; 
thus we express 
Joy by euax 1 io 1 ho 1 

Wonder, O i vah I hui 1 hem 1 hm 1 fiafix 1 
Grief, ah ! hei / heu I eheu ! hoi ! ohe ! 

Praise, euge ! eia ! 

Aversion, vah ! ehem ' firoh ! 
Imprecation, Ttf/ 
Laughter, ha ! he ! 
Calling, 1 heus 1 

Other parts of speech are sometimes used as interjec- 
tions, as; malum 1 the mischief ! horrendum 1 horrid i 
quaeao, pray; sodes, if you dare, if you please; etc. 



SYNTAX. 123 



SYNTAX 

Syntax, the third part of Grammar, teaches the pro- 
per arrangement of the words in a sentence, according to 
the relation which they have to one another. 

A Sentence is a collection of words forming a com- 
plete sense. 

A collection of words not making a complete sense is 
called a Phrase. 

Syntax consists of two parts, Concord and Govern- 
ment. 

Concord is the agreement of one word with another in 
gender, or number, etc. 

Government is the influence, under which words must 
be put in a particular case or mood, etc. 

GENERAL RULES. 

I. Every sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. 

II. Every adjective, and consequently every adjective 
pronoun, and participle agrees with a substantive, express- 
ed or understood, in gender, number, and case. 

III. Every finite verb has a subject or nominative, 
which answers to the question who or what with the verb. 

IV. Every finite verb agrees with its subject, expressed 
or understood, in number and person. 

V. Every genitive is governed by a substantive, ex- 
pressed or understood. 

VI. Every dative, or giving case, expresses a thing or 
person, to or for whom, to whose advantage or disadvan- 
tage, satisfaction or dissatisfaction, convenience or incon- 
venience something does exist, or is done. 

VII. Every accusative is either governed by a verb, or a 
preposition, expressed or understood ; or it is the subject 
to an infinitive. 

VIII. The vocative, or calling case, is absolute, and ex- 
presses the person, or thing, that is addressed, as: 



124 



SYNTAX. 



By my assistance, Q. Fa- 
bius, you retook Tarentum. 

These, my son, are a most 
affectionate father's pre- 
cepts. 

Ye, eternal fires! ~ye al- 
tars, and horrid swords I 
I call to witness. 



Mea opera, Quinte Fabi, 
Tarentum recepisti. 

Hsec, mi fili, amantissimi 
patris sunt praecepta. 

Vos, aeterni ignes! vos 
arae, ensesque nefandi! tes- 
tor. 



IX. Every ablative is governed by a preposition, ex- 
pressed or understood. 

X'. Every phrase or sentence, likewise every part of 
speech, when taken in an abstract sense, that is, without 
regard to its signification, as also the names* of the let- 
ters, are considered as substantives of the singular num- 
ber and neuter gender, as: 

To die for one's country is 
sweet and glorious. 

To desire the same things, 



est 



Dulce et decorum 
pro patria mod. 

Eadem cupere, eadem 
to hate the same things, to odisse, eadem metuere, 



fear the same things, brought 
all these into one (body). 

Every onehas hisown wish. 

Homines is trisyllabical. 

A final is long. 



coegit hos omnes in unum. 

Velle suum cuiqueest. 
Homines est trisylla- 
bum. 

A finale est longum. 



OF CONCORD, OR AGREEMENT. 

There are in grammar four Concords: 

I. The Concord of an adjective with its substantive. 

II. The Concord of a verb with its subject or nomina- 
tive. 

III. The Concord of a relative with its antecedent. 

IV. The Concord of a substantive with a substantive. 



' * The names of letters are sometimes used in the feminine gender, 
litera being understood, as: a est vocalis (litera). 



SYNTAX. 125 



RULE I. 



An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, 
number, and case, as: (§ 21, 22.) 

A true friend is tried in a Amicus certus in rein- 
doubtful affair. certa cernitur. 

Old age is itself a sickness. Senectus ipsa est mor- 
bus. 

A word uttered cannot re- Nescit vox missa re- 
turn, verti. 

RULE II. 

A verb agrees with its subject or nominative in num- 
ber and person, as: (§ 22.) 

I read, thou teachest. (Ego) lego, (tu) doces. 

The swift horse conquers. Celer equus vincit. 

The slow horses are over- Tardi equi vincuntur. 
come. 

To err is human. Errare humanum est. 

RULE III. 

A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
der, number, and person. (§ 22.) 

Obs. 1. If no nominative comes between the relative and 
the verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb. 

Obs. 2. If a nominative comes between the relative and 
the verb, the relative is governed either by a verb or noun 
following, or a preposition going before, as: 

God, who governs the world, Deus, qui gubernat 

and by whom all things were mundum, et a quo omnia 

created, is a spirit, whom no creabantur, est spiritus, 

man has seen, or can see. quern nemo vidit, aut vi- 



dere potest. 



11* 



126 SYNTAX. 



RULE IV. 



Two or more substantives, connected together by a 
copulative conjunction, (el, ac, atque, etc.) have a verb, 
adjective, and relative plural, as: (§ 28.) 

The night, love and wine Nox et amorvinumque 

advise nothing moderate. nihil moderabile suadent. 

Cyrus and Alexander, who Cyrus et Alexander, qui 

subdued Asia, are renowned domuerunt Asiam, sunt 

among all nations. inclytiapudomnesgentes. 

Obs. 1. If the substantives, thus connected, are the sub- 
ject, or nominative to a verb, and of different persons, the 
plural verb will agree with the first person rather than 
the second, and with the second rather than the third, as: 
($ 29.) 

If you and Tullia are. well, Si tu et Tullia valetis, 
I and our sweetest Cicero are ego et suavissimus Cice- 
well. ro volemus. 

Obs. 2. If the substantives are of different genders, and 
signify persons, the adjective, or relative plural will take 
the more worthy gender; that is, the masculine rather 
than the feminine or neuter, as: 

Juventas and Terminus did Juventas Terminusque 

not suffer themselves to be moveri se non passi sunt, 
moved. 

The man and the woman, Vir et fcemina, quos vi- 

whom we saw yesterday, are dimus heri, hodie sunt 

dead to-day. mortui. 

Obs. 3. If all, or any of the substantives, signify things 
inanimate, the adjective or relative plural is generally put 
in the neuter gender, as: 

The ships and prisoners, Naves et captivos, quae 

that had been taken at Chios, ad Chium capta erant. 

The night and the booty of Nox atque praeda cas- 

the camp retarded the ene- trorum hostes remorata 

mies. sunt. 

Obs. 4. When two or more substantives are connected 
by a disjunctive conjunction (aut, vel, nee, neque), or by 



SYNTAX. 127 

et, et; turn, turn; segue, ac; non tantum, sed etiam, their 
verb and adjective agree with the nearest substantive, as : 

He who supposes, that there Qui nullam vim esse 

is no divine power, or in- ducit, numenve divinum. 
fluence. 

Both I and my Cicero beg- Et ego et meus Cicero 

ged. flagitabat. 

The same often happens, when the substantives are 
coupled together by a copulative conjunction,* as: 

His features and his words Haerent infixi pectore 

remain fixed in her breast. vultus verbaque. 

I see, conscript fathers, that Video, P. C. in me ora- 

the countenances and eyes of nium vestrum ora atque 

you all are turned on me. oculos esse conversos. 

Why are Lysias and Hype- Cur Lysias et Hyperi- 

rides loved? des amatur? 

Orgetorix's daughter and Orgetorigis filia atque 

one of his sons were taken. unus e filiis captus est. 

RULE V. 

Substantives signifying the same person or thing, and 
depending on the same word, agree in case, as ; (§ 30.) 

With a victorious army. Cum victore exercitu. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Marcus Tullius Cicero, 

orator, was a very great phi- orator, erat maximus 

losopher. philosophus. 

OF GOVERNMENT. 

The government is three-fold : 

I. That of nouns. 

II. The Government of verbs. 

III. The Government of words indeclinable. 



* If the verb or adjective cannot be used with the substantives taken 
separately, we must use the plural, as: Grammatice quondam et mu- 
sice juncta fuere, Quint. 



128 SYNTAX. 

RULE VI. 

When two substantives, depending on one another and 
signifying different things, come together, one of them 
governs the other in the genitive, as : (§ 36.) 

A boy of the best talents. Puer optimse indolis. 
An exile of ten years. Exilium decern anno- 

rum. 
The hatred against the Odium potentise nobi- 
power of the nobles. lium. 

Obs. I. When the latter substantive expresses the 
quality, form, or age of the former, it is often put in the 
ablative, and in this case it generally has an adjective or 
pronoun agreeing with it, as ;* 

A woman of a noble form Mulier egregia forma 

and of full age. atque aetate integra. 

A youth of the greatest vir- Adolescens summa vir- 
tue and gentleness. tute et humanitate. 

Obs. II. Substantives signifying love or hatred, desire 
or fear, remembrance or care, and the like, may have a 
genitive both under an active and passive idea, as ; 

The general's desire for a Ducis cupiditas trium- 
triumph. phi. 

Man's hope of safety. Hominis spes salutis. 

But if the sense is not evident from the context, we 
must use a preposition instead of the passive genitive, as ; 

God's love of men. Amor Dei erga homines. 

The genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri and vestri, (from ego 
and tu) always have a passive signification, as ; (§ 32.) 

The hatred against me. Odium mei. 

The desire for thee. Desiderium tui. 

You have power over me. Habes potestatem mei. 

Obs. III. Adjectives of the neuter gender without a 
substantive, as also adverbs of time, place, and quantity, 
assume sometimes the nature of substantives, and go- 
vern a genitive, as :,f (§ 33.) 

* This ablative is governed by the preposition e, ex 7 cum, or in, un- 
derstood. 
f The adjectives and adverbs, belonging to this observation, are 



SYNTAX. 



129 



Much, or a great sum of 
money. 

What kind of a man are 
you? 

Enough of loquacity, little 
wisdom. 

Every where in the world. 

The day before that day. 



Multum pecuniae. 
Quid tu hominis es? 



Satis loquentiae, parum 
sapientiae. 

Ubique terrarum. 
Pridie ejus diei. 

Thus a neuter adjective may govern another in the 
genitive, as ; 

If any thing good, bad, or Siquid boni, mali, aut 
unfortunate happens. adversi accidit. 

However we cannot say siquid tristis, horribilis, or talis, 
but, siquid triste, horribile or tale accidit. 

Obs. IV. The substantive, governing the genitive, is 
often suppressed, particularly homo, negotium, officium, 
causa, and others evident from the context, as ; 



Cato made his first cam- 
paign as a youth of seventeen 
years. 

Deiphobe, the daughter 
of Glaucus; or, Glaucus's 
(daughter) Deiphobe. 

The wisest of men. 



They fluttered about with 
torches at Castor's (temple). 

Caesar Augustus dwelt in a 
house, that had belonged to 
Calvus the orator. 

They were wholly advocates 
of men, and not of measures. 



Cato primum stipendi- 
um fecit (homo) anno- 
rum decern septemque. 

Deiphobe (filia) Glauci. 



Sapientissimus (vir, e 
numero, vel e genere) ho- 
minum. 

Cum facibus ad Cas- 
toris (aedem) volitarunt. 

Caesar Augustus habi- 
tabat in domo, quae fue- 
rat Calvioratoris(domus). 

Hominum non causa- 
rum toti erant. 



multum, plus, plurimum, aliquantum, tantum, quantum, minus, mi- 
nimum, hoc, id, quid with its compounds, interea, inde, postea, 
tunc, ubi and quo, with their compounds, eo, hue, huccine, unde, us- 
quam, nusquam, longe, ibidem,, abuude, affatim, largiter, nimis, quoaa\ 
satis, parum, minime, pridie and postridie,- the two last have some- 
times an accusative governed by ad, ante, or post, understood. 



130 SYNTAX. - 

He had collected ships of Naves onerarias, qua- 
burden, none of which was rum minor nulla erat 
less than of two thousand (quam navis)duum milli- 
rundlets' burden. um amphorarum. 

It is the duty of a youth to Est (officium) adoles- 
respect his elders. centis majores natureve- 

reri. 

To shear the sheep, not to Tondere pecus, non de- 
flay them, is the business of a glubere est (negotium) 
good shepherd. boni pastoris. 

Hence ; 

It is my business to direct, Est meum (negotium) 
and it your duty to obey. regere, et vestrum (offici- 

um) est parere. 

This book belongs to me ; Hie liber est meus (li- 
this pen belongs to you. ber) ; haec penna est tua 

(-penna). 

Obs. V. Names of towns of the first, or second declen- 
sion, and singular number, answering to the question 
where, or in what place, are put in the genitive, governed 
by in urbe, or loco understood, as ; 

He lived at Rome. Vixit Romse. 

He died at London. Mortuus est Londini. 

In like manner are domus and humus, and often bellum 
and militia put in the genitive, as ; * 

He is not at home. Non est domi. 

We were together in the Una militiae domique 
field and at home. fuimus. 

RULE VII. 

Partitives, comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives 
and numerals govern a genitive plural, as : 

None of the wild beasts. Nulla belluarum. 

The elder of the two bro- Major fratrum. 
thers. 

* Domus admits also of the possessive pronouns, meus, tuus, etc. , 
and sometimes of a genitive, as ; Quid tibi negotii est domi meae? 
Plaut. Clodius deprehensus est domi C«esaris, Cie. 



SYNTAX. 131 

The moon, the lowest of Luna, planetarum infi- 
the planets. mus. 

Who of us ? Quis nostrum? 

One of the muses. Una musarum.* 

Observations. 

Obs. l. A partitive denotes a part of several persons, 
or things. 

Obs. 2. A partitive agrees in gender with the genitive, 
which it governs. § 37. 

Obs. 3. A partitive, governing a genitive singular of 
a collective noun, agrees in gender with the individuals 
implied by that noun, as : 

Plato the most learned of Plato doctissimus toti- 
all Greece. us Grseciae, i. e. doctissi- 

mus omnium Graecorum. 

Obs. 4. Instead of the genitive, the partitive may have 
an ablative with the preposition de, e, or ex, or the accu- 
sative with inter or ante, as : 

A few of ours fall. Paucidenostriscadunt. 

The elder of the two sons. Ex duobus filiis major. 
An herb amongst, or of a Herba inter paucas uti- 
few, the most useful. lissima. 

The handsomest of all. Ante alios pulcherri- 

mus omnes. 

Obs. 5. The comparative is used, when but two per- 
sons, or things are spoken of, as : 

Of the hands the right is Manuum agilior est 
the most active. dextra. 

Obs. 6. To the partitives may be reckoned adverbs of 
the superlative, as : 

He stood most beautifully In senatu pulcherrime 

of all in the senate. omnium stetit. 

The Helvetii are the most PlurimumtotiusGallise 

powerful of all Gaul. possunt Helvetii.* 

* This genitive is governed by a substantive, understood, or im- 
plied by the partitive, as: quis nostrum is the same as quis homo nos- 
trum hominum\ plurimum (inter gentes) totius Gallia possunt Hel- 
vetii. 



1 32 SYNTAX. 

RULE VIII. 

Verbal adjectives and those that siguify an affection of 
the mind govern the genitive, as : 

A lover of wine. Amans vini. 
Able to bear labour. Patiens raboris. 
Time destroying all things. Tempus edax rerum. 
A rival in my studies. iEmulus studiorum. 
Unacquainted with the Ruclis Grsecarum lite- 
Greek language. rarum. 
Accused of another's fault. Aliens culpse reus.* 

Obs. To this rule chiefly belong 

1. The verbal adjectives, that is, adjectives derived 
from verbs, yet not referring to time, but implying a habit, 
or a natural disposition : 

2. Adjectives of desire, or disdain. 

3. Of knowledge or ignorance. 

4. Of guilt or innocence. 

RULE IX. 

Adjectives of plenty, want, or privation, govern a ge- 
nitive, or ablative, as : 

Full of wine. Plenusvini. 

A life fall of pleasures. Vita plena voluptati- 

bus. 
Rich in cattle. Dives pecoris. 

Mantua, rich in grandsires. Mantua, dives avis. 
Fertile in grain. Ferax Cereris. 

An age fertile in useful arts. Saeculum ferax bonis 

artibus. 

Obs. These commonly take the genitive, benignus, 
exors, imfios, imfiotens, irritus, liberalis, munificus, fircdlar- 
gus. 

* Some Grammarians suppose this genitive to be governed by 
in re, negotio, or causa understood; but it is more probable, that it 
depends on the substantive implied by the adjective; for, amans vini 
is the same as amator vini; aemulus studiorum the same as simulator 
studiorum. Hence even adjectives, which generally have a dative, 
sometimes govern the genitive, as; similis tui y the like of you; so 
also nati natorum, the sons of sons. 



SYNTAX. 133 

These generally take the ablative, beatua, differ tus, fru- 
gifer, mutilus, tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus.* 

RULE X. 

Misereor, miseresco, satago, interest, and refert take the 
genitive, as : 

Take pity on your sister. Miserere sororis. 

Pity the Arcadian King. Arcadii miserescite re- 
gis. 

He is busy with his own af- Satagit rerum suarum. 
fairs. 

It concerns the father. Interest patris. 

It concerns them. Refert illorum. 

Obs. The pronouns mea, tua, sua, nostra, and vestra 
used with interest and refert, are excepted, as : 

It concerns me. Interest mea. 

It is your interest. Refert tua.f 

Obs. 2. Becordor, memini, reminiscor, and obliviscor, 
govern the genitive, or accusative, as; 

I remember this favour. Recordor hujus meriti4 

Let us remember the indus- Recordemurdiligentiam ma- 
try of our forefathers. jorum. 

* The genitive is to be accounted for in the same manner as in 
the preceding Rule, and the ablative by a preposition understood; 
hence, Cicero says: inops amicorum, inops verbis, inops ab amicis. 
Nudus arboris Othrys erat. Ovid. Urbs nuda prsesidio. Cicero. Res- 
publico, nuda a magistratibus. Ibid. 

•j- 1. The genitive of misereor and miseresco is governed by raise- 
ria implied. Satago being a compound of satis and ago, the geni- 
tive is governed by satis. The elliptical construction of interest and 
refert may be thus supplied: interest patris, i. e. est inter negotia 
patris. Interest mea, i. e. est inter mea negotia. Refert illorum, 
i. e. fert cum re illorum. Refert tua, i. e. fert cum re tua; for re 
being long, it must be considered to be the ablative of res. 

2. Interest and refert take the adverbs maxime, minime, multum, 
quantum, and the like; but they take also the genitives tanti, quanti, 
magni, parvi, pluris to express how much it concerns. 

t This genitive is probably governed by memoria implied; for Ci- 
cero says : Pueritise memoriam recordari uliimam. 

12 



134 SYNTAX. 

RULE XI. 

Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, admonishing, 
and valuing, also the impersonal verbs, fKsnitet, fiudec, 
taedef, fiiget, and miseret, take the genitive and accusative, 
as; (§ 42, 43.) 

He accused me of theft. Accusavit me furti. 

I condemn myself of sloth- Meipsum inertiae con- 
fulness, demno. 

The judge acquitted him of Judex absolvit eum in- 
the injuries. juriarum. 

He admonished the one of Admonebataliumeges- 
his poverty, the other of his tatis, alium cupiditatis 
desires. suae. 

I value you much. jEstimo te magni. 

You little regard me. Parvi me pendis. 

I am ashamed of my bro- Fratris me pudet. 
ther. 

Nobody pities me. Neminem mei mise- 

ret * 

Obs. 1. To this rule also must be referred the genitives 
tanti, quanti, filuris, and minoris, when relating to the 
cost, or price of a thing; likewise when used with esse, to 
be worth, as; 

I sell my grain for no more Vendo meum frumen- 
than others; perhaps even for turn non pluris quam cse- 
less. teri,fortasse etiam mino- 

ris. 

* 1. This genitive depends on a substantive understood, such as 
crimine, nomine, miseria, negotium, causa, or the like; hence 

Jlbsens invidiam crimine accusaretur. Nep. 

Nomine sceleris conjurationisque damnati. Cic. 

Misevatio eos infantis tenebat. Just. 

The genitives tanli, quanti, etc. agree with pretii understood; we 
find it expressed in Terent. Hec. V. 3. 1. Nee esse meam herus ope- 
ram deputat parvi pretii. 

2. The verbs of accusing, condemning, and admonishing, take also 
the ablative with the preposition de, as; absolvi de praevaricatione. 
Cic. Condemnari de alea. Ibid. 

De moribus civitatis tempus nos admonuit. Sail. 

The verbs of admonishing take sometimes two accusatives, but 
rarely any other accusative of the thing than id, quid, quod, hoc, as; 
id ipsum, quod me admones. Cic. 



SYNTAX. 135 

An eye-witness is worth Pluris est oculatus tes- 
more than ten, depending on tis, quam decern auriti. 
their ears. 

Obs. 2. The verbs of filling, as; imfileo, comfileo, exfileo; 
likewise the verbs of want, as; egeo, indigeo^ and fiQtior, 
take often the genitive, though more generally the abla- 
tive, as; 

They fill themselves with Implentur veteris Bac- 

old wine. chi. 

They need not so much art, Non tarn artis indigent, 

as industry. quam laboris. 

If a foreigner should make Si alienigena summi 

himself master of the supreme imperii potiretur. 
power. 

Obs. 3. As (see page 54,) the nominative and accusative 
only are affected by changing an active verb into a pas- 
sive, it follows that the active verbs, which besides the 
accusative, admit also of another case, must retain the 
latter in the passive, as; 

Gold is valued more. Aurum sestimatur pluris. 

The leaders were con- Duces capitis damnati 
demned to die. sunt. 

RULE XII. 

All nouns, verbs, and adverbs, expressing advantage 
or disadvantage, convenience or inconvenience, pleasure or 
displeasure, similarity or dissimilarity; also the interjec- 
tions hei I and vx J take the dative of acquisition,* as; 

(§44,45.) 

* This dative often presents itself to the beginner as a great diffi- 
culty, which, however, may generally be easily overcome by trans- 
lating it by the possessive case, as; 

Utrisque ad animum occurrit. Caes. 

It occured to the mind of both. 

Huic cervixque comzeque trahuntur per terram. Virg. 

His neck and hair are dragged along the ground. 

Neve tibi ad solem vergant vineta cadentem. Ibid. 

Nor let your vineyards incline towards the setting sun. 

Quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ? Ibid. 

Whither has your care for us retired ? 

At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem irrigat. Ibid. 

But Venus diffuses a placid sleep through the limbs of Jlscanius. 

Districtus ensis cui super impia cervice pendet. Hor. 



136 SYNTAX. 

O noble protection of dis- Insigne moestis praesi- 

tressed defendants. dium reis. 

He set out for Spain as Profectus est in His- 

lieutenant to his brother. paniam legatus fratri. 

Accompanying him, do not Illi comes exterior ne 

refuse to walk on the outside, ire recuses. 

Be thou kind to all, fawn- Cunctis esto benignus, 
ing to none, familiar with few, nemini blandus, paucis fa- 
just to all. miliaris, omnibus sequus. 

Death is terrible to the Mors est terribilis ma- 
wicked, lis. 

It is better for us to be si- Praestat nobis tacere. 
lent. 

Harm is done to me. Nocetur mihi. 

The death of Cyrus was Mors Cyri nuntiabatur 

announced to him. ei. 

He threatened him with Minabatur illi mortem, 
death. 

He applies remedies to the Medetur reipublicss af- 

diseased state. flictae. 

He, over whose impious head a sword hangs drawn. 

Hinc animus crevit obsessis. Curt. 

Hence the courage of the besieged increased. 

Hsec libera Hermolai vox regi feroci animum movit. Ibid. 

This unreserved language moved the passion of the cruel king. 

Ad haec mala hoc malum mihi accedit etiam. Ter. 

This evil also comes to these evils of mine. 

When the dative has a participle agreeing with it, we may trans- 
late it by the nominative absolute, as? 

Ciceroni cervicem prsebenti caput abscissum est a Popilio. 

Cicero offering his neck, his head was cut off by Popilius. 

Talia jactanti procella velum ferit. Virg. 

He saying these things, the storm strikes his sail. 

Sometimes however it almost impossible to reach this dative by 
the English language, as; quo tantum mihi (i. e. to my disadvantage, 
or vexation,) dexter abis ? Virg. — Tongillum mihi eduxit; that is, he 
has done me the favour of taking out Tongillus. Cic. — An ille mihi 
liber, cui mulier imperat. Ibid. — At iibi repente paucis post diebus 
venit ad me Caninius mane. Ibid. — Ad ilia mihi pro se quisque acri- 
ter intendat animum. Liv. 

We often meet with this dative in the Greek language also, as; 
A7re<PgccTTe pot rev £ av. Lucian. 'Ovra^ eya <rot, sty*), a /mreg, 
rxye ^tKUtcc 7rccvTec7rocriv ci^ee, ctitgtfiaq. Xen. 'XwegetyofietTo, fw 
01 o iretirTCos otToB-etvot. Ibid. 

This dative is likewise very frequent in the German language, and 
always implies a certain authority, or affection. 



SYNTAX. 



137 



Trust, but see whom you 
trust. 

He was not only concerned 
in the affair, but even man- 
aged it. 

Do you not know that kings 
have long hands ? 

He became again consul; 
for his own glory in due time, 
for the good of the republic al- 
most too late. 

If you wish to subject to 
yourself all, subject yourself 
to reason. 

He stations his whole army 
about the town. 

Virgil is compared to Ho- 
mer. 

They keep the cattle nearer 
to the stables. 

He entrenches his camp as 
near as possible to the ene- 
mies' camp. 

The whole senate came to 
meet the consul. 

Woe to you ! Ah ! I wretch! 



Fide, sed cui (fidas) 
vide. 

Non modo rei interfuit, 
sed etiam praefuit. 

An nescis, longas regi- 
bus esse manus ? 

Factus est iterum con- 
sul; sibi (in) suo tempore, 
reipublicae pene sero. 

Si vis tibi omnia subji- 
cere, subjice te rationi. 

Exercitum omnem cir- 
cumdat hostium castris. 

Virgilius comparatur 
Homero. 

Tenent armenta pro- 
pius stabulis. 

Quam proxime potest 
hostium castris castra 
communit. 

Omnis senatus consuli 
obviam venit. 

Vae vobis ! Hei mihi 
misero ! 

To this rule belong particularly 

1. All adjectives signifying firq/it or disfirq/ie, love or 
hatred^ Jltness or unfitness, equality or inequality; all ad- 
jectives of fiersfiicuity or nearness, and the verbals in bilis 
and dus* 



* 1. Many adjectives, belonging 1 to this rule, take often by Rule 
VIII. the genitive instead of t\e dative, as : aemulus, sequalis, affinis, 
communis, similis, par, proprius, etc. 

2. Adjectives expressing an affection, such as love or hatred for or 
against a person, take frequendy the accusative with the preposition 
in or erga, as: benevolus, benignus, liberalis, seevus, crudelis, ini- 
quus, etc. 

3. Adjectives of usefulness and fitness take often the accusative 
with ad, as: utilis, inutilis, idoneus, ineptus, commodus, aphis, etc. 

12* 



138 SYNTAX. 

2. All verbs, whether neuter, active, or deponent, sig- 
nifying to favour ', or to hurt, to command, obey, serve, or 
resist, to trust, to be angry with, the verbs of comparing 
and declaring, of giving and taking away,* 

3. The verb smtw, taken for habeo, together with its 
compounds, also the compounds of satis, bene, and wa/f. 

4. Most verbs compounded with these ten prepositions: 
ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob,firae f sub, and sufier. 

RULE! XIII. 

The verb sum, taken for affero (I bring), also forem, 
do, duco, habeo, mitto, relinquo, venio,verto, etc. take often 
two datives, as: 

The sea brings ruin on the Exitio est avidis mare 

greedy mariners. nautis. 

Pausanias came to the as- Pausanias venit Atticis 

sistance of the Athenians. auxilio. 

What you charge to others Quod aliis vitio vertis, 

as a vice, do not reckon that id tibi laudi ne duxeris. 
a glory to yourself. 

Modesty is reckoned acorn- Modestia laudi ducitur 

mendation to young men. adolescentibus. 



* 1. Verbs, compounded with a preposition, take often the case 
of the preposition, as: inire consilium, to enter into a design; ejicere 
urbe, to cast out of the city. See prepositions in composition, etc. 
Rule XX. 

2. Verbs of local motion, or expressing a tendency towards an ob- 
ject, likewise the verbs of exhorting, inviting, and exciting to a 
thing, instead of the dative take the accusative with the preposition 
ad or in, as: amnes in cequora currant, the rivers run into the sea. Se- 
duni ad summas Alpes pertinent, the Seduni extend to the tops of the 
Alps. Provocabant nos ad pugnam, they challenged us for battle. 

3. Comparo, confero, compono, instead of the dative take often the 
ablative with cum, as: conferte hanc pacem cum illo bello, compare 
this peace with that war. 

4. The verbs of taking away, instead of the dative, have frequently 
the ablative with a, db, de, e, or ex, as: eripite nos ex his miseriis; 
rescue us from these miseries. 

5. Juvo, adjuvo, adjuto, Icedo, and jubeo, though apparently belong- 
ing to this rule, always govern the accusative, and the last generally 
with an infinitive. 



SYNTAX. 



139 



Obs. To this rule may be referred the following and 
like idioms: 



I have this at heart. 
This is of use to me. 
Scipio, who had the sur- 
name Africanus. 



Hoc mihi cordi est. 
Hoc mihi usui est. 
Scipio, cui Africano 
fuit cognomen.* 



RULE XIV. 

A verb signifying actively governs the accusative, as: 
(§ 52-3-4-5.) 



They love God. 

He reveres his parents. 

An artless appearance be- 
comes men. 

The Sicilians had Cicero 
for their patron. 

They accuse him of treache- 
ry. 

I always valued you very 
much. 

I am sorry for this deed. 

I forgive you the things 
past. 

He left with the landlord his 
cloak for a pledge. 

He freed me from the quar- 
tan ague. 



Amant Deum. 

Reveretur parentes. 

Forma viros neglecta 
decet. 

Siculi Ciceronem habe- 
bant patronum. 

Insimulant eum prodi- 
tionis. 

Plurimi te semper feci. 

Poenitet me hujus fac- 
ti.t 

Ignosco tibi praeterita. 

Reliquit hospiti pal- 
lium pignori. 

Liberavit me a quarta- 
na (febri). 



* 1. Instead of this phrase of naming", we may also say: cui Afri- 
canus fuit cognomen, and cui Africani fuit cognomen. 

2. Some grammarians refer to this rule the idiom Dicto audientem 
esse alicui; but from the passage of Nep. Ages. 4, Dicto audiensfuit 
jussis magistraiuum, where dicto in the abl. signifies, as soon as said, 
it would appear, that it is the ablative. 

f The verbs poenitet, pudet, miseret, etc., which are generally called 
impersonals, have an active signfication, though they are not used 
in the passive voice; they stand for poena tenet, pudor, miseria, or mi- 
teratio tenet, etc. as it may appear from the passage already quoted: 
miseratio eos infantis tenebat. Just. 



140 SYNTAX. 

To this rule may be referred the neuter verbs which 
take an accusative of their own, or like signification, as: 
($ 52.) 

To live a blessed life. Vivere vitam beatam. 

They enjoy a true joy. Gaudent gaudium ve- 

rum. 

They fought many bloody Multa cruenta pugna- 
battles. verunt praelia.* 

Obs. For the accusative of the subject before the infini- 
tive see page 79. 

RULE XV. 

Verbs of asking and teaching, as also celo, I conceal, 
admit of two* accusatives, as : 

I never asked riches of the NunquamdivitiasDeos 

Gods. rogavi. 

We all beg peace of you. Pacem te poscimus 

omnes. 

Dionysius taught Epamin- Dionysiusmusicam do- 

ondas music. cuit Epaminondam. 

Minerva taught him all her Minerva eum omnes 

arts. artes edocuit. 

He conceals from all his Iter constitutum omnes 

intended march. celat. 

Junius Silanus was first Junius Silanus primus 

asked his opinion. sententiam rogatus est. 

Being taught a better Doctus iter melius, 
course. 

Obs. 1. The verbs of asking take frequently the abla- 
tive of the person with the preposition a, or ab; and the 
verbs of teaching, the abl. of the thing with the preposi- 
tion de , as : 

* He demanded Catiline of Catilinam a me repos- 

rae. cebat. 

He apprizes the senate of Edocet senatum de iti- 

the enemy's march. nere hostium. 

* The accusative of the thing seems to be governed by the pre- 
position ob or ad understood; hence Cic. Ad hanc legem non docti 
sedfacti. Ter. Omnes socrus mihi videntur doctae ad malitiam. 



SYNTAX. 



141 



Obs. 2. InstruOy instituo, imbuo^informo, and frequent- 
ly erudio take the accusative of the person and the abla- 
tive of the art or sience, generally without a preposition, 



He instructs the youth in 
the fine arts. 

Polybius taught Scipio the 
Greek language. 

They instruct the orator in 
the civil law. 



Instruit juvenes artibus 
ingenuis. 

Polybius erudivit Scipi- 
onem Graecis Uteris. 

Erudiunt oratorem in 
civili jure. 



RULE XVI. 

The dimension of length, breadth, and height ; the dis- 
tance of one place from another: the time expressing how 
long; likewise the names of towns, as also domus and rus, 
when answering to the question whither or whereto, are 
put in the accusative,* as : (§ 56.) 

He carried along two Duas fossas quindecim 
ditches fifteen feet broad. pedes latas perduxit. 

Trees, five feet thick, sup- 
ported the dam. 



When he had proceeded a 
three days' journey. 

From this I am not allowed 
to depart a finger's breadth. 

Ennius lived seventy years. 

The gate of black Pluto 
lies open day and night. 

He set out for Rome. 

The embassadors had re- 
turned to Athens. 

I shall go to the country. 

The Gauls had gone home. 



Arbores quinque pedes 
crassse sustinebant mo- 
lem. 

Quum tridui viam pro- 
cessisset. 

Ab hoc mihi non licet 
transversum digitum dis- 
cedere. 

Ennius annos septua- 
ginta vixit. 

Noctes atque dies patet 
atri janua Ditis. 

Romam profectus est. 

Legati redierant Athe- 
nas. 

Ego rus ibo. 

Galli domos abierant. 



* These accusatives are governed by the preposition ad, per, or in 
understood, as: Longa folia habet fere ad tres digitos, Plin. Quern 
per annos decern aluimus. Cicero. 



142 



SYNTAX. 



Fossa sex cubitis alta. 

Millibus passuum sex a 
Csesaris castris consedit. 

Panoetius vixit triginta 
annis, posteaquam, etc. 



Obs. 1. The measure, distance, and time are some 
times put in the ablative, as : 

A ditch six cubits high. 

He encamped six thousand 
paces from Caesar's camp. 

Panoetius lived thirty years, 
after, etc. 

Obs. 2. The names of countries, provinces and islands 
have generally the preposition expressed, yet we find it 
often suppressed, as : 

They sent Pausanias with Pausaniam cum classe 

the fleet to Cyprus and the Cyprum atque Helles- 

Hellespont. pontum miserunt. 

Who came to Italy, and the Qui Italiam, Lavinaque 

Lavinian shores. venit litora. 



RULE XVII. 

The prepositions, ad, apud, ante, etc. govern the accu- 
sative (see page 102.) as : (§ 58.) 

What is that to you ? Quid illud ad te ? 

In time of war the laws are Inter arma silent leges, 
mute. 



RULE XVIII. 

The prepositions in, sub, sufier and subter govern the 
accusative, when motion, or tendency towards an object 
is signified ; but if rest, or motion in a place is signified, 
in and sub govern the ablative, sufier and subter the accu- 
sative, or ablative, (see page 106), as : 

Medius built the city Me- Medius condiditurbem 
dea in (i. e. to the) honour of Medeam in honorem ma- 
his mother. 

He plunged himself into 
the cold water. 

The fishes swim in the 
water. 

During night her care re- 
turns, sat. 



tris. 

Projecit se in prsefrigi- 
dam aquam. 

Pisces natant in aquis. 

Sub noctem cura recur- 



SYNTAX. 



Hi 



The dispute is yet before 
the judge. 

Besides disease famine also 
afflicted the army. 

The doves perch on the 
tree. 

To have forced a hidden 
passage under the sea. 

They are ready to meet all 
chances under the target- 
fence. 



Adhuc sub judice lis 
est. 

Super morbum etiam 
fames affecit exercitum. 

Columbae super arbore 
sidunt. 

• Occultas egisse vias 
subter mare. 

Omnesferrelibetsubter 
testudine casus. 



RULE XIX. 



The prepositions, a, ab, abs, absque, etc. govern the 
ablative (see page 104), as : 

The next after the king. 

Every one according to his 
ability. 

He deserved well of the 
city. 



A rege proximus. 

Pro sua quisque facul- 
tate. 

De civitate bene meri- 
tus est. 



RULE XX. 

Prepositions often govern the same case in composi- 
tion, which they govern without it, as : 

Gentes, quae illud mare 
adjacent. 

A rgutos interstrepit an- 
ser alores. 

Excessit vita. 

Inierunt consilium. 

Omnes provincias obiit. 

Cum aggredior ancipi- 
tem causam. 

Abscessit irrito incep- 
to. 

Hellespontum copias 
trajecit. 



The nations which adjoin 
that sea. 

The goose makes a noise 
among the warbling swans. 

He departed this life. 

They entered into a design. 

He visited all the provinces. 

When I undertake a doubt- 
ful cause. 

He desisted from his vain 
attempt. 

He brought his troops over 
the Hellespont. 



144 



SYNTAX. 



Obs. 1. Neuter verbs, compounded with a preposition 
governing the accusative, assume often the nature of ac- 
tive verbs, and are used in the passive voice* as personal 
verbs, as ; (§ 59.) 



The praetors could not be 
approached. 

A design has been entered 
into. 

Death must be undergone. 

The plain is encompassed 
by water. 

Euphranor was surrounded 
by the Alexandrians. 

Things of this kind seem to 
be drowned by the noise of the 
soldiers. 

Obs. 2. The preposition is 
case, as; 

Hannibal went to the king. 

It had slipped from my 
memory. 

He endeavoured to convey 
the soldiers across the river. 

Could I have entered more 
into the main point of that 
cause? 

Since my oration now seems 
to have emerged from the 
shoals, and to be carried past 
the rocks. 



Praetores adiri non po- 
terant. 

Consilium initum est. 

Mors subeunda est. 
Campus obitur aqua. 

Euphranor circumven- 
tus ab Alexandrinis est. 

Ejusmodi res obstrepi 
clamore militum videntur. 



often repeated before its 



Hannibal adiit ad re- 
gem. 

Mihi excesserat e me- 
moria. 

Milites trans flumentra- 
jicere conabatur. 

Num potui magis in ar- 
cemillius causae invadere? 

Quoniam emersisse jam 
e vadis, et scopulos prae- 
tervecta videtur oratio 
mea. 



RULE XXI. 

Ofius and usus; also the adjectives dignus, indignus, 
contentus, firaeditusy cafitus,fretus; and the adjectives sig- 
nifying descent, as, natus, satus, ortus, and the like, re- 
quire the ablative,! as ; (§ 6 1.) 

* " Si volet usus'," for we could not say: gentes, a quibus Mud 
mare adjacetur. Others are never used as neuter verbs ; as ; invenio, 
oppugno, etc. 

f This ablative is governed by a preposition understood; such as 



SYNTAX. 



145 



We have need of your au- 
thority and counsel. 

Now there will be need of 
strength and brisk hands. 

The affair seemed worthy of 
excuse and comfort. 

Not a word was heard un- 
worthy of the majesty of the 
people, or of their victories. 

Trusting to your gentleness 
we shall give you an advice. 

Catiline was descended of a 
noble family. 

Sprung from the same eg^. 

Content with little. 



Auctoritate tua nobis 
opus est et consilio. 

Nunc viribus usus, 
nunc manibus rapidis. 

Res visa est digna ex- 
cusatione et solatio. 

Nulla vox populi ma- 
jestate, aut victoriis in- 
digna audiebatur. 

Freti tua humanitate 
tibi consilium dabimus. 

Catilina nobili genere 
natus erat. 

Ovo prognatus eodem. 

Contentus parvo. 



RULE XXII. 

The comparative governs the ablative, which may be 
resolved by quam* as; (§ 62, 63.) 

Vilius argentum est 
auro, virtutibus aurum. 



Silver is of less value than 
gold, and gold of less value 
than virtue. 

They say, that they bear a 
burden heavier than iElna. 

An honourable death is bet- 
ter than a base life. 

Othou ! dearer to thy sister 
than life. 



Onus jEtna. gravius se 
sustinere dicunt. 

Honesta mors turpi vi- 
ta potior est. 

O luce magis dilecta 
sorori. 



Obs. I. The comparatives take often these ablatives : 
cfiinione, sfie, die to, aequo, justo, solito, as ; 

Quicker than imagined. 
Sooner than said. 
More sad than usual. 



Opinione celerius. 
Dicto citius. 
Tristior solito. 



a, de, ex, or in: De his communis vita contenta est, Cic. Belgas esse 
ortos a Germanis, Cxs. Nati Carthagine, sed oriundi ab Syracusis. Liv. 
* This abl. is governed by prae, in comparison of, as; prse cseteris 
fortior exsurgit, Apul. — The noun, or pronoun in the ablative, when 
resolved by quam, generally admits of the simple signification of 
the comparative, as ; onus JEtna gravius se sustinere dicunt, i. e. 
onus gravius, quam JEtna est gravis. Hence "he gives to nobody 
more freely than to his brother," must be made by: neminidat liben- 
iius, quam fratri, and not: nemini dat libentius fratre. 

13 



146 SYNTAX. 

These ablatives are sometimes suppressed, as j 

You seem to me more sad Videris mihi tristior 

than usually. (solito). 

My lenity seemed more re- Mea lenitas visa est 

miss than it is just. (justo) solutior. 

Obs. II. The comparatives take also the ablative of 
the measure, by which one thing exceeds or falls short 
of another, as ; 

He is by one half taller Major est me dimidio. 
than I. 

Ireland is by one half less Hibernia dimidio mi- 

than Britain. nor, quam Britannia. 

The turrets are ten feet Turres denis pedibus 

higher than the wall. quammurus,altioressunt. 

The measure of excess is often expressed by these ab- 
latives : tanto, quanto, aliquanto, multo, fiaulo, to, hoc, 
quo, as; 

The more ignorant anyone Quo quis indoctiorj eo 

is, the more impudent is he. est impudentior. 

By as much as we are su- Quanto superiores su- 
perior to others, by so much mus, tanto nos geramus 
the more humbly should we submissius. 
conduct ourselves. 

RULE XXIII. 

The cause, manner, and instrument; the means, the 
price of any thing, and the time answering to the ques- 
tion When; likewise the names of towns of the third de- 
clension, or plural number, answering to the question 
Where, or in what place, and the names of towns of what- 
ever declension or number, answering to the question 
Whence, or from what place, are put in the ablative,* as ; 

* The cause answers to the question whyt and is governed by a, 
de, ex, or prse, as; debet et aradiis sideris esseniger, Ovid. Necloqui 
prse moerore potuit, Cic. 

The cause is often put in the accusative with the preposition ob, 
or propter, as; aut obavaritiam, autmisera ambitione laborat, Hor. 

The manner answers to the question how? and is governed by cum, 
de, or ex, as; magno cum metu dicere incipio, Cic. Sometimes by 
per, as; spoliaper otium legebant, Liv. 



SYNTAX. 



147 



By concord small states in- 
crease, by discord great ones 
waste away. 

Good men hate to sin for 
love of virtue. 

Pity me, said he in a low 
voice. 

It is not easy to bear ad- 
vantages with a moderate 
mind. 

Drive out nature with a 
fork, yet still she will return. 

Galatea strikes me with an 
apple, a sportive girl. 

He retained his friends by 
complaisance, his estate by 
economy. 

He buys on Grecian faith 
(i. e. for cash). 

He sold his country for 
gold. 



Concordia parvae res 
crescunt, discordia mag- 
nae dilabuntur. 

Oderunt peccare boni 
virtutis amore. 

Miserere mei, suppres- 
sa voce ait. 

Non facile est sequa 
commoda mente pati. 

Naturam expellas furca, 
tamen usque recurret. 

Malo me Galatea petit, 
lasciva puella. 

Amicos observantia, 
rem parsimonia retinuit. 

Mercatur Graeca fide. 

Vendidit hie auro pa- 
triam. 



The instrument answers to the question wherewith} and is govern- 
ed by cum, which is but seldom expressed, as; sulcum cum terra 
complere, Col. 

The means answer to the question whereby? and are governed by 
the preposition cum, as; petere cum precibus, Liv. 

The price is governed by pro, as; vendante, quod pro minore emp- 
tum, Lucil. — With respect to the genitives tanti, quanti, etc., see 
Rule XI. Obs. I. 

The time when is governed by in, de, or sub, as; in hoc tempore, 
Cic. De tertia vigiUa, Cxs. — Sub luce, Ovid. — The time when is 
sometimes put in the accusative with ad, and often with sub, as; ad 
diem diet am, Cic. — Sub noctem, Virg. 

The names of towns, answering to where} are governed by in un- 
derstood, as; in Philippis Thessalus quidam nuntiavit, Suet. The 
ablative, upon the question whence, is governed by a, ab, or ex, as; 
Libo discessit a Brundusio, Cxs. Ab Mhtnis Bceotiam irem, Cic. Ex 
vita discedo non tanquam ex domo, ibid. 

The ablative upon the question qua, by or through what place, 
has been omitted, as we cannot find examples; but we have: quum 
iter per Thebas faceret, Nep. Per Megaram incursiones factse, Liv. 

The materials, of which any thing is made, are generally in 
the abl. with the preposition ex, or de expressed; yet sometimes 
the preposition is suppressed, as; regia sedificata erat cedro, Curt. 
Capitolium saxo quadrato substructum, Liv. 



148 



SYNTAX. 



What is not wanted is dear 
at a penny. 

To try all by words sooner 
than by arms, becomes a wise 
man. 

It is allowed to become emi- 
nent both by peace, and by 
war. 

You will hear it in three 
days. 

In the first three years he 
subdued all Spain. 

Alexander was taken off by 
a disease at Babylon. 

Antipater died at Athens. 



Quod non opus est, asse 
carum est. 

Omnia prius experiri 
verbis, quam armis sapi- 
entem decet. 

Vel pace vel bello cla- 
rum fieri licet. 

Triduo audietis. 

Proximo triennio om- 
nem Hispaniam subegit. 
Alexander Babylone 
morbo consumptus est. 

Antipater Athenis mor- 
tuus est. 

Brundusio profecti su- 
mus. 

Aratus, profectus Ar- 
gis, Sicyonem venit. 



We set out from Brundusi- 
um. 

Aratus, having set out from 
Argos, came to Sicyon. 

Obs, The word firetio, is often suppressed, as: 

Hunger costs a small price, Parvo (pretio) constat 
loathing a great price. fames, magno fastidium. 

Obs. 2. To this rule must also be referred the ablative 
absolute, (see page 90), which generally implies time, 
answering to the question when, as: expulsis regibus, duo 
consules creati sunt; i. e. sub expulsis regibus, or, cum 
expulsi essent reges, duo, etc.* 

Obs. 3. Domus, rus, and humus, as already observed, 
are construed like names of towns; hence, 

Manlius ordered his son Ti- Manlius Titum filium 
tus to live in the country. ruri habitare jussit. 

Having set out from home, Profectus domo, Athe- 
ne returns to Athens. 

My father has not yet re- 
turned from the country. 

A way must be tried, by 
which I also may raise myself 
from the ground. 

* Cxsar says: We sub ipsa profectione mitites hostium irrumpe 
rent, which is the same with, Ne ipsis prqficiscentibus, milites^ etc 
Thus, Eo adveniente, is the same with, sub ejus adventu. 



nas revertitur. 

Pater rure nondum re- 
diit. 

Tentanda via est, qua 
me quoque possim tol- 
lere humo. 



SYNTAX. 



149 



RULE XXIV. 

The verbs of filling, loading, binding, investing, and 
depriving ; the verbs implying plenty or want ; also utor, 
abu-tor^/mor, fungor, fiolior, vescor, nascor, dignor, and 
others take the ablative,* as: (§ 167.) 



He filled the city with 
mourning and slaughter. 

I shall disengage myself 
from this suspicion. 

This victory freed the slate 
from debt. 

Avarice deprives mortals of 
their children, country, and 
parents. 

They did not abide by the 
decisions of the former cen- 
sors. 

Antiochia abounded with 
most learned men, and the 
most liberal studies. 

To be free from fault is a 
great comfort. 

Each being deficient in it- 
self, the one needs the assist- 
ance of the other. 

The river is full of fishes. 

The Britons live on milk 
and flesh, and are clothed in 
skins. 

The state is distressed by 
two opposite vices, avarice 
and luxury. 

He presents Mazscus the 



Luctu atque csede ur- 
bem complebat. 

Me hac suspicione ex- 
pediam. 

Haec victoria civitatem 
sere alieno liberavit. 

Avaritia mortales li- 
beris, patria atque pa- 
rentibus spoliat. 

Superiorum censorum 
judiciis non steterunt. 

Antiochia eruditissimis 
hominibus, liberalissimis- 
que studiis afRuebat. 

Vacare culpa magnum 
est solatium. 

Utrumque per se indi- 
gens, alterius auxilio 
eget. 

Amnis scatet piscibus. 

Britanni lacte et carne 
vivunt, pellibusque sunt 
vestiti. 

Diversis duobus vitiis, 
avaritia et luxuria, civi- 
tas laborat. 

Mazseum transfugam 



* This ablative is governed by a preposition understood, such 
as, a, de, ex, in, or cum, as: vacare a metu. Liv. Liberare aliquem a 
quartana. Cic. Expedire se ex laqueis. ibid. Stare in fide. ibid. 
Laborare ex sere alieno. Cses. Dolere ex rerum commutatione. ibid. 
Quod sua victorid gloriarentur. Caes. Gloriari de divitii** Cic. In 
aliis. Liv. 



150 



SYNTAX. 



turncoat with the satrapship 
of Babylonia. 

If I shall not be allowed to 
enjoy a good republic, I shall 
be without a bad one. 

How far at length wilt thou, 
O Catiline, abuse our patience? 

The republic has gone 
through with this miserable 
and fatal war. 

Atticus had enjoyed such a 
happy state of health, that he 
had not been in need of medi- 
cine for thirty years. 

There would certainly be 
no exportation of those com- 
modities, with which we 
abound, orimporlation of such 
as we need, if some men did 
not discharge such offices. 

Obs. To this rule may also be referred the adjectives of 
plenty, or want,* as: 

Free from all fear. 
An orphan. 
Poor in words. 
Rich in money, put on in- 
terest. 

Deprived of the light. 
Laden with booty. 



satrapia Babyloniae do- 
nat. 

Si mihi republica bona 
frui non licuerit, carebo 
mala. 

Quousque tandem abu- 
tere, Catilina, patientia. 
nostra ? 

Perfuncta respublica 
est hoc misero fatalique 
bello. 

Atticus tanta prosperi- 
tate usus erat valetudinis, 
ut annis triginta medici- 
na non indiguisset. 

Earum rerum, quibus 
abundamus, exportatio, 
et earum, quibus egemus, 
invectio certe nulla esset, 
nisi his muneribus, ho- 
mines fungerentur. 



Liber omni metu. 
Orbus parentibus. 
Inops verbis. 
Dives positis in fenore 
nummis. 

Lumine cassus. 
Onustus prseda. 



These adjectives may also take the genitive. Seep. 132. 
RULE XXV. 

The subjunctive or potential mood expresses the affirm- 
ation with a doubt, or the condition of liberty, power, or 
desire, as: 

Some one may object. Objiciat aliquis. 

Let us write. Scribamus. 

* This ablative is governed by a preposition, understood which is 
sometimes expressed, as: Dives ab armento. Val. Civitas ab aquis 
sterilis. Apulej. Extorvis a sob patrio. Liv. Vacuus a periculo. 
Cicero. 



SYNTAX. 151 

Obs. 1 . The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, etc. 
are generally followed by the subjunctive mood, as: 

O! that I had not done it. Utinam non fecerim. 

You are silent, as if you did Taces, quasi nescias. 
not know it. 

Obs. 2. After the verbs of sense, the interrogates, not 
used interrogatively, require the subjunctive, as: 

Tell me, who you are, Die mihi, quis sis, unde 
whence you came, what you veneris, quid velis, quan- 
want, when you will depart. do abiturus sis. 

Obs. 3. The relative pronoun qui, quse, quod, as also 
some adverbs and conjunctions, take often the subjunc- 
tive, when they are preceded by the subjunctive, or the 
infinitive with the accusative of the subject, as: 

Ariovistus replied, the law Ariovistus respondit, 

of war was, that they, who jus esse belli, ut, qui vi- 

had conquered, governed cissent,iisj quos vicissent, 

those, whom they had con- quemadmodum vellent, 

quered, as they pleased ; that imperarent; se capere sti- 

he took the tribute, which the pendium, quod victores 

conquerors used to impose on victis imponere consue- 

the conquered. yerint. 

You asked of Scaevola, that, A Scaevola petiisti, ut, 

whilst you were absent, he dum abesses, provinciae 

would govern the province. praeesset. 

Obs. 4. The relative qui, quse, quod, after esse, refieriri, 
inveniri, and the like, generally takes the subjunctive 
mood, as: 

There are some, who say. Sunt, qui dicant. 

Two Roman knights were Reperti sunt duo equi- 

found, who freed you of that tes Romani, qui te ista 

care. cura liberarent. 

Obs. 5. Qui, quae, quod, takes the subjunctive, when it 
stands for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ea, id; or for cum ego, cum 
tu, etc. as: 

If you shall elect a man de« Si dignum, qui secun- 

serving to be counted the next dus a Romulo numeretur, 

after Romulus, the fathers creaveritis, patres auc- 

will approve it. tores fient. 



152 SYNTAX. 

Why do you praise me, Quid me laud as, quern 
when you do not even know ne noris quidem? 
me! 

RULE XXVI. 

The infinitive is either the subject to another verb, or 
it is governed by a preceding verb, as: (§ 68, 69, 70.) 

To errr is human. Errare humanum est. 

I wish rather myenemies to Malo mihi invidere in- 

envy me, than myself my ene- imicos, quam me inimi- 

mies. cis. 

RULE XXVII. 

Gerunds and supines have the same government as the 
verbs, of which they are parts. (§ 72.) 

Obs. 1. The gerunds are construed like substantives, 
and according to the same rules. 

Obs. 2. The gerund in dum, when it is the subject to 
the verb sum, implies obligation, and takes the dative of 
the person, that has that obligation, as : (§ 71.) 

You ought to study. Vobis studendum est. 

We know that we must die. Scimus nobis morien- 

dum esse. 

We ought to use our time. Tempore nobis uten- 

dum est. 

He is desirous to learn both Cupidus est discendi 

languages, the Latin and the utramque linguam, Lati- 

Greek. nam et Graecam. 

The boy is fit for bearing Puer est par ferendo 

the burden. onus. 

This is useful for healing Hocutile est ad meden- 

wounds. dum vulneribus. 

By sparing your enemies, Parcendoinimicis sum- 

you have gained the greatest mam gloriam adeptus es. 
glory. 

Obs. 3. The gerunds of verbs governing the accusa- 
tive, may be elegantly changed into the participles in 
dus, by putting the accusative in the case, in which the 



SYNTAX. 



153 



gerund should be, and making the participle agree with 
it, as : 

We must keep watch. 



He is desirous to learn both 
languages, the Latin and the 
Greek. 

No other region is more 
fit to produce grass. 

They are apt to believe the 
worse. 

Let us use care in choosing 
friends. 



Vigiliae nobis agitandae 
sunt. 

Cupidus est discendae 
utriusque linguae, Latinae 
et" Graecae. 

Gignendae herbae non 
alia est aptior regio. 

Ad deteriora credenda 
proni sunt. 

Adhibeamus curam in 
deligendis amicis. 

But if the action is passed, we must use the participle 
perfect, as : 

He has been accused of 
having embezzled the public 
money. 

He became dearer to the 
commons after restoring 
union among the citizens. 

The general increases his 
glory by displaying all the 
booty in the Campus Martius. 

But if you place any hope 
in taking up arms. 

Obs. 4. The supine in um is put after a verb of motion, 
and always expresses the intent of its affirmation. 

The supine in u is put after an adjective, and has a 
passive signification, as : 

They come to see, and to 
be seen. 



Accusatus est inter- 
versae publicae pecuniae. 

Post restitutam civium 
concordiam plebi carior 
factus est. 

Dux auget gloriam, ex- 
posita omni in campo 
Martio praeda. 

Sin aliquam sumptis 
spem ponis in armis. 



I was hired to cook, and 
not to be beaten. 
Horrible to be said. 
A thing easy to be done. 



Spectatum veniunt; 
veniunt, spectentur ut 
ipsae. 

Coctum, non vapula- 
tum conductus fui. 

Horribile dictu. 

Res factu facilis. 



154 SYNTAX. 

Obs. 5. Various idioms may be used instead of the su- 
pine in wm, as: "they had come to exfilore the country" 
may be thus rendered Latin : 

Venerant exploratum regionem ; 
Venerant, ut explorarent regionem ; 
Venerant, qui explorarent regionem; 
Venerant exploraturi regionem ; 
Venerant explorandae regionis gratia, or causa ; 
Venerant regionem explorandi gratia ; 
Venerant ad regionem explorandam ; 
Venerant ad explorandum regionem; 
Venerant explorare regionem. 

The former expressions are the most frequent, and the 
infinitive is used only by poets. 



PEOSODT. 155 



PROSODY. 

Prosody is that part of Grammar, which treats of the 
quantity and accent of syllables, and the measure of 
verse. 

The quantity of a syllable is the time taken in pro- 
nouncing it. 

Syllables are either long, or short, or common. 

A long" syllable requires double the time of a short syl- 
lable, and is marked thus ~, as : mater. 

A short syllable is marked thus y , as : pater. 

A common syllable is that, which is used in poetry 
sometimes long and sometimes short, as : tenebrae. 

In prose, common syllables are generally pronounced 
short. 

In polysyllables the last syllable but one is called the 
penultima, or fienult, and the last but two is called the 
antefienultima, or antepenult. 

The quantity of syllables is ascertained either by rules, 
or by authority, that is, by the usage of reputable poets. 

RULES for the Quantity of syllables. 

I. A vowel before a vowel is short, as : induo, traho.* 

Exceptions. 

1. The vowel i in Jio is long, when no r follows, as : 

Omnia jam jiunt, fieri quae posse negabam. 

2. The genitives in ius have i common ; but alius has 
i long, it being contracted of aliius, and alterius has i al- 
ways short. 

3. The e in the termination iei of the gen. and dat. of 
the fifth declension is long, as : diei. 

4. The vocatives Cai, Pompei and the like have the 
penult long, so also Ohe and Io. 

5. In many Greek words the vowel before a vowel is 
long, as : aer, JEneas, Clio, Darius. 

* The h is only an aspirate, and not reckoned a letter in poetry. 



156 PROSODY. 

II. A vowel before two or more consonants, or before 
x, z, or j, is long, as : mons, gaza, rejice. 

Exceptions. 

A vowel originally short is common before a mute and 
liquid, as : ftatris, voliicris. 

The mutes are b, c, d, g, k, ft, q, t. 
The liquids are /, m, n, r. 

III. All diphthongs and contracted syllables are long, 
as : Melibdee, delude. 

Exc. The preposition firse has in composition se short, 
when followed by a vowel, as : prseeunte. 

IV. Derivatives retain the quantity of their primitives, 
as, legam from lego ; legeram from legi* 

V. Compounds follow the quantity of their simples, as; 
fterlego,fierlegi. 

VI. a, e, de, di, and se, in compounds are long, as dT- 
ri/iio, deduco. 

Exo. Di in dirimo and disertus is short. 
re in compounds is short, as; refero; in refert, it con- 
cerns, it is long. 

Pro, in Greek compounds is short, as; propheta. 
Pro, in Latin compounds is long, as; proveho. 

* This rule is subject to many exceptions; for we have from rego, 
rex, regis, regula,- from mdcer, macero; we have fides, fidelis, fide- 
liter, perfidus, perfidia, and fido, fidus, fiducia,- dicax, from dlco; 
diicis, gen. of dux, from duco; pdciscor from pax, pads,- lucerna from 
luceo; mblestus from moles, etc. etc. 

The same may be said of the compounds without a preposition; 
thus we have pronu bus from nubo; semisopitus from sopitus; hodie 
from hoc die, etc. etc. Yet we may observe, that 

1. ,#and at the end of the first part of the compound are long, 
as: trado, alioquin; but a in eddem, when not in the ablative, the o in 
quandoquidem, and omitto, and the Greek omicron are short, as: Ar- 
gonauta. 

2. E, I, and Y are short, as: nefas, omnipotens, Polydorus; except 
when the parts of the compound can be taken separately, as: ne-quis, 
ne-qua, ne-quod, ludi-magister ,> or when the first part can be declin- 
ed, as: quidam, quilibet; likewise nequam, nequitia, nequctquam, vide- 
licet, verieficus, semodius, idem (the nom. sing, masc.) ibidem, ubique, 
scilicet, ilicett bimus, trimus, quadrimus, Trinacria, and all the com- 
pounds of dies, as: biduum, triduum, mendies, quotidie, etc. have e 
or i long. 



PROSODY. 157 

Exc. Pro is short in profundus, profugus, pronepos, 
proneptis, profestus, profanus, protervus, prcjiciscor, pro- 
fari, profiteor, profecto, procella, and propago (the race). 

2. Pro is common in these five verbs: propino, propul- 
so, procuro, propello, propago, and in Proserpina. 

VII. Perfects and Supines of two syllables, have the 
first long, as; vidi, visum. 

Exc. Dedi, steti, scidi, bibi, tuli,Jidi, citum, litum, situm, 
quitum, itum, datum, ratum, and rutum, have the first 
short. 

VIII. Perfects which double the first syllable, have 
both first syllables short, as; tegiti, cecini. 

Exc. pepedi, and cecidi, from caedo. 

IX. All perfects in ivi, or isi, and the supines, exceed- 
ing two syllables, ending in atum, etum, utum, and those 
from ivi, or isi, in itum, or isum, have the penult long, as; 
amatum, repletum, petivi, petitum, quaesivi, qusesttum, di- 
visi, divisum. 

X. The participle in urus, has always the penult long, 
as; amaturus. 

INCREASE OF NOUNS. 

A noun is said to increase, when it has in any case 
more syllables than in the nominative. The last syllable 
is never called the increase. 

XI. The increase a and o, of nouns of the third declen- 
sion, is long, as; pietas, pietatis; leo, leonis. 

Exc. 1. Cdesar, Hannibal, Hamilcar, Pallas, Areas, 
anas, lampas, bacchar, lar,jubar, hepar, sal, Arabs, trabs, 
fax, mas, vas, (gen. vadis,) and par, with its compounds, 
as; compar, increase short. 

2. Neuters in a increase by a short, as; thema, thema- 
tis. 

3. All neuter genitives in oris, have the penult short, as; 
nemus, nemoris; but the comparatives, and os, gen. oris, 
increase long. 

4. Greek nouns increasing by omicron, have o short, as; 
Hector, Hectoris. 

5. Memor, arbor, lepus, (a hare), bos, compos, impoa, 
the nouns ending in obs, or ops, the compounds of pus, 
increase by o short, as; inops, inopis; tripus, tripodis. 

But Cerco/is, cyclops, and hydrops, increase long. 
14 



158 PROSODY. 

6. Proper and gentile nouns, ending in ax, or ox, and 
firaeeox, increase short, as; Syphax, Syphacis; Allobrox, 
Allobrogis. 

XII. The increase e, i, u, y, of nouns is short, as; tene- 
ri, tenerrimus, hominis. 

Exo. 1. Lex, rex, vervex, Iber, ver, halec, haeres, quies, 
mansues, filebs, sefis, and locufiles, increase by e long, as; 
lex, legis; ver, veris. 

2. The Greek nouns in er, or es, all genitives in dnis, 
except, hymen, hymenis; aer, aeris; aether, aetheris; and 
foreign names in /, increase by e, long, as; crater, crateris; 
ren, rents; Daniel, Danielis. 

3. Lis, glis, Dis, Quiris, Crenis, JVesis, Samnis, Salamis, 
vibex, felix, radix, coturnix, fiernix, fierdix, bombyx, 
gryfis, delfihin, and Phorcyn, increase long, as; felix, fe- 
licis; gryfis, grg/ihis. 

4. All nouns in us, forming their genitive in uris, udis, 
or utis, as also fur, lux, Pollux, and (frux) frugis, in* 
crease by u long, as; tellus, telluris; fialus, fialudis; -vir- 
tus, -virtutis: except fiecus, intercus, and Ligus, which 
increase short. 

XIII. The increase of the plural in arum, erum, orum, 
abus, and ebus, has the penult long; ibus, and ubus, have 
it short, as; rebus, montibus. But bub us for bobus, con- 
tracted from bovibus, has u long. 

INCREASE OF VERBS. 

A verb is said to increase, when it receives more syl- 
lables than it has in the second person singular pres. 
ind. active. 

XIV. The increase a, e, and o, of verbs is long; i, and u, 
are short, as; amamus, legebam, legimus, fiossumus. 

Exc. 1. The first increase of a in the verb do, and its 
compounds is short, as; dabamus, circumdabamus. 

2. E before re, in the present infinitive of the third 
conjugation is short, as; tegere. 

3. E in eris and ere, the present ind. passive of the 
third conjugation, is short, as; tegeris ov tegere. 

4. E before ram, rim, and ro, is short, as; amaveram, 
amaverim, amarveris, etc. 

5. E in beris and bete, of the future is short, as; amabe- 
ris, docebere. 



PROSODY. 159 

6. /, the first increase of the fourth conjugation is long, 
as; audimus, audivimus, ibimus. 

7. Velim, nolim, malim, and sim, with its compounds, 
increase by i long, as; velimus, fiossimus. 

8. Steterunt, dederunt, and tulerunt, have e common; 
rimus, and rids, of the future past, have z common, as; 
amaverimus. 

The quantity cf final syllables. 

XV. All monosyllables ending in a vowel are long, as; 
O, si,, do. 

Except the inclitics que, ve, and ne, and the syllabic 
adjections, te, ce, and fite, as; mene, suafite. 

XVI. A final is long, as; ama, antea. 

Exc. ]. A in all cases of nouns is short, as; temftora, 
Stella; but the ablative, and the Greek vocatives end in 
a long, as; de Stella; O ! JEnea. 

2. The adverbs fiostea, fiuta, ita y eia, and quia, end in 
a short. 

3. Contra, ultra, and the cardinal numbers ending in 
ginta, have a common. 

XVII. E final is short, as; tege, nemfie. 

Exc. 1. E final, in the first and fifth declension is long, 
as; Penelofie, die. 

2. The second person sing, of the imperative active of 
the second conjugation, ends in e long, as; doce; but cave, 
vide, vale, and resfionde, end sometimes in e short. 

3. Adverbs from adjectives of the second declension, 
except bene, male, sufierne, and inferne, end in e long, as; 
longe, eegre. 

4. Ohe,fer me, fere, fame, also Cete, and Temfie, end in 
e long. 

XVIII. /final is long, as domirii, uti. 

Exc. 1. Mihi, tibi, sibi, cui, ubi, ibi, quasi, and nisi, end 
mostly short; but necubi, sicubi, and sicuti, end always in 
i short. 

2. All Greek vocatives, and many datives end in i 
short, as; Alexi, Palladi. 

XIX. O final is common, as quando, nolo. 

Exc. Datives and ablatives end in o long, as; domino. 



160 PROSODY. 

2. Adverbs, from adjectives, end in o long, as: primo, 
certdi paulo. To these must be added, adeo, ideo, eo, citro, 
intro, ultro, idcirco, and ergo, for causa. 

3. JSgo, homo, cedb, (for die,) scio, nescio, illico, cito, imb, 
duo, ambb,modo, quomodo, dummodb, postmodb, end in-o 
short. 

4. Greek nouns in o, from Omega, end in o long, as: 
Androgeb, Clio. 

XX. U final is long, as: manic, cornu. 

XXI. Y final is short, as: Tiphy. 

XXII. Final syllables ending by B, D, L, M, R, and 

T, are short, as: ab, quid, consul. 

Except sol, sal, far, lar, ndr,par, with its compounds, 
Iber, ver, a'e'r, aether, crater, character, Jur, cur, and the 
Hebrew names in /, b, and d, as: Daniel, Job, David, end 
long. 

XXIII. Words ending in C, N, AS, ES, and OS, end 
long, as: sic, sin, JEneds, Anchises, custos. 

Exc. 1. Aec, donee, and fdc, end short; hie (the pro- 
noun) has i common. 

2. Nouns forming their genitive in inis, as: pecten, 
pectinh, also tamen, attamen, forsdn, forsitdn, in, an, vi- 
den', nostin', etc.; likewise the Greek nouns Pelion, Pylon, 
Ilibn, Maidn, Ityn, Thetin, Alexin, etc. end in n short. 

3. Latin and Greek nouns forming their genitive in 
adis, or ados, the accusative of Greek nouns of the third 
declension, and anas, end in as short, as: Areas, herods. 

4. Penes, and es (from sum} with its compounds, and 
the nouns in es, increasing short in the genitive, as, 
miles, militis, end short; but abies, aries, Ceres, paries, aud 
pes, with its compounds, as: cornipes, end long. 

5. Greek nouns of the neuter gender, and the Greek 
nominatives and vocatives of the plural end short, as: 
hippo manes, Phryges. 

6. Os. (gen. ossis), exos, compos, imjibs; the Greek 
nouns in os with an omicron, as Tyros, Chaos; and Greek 
genitives in os end short, as: Arcddos, Palladbs. 

XXIV. Is, ys T and us final are short, as: apis, Itys, 
littus. 



PROSODY. 161 

Exc. 1. The dative and ablative plural end in is long, 
as: fiennis, nobis. To these add /oris, gratis, ingratis, bis, 
glis, lis, vis, (whether noun or verb,) velis, sis, and their 
compounds, as: quamvis, nolis, adsis, etc. which end 
long. 

2. The second person sing, of the present ind. fourth 
conjugation ends in is long, as: audis. 

3. Greek nouns in is, forming their genitive in inis,itis, 
or entis, and some in ys, end long, as: Salamis, Samnis, 
Simois, Phorcys, Erinnys, (for Erinnyes). 

4. The genitive sing, and the nominative, accusative, 
and vocative plural of the fourth declension end long. 

5. Nouns in us increasing by u long, or by bdis, and 
Greek genitives in us end in wslong, as: filiis, filurisj fia- 
lus, fialudis;* trifius, trifibdis; Clio, Clius, 

Obs. 1. A final short syllable ending with a consonant, 
becomes long by position, if the next word begins with a 
consonant, as: 

Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus hsedi. Virg. 

Obs. 2. A fiaal short vowel is not affected by the double 
consonant, or by the two consonants, with which the next 
word begins, as: 

In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. Ovid. 

Jam medio apparet fluctu nemorosa Zacynthus. Virg. 

Talis fama canit tumidum super sequora Xerxem. Luc. 



OF VERSE. 

A Verse is a certain number of feet arranged accord- 
ing to rule. 

A Foot is a certain number of syllables in regular 
order. 

The simple feet, used in poetry, consist of two or three 
syllables. 

A single syllable, taken by itself, is called a caesura, 
and is generally long, as: 

Candida|nec ni|graJcornua]fronte ge|ras. Ovid. 

The feet of two syllables are: 

* Horace uses palua with us short: Regis opus; sterilisve diu paliis, 
aptaque remis. De arte, 85. 

14* 



162 PROSODY. 

The Spondee, consisting of two long syllables, as: 6m- 
nes. 

The Pyrrhichian, of two short syllables, as: bonus. 

The Trochee, or Choreus, of one long, and one short, 
as: arma. 

The Iambus, of one short, and one long, as: nefas. 

The feet of three syllables are: 

The Dactyle, consisting of one long, and two short 
syllables, as: tegmine. 

The Tribrachys, of three short syllables, as: teniie. 

The Anap^estus, of two short, and one long, as: tumi- 
dos. 

The Molossus, of three long, jEneas. 

The Bacchius, of one short, and two long, as: cadebant. 

The Antibaochius, of two long, and one short, as: 
vlclsse. 

The Amphimacer, of one long, one short, one long, as: 
optimos. 

The Amphibrachys, of one short, one long, one short, 
as: poema. 

The feet consisting of four syllables are compounded 
of the preceding feet, as: 

The Choriambus, of a Trochee and an Iambus, as: no- 
bilitas. 

The Diiambus, of two Iambi, as: severitas. 

The Dispondeus, of two Spondees, as: oratores. 

The Proceleusmaticus, of two Pyrrichian, as: strigi- 
libus. 

The Diohoreus, of two Trochees, as: comprobavit. 

The Antispastus, of an Iambus and a Trochee, as: 
abiindavit. 

The Ionicus major, of a Spondee and a Pyrrhichian, 
as: enormiter. 

The Ionicus minor, of a Pyrrhichian and a Spondee, 
as: gene ro si. 

The principal kinds of verse are : 

The Hexameter, consisting of six feet, of which the 
four first are either spondees, or dactyls, the fifth is a 
dactyl, and the sixth either a spondee or a trochee, as: 

Illi inj ter se j se mag | na vi | bracchia | tollunt. 
Sed fugit | intere | a,fugit | Irrepa | rabile | tempus. 
Donee e | rls fe | llx, mul j tos niime } rabis a | mlcos. 



PROSODY. 163 

The fifth foot is sometimes a spondee with a dactyl pre- 
ceding, which kind of verse is called a Sfiondaic, as: 
Cara Deum sobbles, magnum Jovis incrementum. 
The hexameter is also called the heroic verse, it being 
generally used for grave subjects. 

The Heroic Tetrameter consists of the four last feet 
of a hexameter, as: 

Ibimus | o ! soci [ I com'i j tesque. 
The Pentameter consists of five feet; the two first are 
either dactyls or spondees, the third a spondee, and the 
two last are anapaests, as: 

A cane J non mag | no sse | pe tene j tiir aper. 
It may also be scanned thus: 
A cane | non mag { no | sxpe te j netur a J per. 

The Iambic verse generally has an iambus or a spon- 
dee in the odd feet, that is, in the first, third, etc., in the 
other feet iambics. 

The more iambics there are in the verse, the purer it 
is said to be. 

The Iambic dimeter, or quaternarius, consists of 
eight syllables; the trimeter,* or senarius has twelve, as : 

Ibis | Libur | nis In | ter al | ta na | vium. j£ trimeter. 
Ami | ce pro | pugna | ciila. A dimeter. 

The Choriambic verse consists of five feet, a spondee, 
three choriambics, and a pyrrhichian, as : 

Nullam, | Vare sacra | vite priiis | sevens ar | bbrem. 

The Asclepiadean verse consists of four feet, a spon- 
dee, two choriambics, and a pyrrhichian, as ; 

Mace | nas atavis | edite re | gibiis; or thus: 
Mxce | nas ata | vis J edite | regibiis. 

The Glyconian, or Choriambic trimeter, consists of 
three feet, a spondee, a choriambic, and a pyrrhichian, 
or an iambus, as : 

NavTs | quae tibi ere J ditum. 

* The ancients, in imitation of the Greeks, used to count two feet 
one, and called a verse of four feet dimeter \ of six feet, trimeter, etc. 



164 PROSODY. 

The Aristophanic verse consists of a choriambus, and 
a bacchius, as: 

Lydia die | per omnes. 

The Adonic verse consists of a dactyl and a spondee, 
or a trochee, as : 

Turgida vela. 

The Sapphic verse consists of five feet, a trochee, a 
spondee, a dactyl and two trochees, as : 

Rebus [ angus | tls ani ) mosiis | atqiie. 

The Archilochian verse consists of four feet, the first 
and third are spondees, or iambi; the second and fourth 
are iambi, and then a caesura, as : 

Sylvae | labo j rantes | gelu j que. 

The Archilochian Dactylic Dimeter consists of two 
dactyls, and a caesura, as : 

Pulvis et j umbra sii J mus. 

The Archilochian Dactylic Heptameter verse con- 
sists of seven feet, the four first may be dactyls, or spon- 
dees, the three last are trochees, as : 

Solvitur | acris hy J ems gra | ta vice | veris | et Fa | voni. 

The Archilochian Iambic consists of five feet with a 
caesura; the first foot is an iambus, or a spondee, the 
second is an iambus with a caesura, the third, fourth, and 
fifth are trochees, as : 

Trahunt | que sic j cas j machi | nae ca ( rlnas. 

This kind of verse may also be called an iambic Archi- 
lochian trimeter catalectic, and be scanned thus : 

Trahunt | que sic J cas ma | chinse | carl | nas. 

The Greater Alcaic verse consists of four feet, and 
a caesura, the first is a spondee, or an iambus, the second 
an iambus, then a caesura, the third and fourth are dac- 
tyls, as : 

Vides | ut al | ta j stet mve j candidum. 



PROSODY. 165 

The Lesser Alcaic, or pindaric verse, consists of 
four feet, the first and second are dactyls, the third and 
fourth are trochees, as : 

Flumina J constite | rlnt a | cuto. N 

The Choriambic Alcaic consists of five feet, the first 
a trochee, the second a spondee, the third and fourth 
choriambi, the fifth a bacchius, as : 

Te De | os 6 | ro Sibarin | cur properas | amandS. 

The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spon- 
dee, a dactyl, and a spondee or trochee, as : 

Vis for | mosa vi | derl. 

The Ionic verse consists either of three, or four feet, 
all ionici minores, as : 

Miserarum est | neque amori J dare ludum. 

Neque, etc. Hor. Od. III. 12. 

06s. When in the last foot of a verse no syllable is 
wanting, or superfluous, the verse is called acatalectic. 

When a syllable is wanting, the verse is called cata- 
lectic. 

When a whole foot is wanting at the end, it is called 

BRACHYCATALECTIC 

When one, or two syllables are superfluous, the verse 
is called hypercatalectic. 

COMBINATION OF VERSES. 

Verses are combined with one another in various ways; 
but particularly 

1. The Hexameter with a pentameter, which forms 
a distich, as : 

In caput alta suum labentur ab acquore retro 
Flumina: conversis solque recurret equis. 

Terra feret Stellas: coelum findetur aratro: 
Unda dabit flammas: et dabit ignis aquas. 

Ovid. Trist. I. 7. 

2. Hexameter with the heroic tetrameter, forming 
the heroic verse, as : 

Laudabunt alii claram, etc. Hor. Od. I. 7\ 



166 PROSODY. 

3. Hexameter with an iambic dimeter, as : 

Nox erat, et ccelo fulgebat lima sereno 

Inter minora sidera; 
Cum tu, etc. Hor. Epod. XV. 

4. Hexameter with an iambic trimeter, as : 

Altera jam teritur, etc. Hor. Epod. XVI. 

5. Three sapphic with an adonic, as: 

Jam satis terris, etc. Hor. Od. I, 2. 

6. A Glyconian with an asclepiadean, as : 

Sic te diva potens, etc. Hor. Od. I, 3. 

7. An iambic trimeter with a dimeter, as : 

Ibis Liburnis inter, etc. Hor. Epod. I. 

8. An ARCHILOCHIAN HEPTAMETER with ail IAMBIC, as : 

Solvitur acris hyems, etc. Hor. Od. I, 4. 

9 V TWO ASCLEPIADEI with a PHERECRATIAN and a GLYCO- 
NIAN, as : 

O navis, referent, etc. Hor. Od. I, 14. 

10. Three asclepiadei with a glyconian, as : 

Scriberis Vario, etc. Hor. Od. I, 6. 

11. Two greater alchaics with a archilochian, and 
a Pindaric, as : 

Vides, ut alta stet, etc. Hor. Od. I, 9. 

Horace frequently uses this combination, whence it is 
sometimes called Carmen Horatianum. 

12. The hipponactian verse is a combination of two 
lines : the first contains three trochees and a caesura, or, 
the first is a trochaic dimeter catalectic; the second line 
is an archilochian iambic, as : 

Non ebur neque, etc, Hor. Od. II, 18. 

Verses thus combined are called a stanza, or a stro- 
phe. 

A poem, consisting of but one kind of verse, is called 
monocolos, or monocolon, as Virgil's iEneid. 

A poem, consisting of two kinds of verse, is called di- 
colon, as Ovid's Elegies, or the hipponactian verse. 



PROSODY. 167 

A poem, consisting of three kinds of verse, is called 
tricolon, as: Vides ut alta, etc. Hor. Od. I, 9. 

When the same kind of verse returns after the second 
line, it is called dicolon distrophox, as : Sic te Diva, 
etc. Hor. Od. II, 3, or Ovid's Elegies. 

When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and the 
first kind returns after the third line, it is called dicolon 
tristrophox, as : Miserarum est, etc. Hor. Od. Ill, 12. 

When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and the* 
first kind returns after the fourth line, it is called dicolon 
tetrastrophox, as : Scriberis Vario, etc. Hor. Od. 1, 6. 

When a poem consists of three kinds of verse, and the 
first kind returns after the third line, it is called tricolon 
tristrophon, as : Horrida tempestas, etc. Hor. Efiod. 
XII. * 

When a poem consists of three kinds of verse, and 
the first kind returns after the fourth line, it is called 
tricolon tetrastrophon, as : Vides, ut alta stet, etc. 
Hor. Od. I, 9. 

FIGURES IN POETRY. 
The principal figures in poetry are the following: 

1. The Cdesura, from csedo, is the syllable, that remains, 
after a foot is finished. 

The caesura is as it were, a resting place of the voice, 
and the more frequently it occurs, the more melodious is 
the verse, as : 

Una sa | lus vie ) tis nul | lam spe | rare sa | lutem. 

Without a caesura a verse, especially a hexameter, is 
inferior to good prose, as ; 

Nuper | quidara | doctus | coepit | scribere | versus. 

Such is the effect of the caesura, that short syllables 
are often rendered long by it, as ; 

Pectoribus, inhians spirantia consulit exta. Vxrg. 

Emicat Eurialus, et munere victor Amici. Ibid. 

Grajus homo infectos linquens profugus Hymenxos. Ibid. 

The hexameter generally begins the third foot, or the 
second and fourth with the caesura. 






1 66 PROSODY. 

2. Synal^pha cuts off the final vowel or diphthong, 
when the following word begins with a vowel or A, as ; 

Conticuere omnes, Intentlque ora tenebant. 

Synalaepha sometimes cuts off the last syllable of a 
verse, when the next line begins with a vowel, as ; 

ignari hominumque lbcorumque 

Erramus, Virg. 

The interjections ah, heu, hei, o, vah^ vae, and firoh, are 
not affected by synalaepha, as; 

O pater, o hbminum Divumque seterna potestas. Virg. 

A period sometimes prevents the synalaepha, as ; 

Posthabita coliilsse Samo. Hie Illiiis armS. Virg. 
Et vera inc^ssu patuit Dea. Hie ubi matrem. Ibid. 

3. Ecthlipsis destroys the final syllable ending in m, 
when the next word begins with a vowel or h, as ; 

Nullum ultra verbum, aut operam insumebat inanem. Hor. 
Prxcipue cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis. Virg. 
Jamque iter emensi, turres, ac tecta Latinorum 
Ardua cernebant. Virg. 

4. Syn^eresis, or Crasis contracts two syllables into 
one, as; 

Oscula libavit natse: dehinc taliafatur. Virg. 
Atria: dependent lychni laquearibus aureis. Ibid. 
JEdificant; sectaque intexunt abjete costas. Ibid. 

5. Diuresis, or Dialysis, forms two syllables out of 
one, as ; 

JEthereum sensum atque aurai (for aurse) simplicis ignem. Virg. 
Debuerant fusos evoluisse (for evolvisse) Deos. Ovid. 

6. Systole makes a long syllable short, as ; 

Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus hsesit. Virg. 
Turpeputas abici (for abjici), quod sim miserandus amicis. Ovid. 

7. Diastole, or Ectasis makes a short syllable long, as ; 

Omnia vincitamd'r, et nos cedamus amori. Virg. 
Atque hie Prlamiden laniatum corpore toto. Ibid. 
Sub Jove mundus erat; subilt argentea proles. Ovid. 

8. Epenthesis adds a letter in the word, as ; 

Troas relliquius Danaum atque immitis Achillei. Virg. 

Alituum (for alitum) pecudumque genus sopor altus habebat. Ibid. 



PROSODY. 169 

9. Syncope* takes a letter 01 syllable from the middle 
of a word, as; 

Cumque gubernaclo llquidas projecit in aquas. Virg. 
Deseris;heu tantis nequidquam erepte periclis. Ibid. 
Cum genere extinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. Ibid. 

10. Apocope takes a syllable from the end of a word, 
as; 

Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen. Virg. 
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti. Ibid. 

11. Paragoge adds a syllable, as; 

Et Venulus dicto parens ita farier infit. Virg. 
Spargier agno. Hor. 

12. Tmesis divides a compound, as; 

Talis hyperboreo septem subjecta trioni. Virg. 
Hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta. Ibid. 

* A perusal of the following examples of Syncope may be of use to 
the student. 

Virum for virorum. Virg. Mn. I. 87. 

Currum for curruum. Id. VI. 653. 

Ccelicolum for coelicolarum. Id. 11.21. 

Dis for diis. Id. II. 428. 

Aspris for asperis. Id. II. 379. 

Lenibant for leniebant. Id. IV. 528; VI. 468. 

Polibantforpoliebant. Id. VIII. 436. 

Dixti for dixisti. Ter. Eun. I. 2, 87. 

Sensti for sensisti. Id. And. V. 3, 11. 

Justi for jussisti. Id. Eun. V. 1, 15. 
This figure also occurs often in prose, as; talentum, for talento- 
rum. Cic. Duum millium amphorum, for duorum mi Ilium amphora- 
rum. — Ibid. 



15 



170 APPENDIX. 



AN APPENDIX 

Which should be carefully read by the student, before 
he enters into the Classics. 

§ 1. Nouns, signifying an association of individuals, 
are called collective nouns, as ; fioftulus, the people ; 
senatus, the senate ; pars, a part. 

Some nouns are also called 

1. Gentilta, denoting one's native country, or city, as ; 
Macedo, Siculus, Tros, Phi lade l/ihiensis. 

2. Patronymica, derived from the name of one's pa- 
rents, or ancestors, as ; Priamides, a son of Priam; Perseis, 
a daughter of Perseus ; JEacides, a descendant of iEacus. 

3. Diminutiva, expressing a diminution of the signifi- 
cation of their primitives, as ; libellus, homulus, homun- 
culus, homuncio. 

4. Verbalia, derived from verbs, as ; amor, the love, 
from amo; safiientia from safiio. 

5. Heterogenea, which change their gender in the 
plural, as ; tartarus, masc; plur. tartara, neut ; carbasus,f; 
plur. carbasa, n ; celum, neut; plur. ccsli, m ; delirium, n ; 
pi. delicise, f ; locus, in ; pi. loci, m. and loca, n ; frenum, 
n ; pi. freni, m. and frena, n ; balneum, n ; pi. balnese, f. 
and balnea, n. 

6. Heteroclita, which change in the plural the de- 
clension, as ; vas, vasis ; pi. vas-a, orum; juger-um, i ; pi. 
juger-a, urn. 

7. Indeclinabilia, which are used in all the cases 
without a variation, as ; nequam,fiondo. 

8. Monoptota, or monoptots, which are used in one 
case only, as; nauci, noctu, injussu. 

9. Diptots, being used in two cases only, as ; spontis, 
sfionte ;jugeris,jugere. 



APPENDIX. 171 

10. Triptots, having three cases, as; grates', nom. ace. 
and voc; dica, nom. sing.; dicam, ace. sing.; dicas, ace. pi. 

1 1. Tetraptots, as ; daflis, gen. dafii, dat. daflem, ace. 
dafle, abl.; oflis, ofli, ofiem, ofle. 

12. Pentaptots, as ; vic-es,ibus, es, es, ibus ; or-a, ibus, 
a, a, ibus. 

13. Some nouns are not used in the plural, as -,justitia, 
aurum\ others want the singular, as ; divitise, tenebrae. 

14. Some nouns are redundant, as; arbor ; and arbos; 
tigr-is, is, and idis. 

§ 2. Some nouns are also called Efiiccsna, which in the 
same gender, apply both to males and females, as: corvus, 
flasser, bestia, vilifies. 

§ 3. To the first declension belong Greek nouns ending 
in as and es of the masc. and in e of the fern, gender. 
They are thus declined: 

Singular. 

N. Boreas. Psaltes. Epitome. 

G. Boreae. Psaltae. Epitomes. 

D. Boreae. Psaltae. Epitomae, & e. 

A. Boream, & an. Psalten. Epitomen. 

V. Borea. Psalte, & a. Epitome. 

A.Borea. Psalte. Epitome. 

In the plural like flenna. 

§ 4. Familia after flater, mater, Jilius, and Jilia, forms 
sometimes its genitive in as, as: flater familias. 

Instead of as poets sometimes use ai, as: aulai, Virg. 
Mn. III. 354; flictai, ibid. IX. 26, for aulx and flic tse, 

§ 5. The nouns in us of the second declension are of 
the masc. gender. 

Exc. 1. Names of towns are feminine, as: Corinthus. 
But Philiflfli, Gabii, and Delflhi, are masc. 

2. Names of countries, as: JEgyfitus. But Pontus, 
Hellespont us, and Bosflhorus preserve the gender of the 
adjoining seas, and are masculine. 

3. The names of islands are feminine, as: Cyflrus. 

4. Names of plants, as: byssus, halus, flaflyrus. But 
dumus, cytisus, and rhamnus, are masculine; lotus and 
rubus are both masc. and fern. 

5. All compounds of o^»$, as: methodus, synodus. 



172 APPENDIX. 

6. Abyssus, alvus,antidotus, arctus,crystallus,dialectus, 
diametrus, diphthongus, domus, eremus, humus, sapphirus, 
and vannus, are feminine. 

7. Atomus, balanus, camelus, colus, grossus, and pha- 
selus, are both masc. and fem. 

8. Pelagus and -virus are of the neuter; vulgus is masc. 
and neuter; locus and jocus are masc. in the singular, 
masc. and neut. in the plural. 

9. For sibilus, tartarus, carbasus, frsenum, balneum, 
efiulum and cesium, see the Vocabulary. 

To the second declension belong Greek nouns, ending 
in os of the masc. or fem. and in on of the neut. gender; 
they are thus declined: 



Nom 


. Delos, 


Androgeos, 


Ilion, 


Gen. 


Deli, 


Androge-i, v. o, 


Ilii, 


Dat. 


Delo, 


Androgeo, 


Ilio, 


Ace. 


Del-on, v. um, 


Androge-on, v. o, 


Ilion, 


Voc. 


Dele, 


Androgeos, 


Ilion, 


Abl. 


Delo. 


Androgeo. 


Ilio, 



Greek Nouns of the Third Declension. 

I. Some Greek nouns, particularly proper names, pa- 
tronymics, and gentiles, have besides the Latin also the 
Greek termination dos in the genitive. 



Singular. 




Nom. Daphnis, 


Ace 


. Daphn-im, v. in, 


Gen. Daphnid-is, v. os, 


Voc 


. Daphni, 


Dat. Daphnidi, 


Abl 


. Daphnide. 


Sing. 




Plur. 


Nom. Troas, 




Troades, 


Gen. Troad-is, v. os, 




Troadum, 


Dat. Troadi, 




Troadibus, 


Ace. Troad-em, v. a, 




Troad-es, v. as, 


Voc. Troas, 




Troades, 


Abl. Troade. 




Troadibus. 



APPENDIX. 173 

II. Greek nouns in is and ys y which have their genitive 
in ios, or yos } are thus declined: 

Sing. Plur. 

Nom. Haeresis, Nom. Haeres-es, v. is, 
Gen. Haeres-is, v. ios,v.eos, Gen. Haeres-ium,v.ion,v.edn, 

Dat. Haeresi, Dat. Haeresibus, 

Ace. Haeres-im, v. in, Ace. Haeres-es, v. eas, v. is, 

Voc. Haeresi, Voc. Haeres-es, v. is, 

Abl. Haeresi. Abl. Haeresibus. 

III. Proper names in eus are thus declined: 

Greek form, Latin form. 

Nom. Orpheus, Nom. Orpheus, 

Gen. Orpheos, Gen. Orphei, 

Dat. Orphei, Dat. Orpheo, 

Ace. Orphea, Ace. Orpheum, 

Voc. Orpheu, Voc. Orphee, 

Abl. Orpheo. 

Some Greek nouns in es form sometimes their gen. 
after the second declension, as: Achillei, Orontei, Ulyssei, 
from Achilles^ Orontes, Ulysses. 

IV. Greek nouns in o are regularly declined as Latin 
nouns; but when declined in the Greek form, they admit 
of a change in the gen. sing, only, as: Nom. Dido, gen. 
Didus, dat., ace, voc, and abl. Dido. 

V. Many Greek nouns have, besides the Latin termina- 
tions, a in the ace. sing, and as in the ace. plur. as: Arabs, 
Arabis ; ace. sing. Arabem, and Araba ; ace. plur. 
Arabes and Arabas; crater, craterem and cratera, cra- 
teres and crateras. 

Pan has in the gen. always Panos y and in the ace. sing. 
Pana. 

Chremes makes in the ace. Chrem-em, etem y and eta; 
Dares makes Dar-en, etem, and eta. 

§ 7. The nouns in us of the fourth declension are of 
the masc. gender. 

Exc. 1. All denominations of females are feminine, as: 
anus, socrus, etc. 

2. The names of trees, as: Jicus, quercus. 

3. Acus y domu8, Idus, manus, tribus, fiorticus, and 
quinquatrus, 

15* 



174 APPENDIX. 

4. Penus and sfiecus are common. 

Observe, that the dative sing, of the fourth declension 
ends sometimes in u instead of ui, as: curru, for currui. 

§ 8. Observe, that in the fifth declension the final i, and 
the e of the penult of the gen. and dat. singular are some- 
times dropped, as: die for diet; fiernicii for fierniciei. 

§ 9. The following comparisons are rare, and used only 
in jest: Patruissime, O! best of uncles. Plaut. Ifisissimus, 
ibid. Versus Plautinissimi. Gell. So also Catonior, JVe- 
ronior, etc. 

§ 10. The pronoun ipse agrees rather with the nomina- 
tive than an oblique case, as: mortem sibi ipse consci- 
vit Cato. 

Qui is used in the abl. sing, for all genders, as: qui- 
cum, for quocum, and quacum. 

The neuters hoc, id, illud, quid, nihil, multa, etc. must 
not be considered as a criterion of the case, governed by 
the word, on which they seem to depend; for they are 
often either governed by a preposition understood, or 
used adverbially, as: 

Quid (i. e. ad quid) non mortalia pectora cogis? Virg. 

Nihil (i. e. non) mea carmina curas. Ibid. 

Posse vellem idem (i. e. de eadem re) gloriari. Cic. 

Multa (i. e. valde) Decs venerati. Ibid. 

Illud (i. e. ob illud) mihi lsetandum video. Ibid. 

Id (i. e. ei rei) studuisti. Terent. 

Qui si nihil aliud studet. Cic. 

Quidquam utitur. Ibid. etc. etc. 

§11. There are also verbs, called incentives, frequenta- 
tives, and desideratives. 

The inceptives end in sco; they signify a beginning, 
and belong to the third conjugation, as: calesco, from ca- 
leo, I begin to grow warm ; hebesco, from hebes, I grow 
dull. 

The frequentative verbs are derived from supines of 
other verbs; they express a repetition of the signification 
of their primitives, and belong to the first conjugation, as: 
curso or cursito, I run often, from cursum. 

The desideratives express a desire; they end in urio, 
with a short u; they are derived from supines of other 
verbs, and belong to the fourth conjugation, as: esurio, I 
desire to eat, from esum. Scaturio, ligurio, etc. cannot be 
considered desideratives. 



APPENDIX. 175 

§ 12. Some neuter verbs with a passive signification 
take the abl. of the agent with the preposition a, or ab, as: 

Salvebis a meo Cicerone. Cic. Anima calescit ab eo spiritu. Ibid. 
A reo fustibas vapulasset. Quint. Venire (a veneo) ab hoste. Ibid. 
Occidit a forti Achille. Ovid. 

§ 13. There are, strictly speaking, no impersonal verbs; 
but, as some verbs according to their nature cannot be 
used in the first or second person, or as they do not ad- 
mit of the personal pronouns ego, tu y etc. we call them 
impersonal, though they are as personal as legor, I am 
read, or navigor, I am sailed over. Hence 

Lacrymae decuere pudicam. Ovid. 

Nee dominam dedecuere minae. Ibid. 

Admovique preces, quarum me dedecet usus. Ibid. 

Experiri, quam se aliena deceant. Cic. 

Quae adsolent, quseque opportent, Ter. 

Hacc facta ab illo opportebant. Ibid. 

Me quidem hxc conditio non poenitet. Plant. 

Atheniensesutiprimi defecerunt, ita primi poenitere coeperunt. Ju»t, 

iEtolos, si poenitere possint. Liv. 

Omnia licuerunt. Sail. 

Non te haec pudent? Ter. 

Cogebant hostes, ut misererent. Enn. 

Nonae lucescunt. Ovid. 

Ningunt rosarum floribu3. Lucr. 

Bellaria pluebant. Slat. 

Jove fulgurante. Cic. 

Coelo vesperascente. Nep. 

Die vesperascente. Tac. 

Pluit takes also the accusative, as: panem pluit, Liv. 
Tantum glandis pluit, Virg.\ where it may also be the 
nominative. 

The impersonal verbs with a passive termination, have 
their subject implied; thus fiugnatur, is the same as 
fiugna, or, firselium fiugnatur. 

§ 14. The participle present active seems sometimes to 
have a passive signification, se being suppressed, as; 

Tardaque Eleusinae matris volventia plaustra. Virg. 
Quod iter Xerxes anno vertente confecerat. Nep. 

Some neuter verbs have a participle perfect, 
I. With a neuter signification, as ; 



1 76 APPENDIX. 

Adulta virgo suspiret. Hor. 
Obsolete jam erant spolia de Persis. Curt. 
Exemplaannalium vetustate exoleta. Liv. 
Macedones inveteratae virtutis admonebantur. Curt. 
Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. Virg. 
Largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis. Ovid. 
Vestigia presso haud tenuit titubata solo. Virg. 
Cum omnia mea causa velles successa. Cic. 
In cinere deflagrati imperii. Ibid. 

II. With a passive signification,* as ; 

Cum Romanis pacem conventam frustra fuisse. Sail. 

Relegens errata retrorsum litora. Virg. 

Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes. Ibid. 

Quae abs te breviter de arte decursa sunt. Cic. 

Evigilata consilia. Ibid. 

Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio. Hor. 

Some of these have also the participle in dus, as; 

In conveniendis magistratibus. Cic. 
Nox multis evigilanda modis. Tib. 

Here may be added erubescendus, tremendua y dolendus, 
horrendusj fiigendus, fiudendus, fi<znitendu8. 

The participle perf. of deponent verbs has often besides 
the active also a passive signification, as; 

Nee Deus hunc mensa, Dea nee dignata cubili est. Virg. 

Conjugio Anchisa Veneris dignate superbo. Ibid. 

Jugurtha prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit. Sail. 

Ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate. Virg. 

Bellaque matribus detestata. Hor. 

Graecum interpretatum nomen tenemus. Cic. 

Cum essent cum hoste pactae induciae. Ibid. 

Ulius execratae columnae. Ibid. 

So also dimensuS) emensus, mentitus^ ementitus, lamen- 
taius y metatus, moratus, /irofessus, etc. 

Some verbal adjectives in bundus^ are construed as 
participles of the present, and have the same government 
as their verbs, as ; 

Vitabundus classem hostium. Sail. 
Meditabundus bellum. Just. 
Venerabundus regem. Curt. 
Populabundus agros. Gell. 
Gratulabundus patriae. Just. 
Errabunda bovis vestigia. Virg. 

* See Appendix, § 52. 



APPENDIX. 177 

§ 15. Participles and adjectives are sometimes put in 
the ablative absolute without a noun, or pronoun,* as; 

Turn demum palam facto, et comploratione in regia orta. Liv. 
Primaque libato, summo terms attigit ore. Virg. 
Absolvitur, comperto, fictain eum crimina. Tac. 
Desperato, regionem posse retineri. Curt. 
Cognito, quod insidiae sibi pararentur. Just. 
Audito Q. Marcium Regem in Ciliciam tendere. Sail. 
Excepto, quod non simul esses, caeteralaetus. Hor. 
Haud cuiquam dubio, opprimi posse. Liv. 

The ablative absolute is not always independent of the 
rest of the sentence, as ; 

Lacrimas quoque ssepe notavi, me lacrimante, tuas. Ovid. 
Me duce ad hunc votifinem, me milite veni. Ibid. 
Eum, me judice, errorem dissolvam tibi. Gell. 
Nobis vigilantibus erimus liberi brevi tempore. Cic. 

§ 16. From some adjectives of the second declension 
there are also adverbs in o, which, however, when ending 
in o long, might more properly be called ablatives of 
the neuter gender, as ; certo, certainly, or with certain- 
ty; tuto, safely, or in safety; crebro, frequently ; merito, 
deservedly; meritissimo, most deservedly, etc. 

Others end in um, as; fiarum from fiarvus, multum 
from multus. 

Others end in e, and in tcr, as ; dure, or duriter ; hu- 
mane, or humaniter ; crebre, or crebriter. 

Of some adjectives of the third declension the neuter 
is sometimes used adverbially, as; facile, or faciliter; 
difficile, or difficiliter-, lene, or leniter; celebre, or cele- 
briter. 

Irregular, and defective comparisons. 

Po8. Comfi. Sufi. 

Cito, citius, citissime. 

Diu, diutius, diutissime. 

Magnum, magis, maxime. 

Multum, plus, plurimum. [mum. 

Parum, minus, minime, or mini- 

Prope, propius, proxime. 

* This ablative either agrees with negotio, as; (negotio) palam 
facto; or the substantive is implied, as; (libamine) libato; or the sub- 
stantive must be accounted for by General Rule X. to the syntax. 



178 



APPENDIX. 



Pos. 
Ssepe, 
Merito, 
Nove, 
Nuper, 

Satis, 
Secus, 



Com ft. 
saepius, 



ocius, or ocyus, 

satius, 

secius. 



Sufi. 
saepissime. 
meritissimo. 
novissime. 
nuperrime. ! 
ocyssime. 



§ 17. The preposition in takes sometimes the accusa- 
tive instead of the ablative, as ; in humeros efferre, Cic. 
In amicitiam esse. Ibid. 
k Prepositions are often put after their case, as ; 

Dies, quam ad dares. Terent. 

Profligatis iis, quos adversum ierat. Sail. 

Diem certam Chabrix prxstituerunt, quam ante domum nisi re- 

disset. Nep. 
Sunt certi denique fines, quos ultra citraque nequit consistere 

rectum. Hor. 
Leges, quas contra praeter te nemo unquam est facere conatus. Cic. 
Si volet usus, quern penes arbitrium est. Hor. 
Index in ara consedit: hanc juxta locum fecerunt sub terra. Nep* 
Te propter Libicae gentes odere (me). Virg. 
Transtra per et remos. Ibid. 

Sed nunc, est omnia quando 

Iste animus supra. Virg. 

Dum populatio lucem intra sisteretur. Tac. 

Praeteritum temnens extremos inter eundem. Virg. 

Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta. Ibid. 

Ipso Gemanico coram id ausus. Tac. 

Hostibus e siqui. Ovid. 

Fundus, quo de agitur. Cic. 

Vitiis nemo sine nascitur. Hor. 

Some prepositions, particularly ad, ob* firofiter* a, ab f 
cum, de,e % ex, etc. are often suppressed, which accounts 
formany accusatives, and ablatives. 

The noun governed by the preposition is sometimes 
suppressed, as ; 

Quemadmodum a Vestze (xde) adtabulam ducta esses. Cic. 
Qui cum facibus ad Castoris (aedem) volitarunt. Ibid. 
Ventum erat ad Vestae (sedem). Hor. 
Age jam cum fratre an sine (scil. eo). Cie. 
Redeo ad (ea) quae mandas, Ibid. 



APPENDIX. 179 

Some of the prepositions are also used adverbially, as ; 

Ad mille quingenti ad consules confugerant. Liv. 

Occisis ad hominum millibus quatuor. Caes. 

Paucis mensibus ante. Ibid. 

Aliquot ante annis. Cic. 

Utrumque contra accidit. Ibid. 

Propter est spelunca. Ibid. 

Filii propter cubantes. Ibid. 

Cavendae sunt familiaritates praeter hominum perpaucorum. Ibid. 

Qui omnia haec, quae supra et subter, unum esse dixerunt. Ibid. 

Satis superque habere dicit. Ibid. 

Paucis post diebus. Cxs. 

Liceret ab armis discedere praeter rerum capitalium condemnatis. 

Sail. 
Reliquit eum nullo praeter auguralis sacerdotii honore impertitum. 

Suet. 
Vereor coram in os laudare. Terent. 

§ 18. Some words according to their import, are either 
adverbs or conjunctions, as; quare, cum, veto, donee, ne- 
que, etc. 

These conjunctions stand first in the sentence; et, ac, 
atque, nee, neque, aut, vel, sive, at, ast, sed, verum, nam, 
quandoquidem, quare, quocirca, si, sin, etc. 

These stand after one or more words: autem, vero, 
quoque, quidem, enim, etc. 

§ 19. The conjunctions et, ac 9 atque, etc. sometimes 
couple different jjarts of speech, or different cases, as; 

Recte ac jure factum esse. Cic. 

Quid agas ? nisi ut te redimas captum, quam queas minimo; si ne- 
queas, paululo, at quanti queas. Terent. 

Aut ob avaritiam, aut misera ambitione laborat. Hor. 

Jactata quum in senatu res, turn ad populum est. Liv. 

Sexcentis et pluris empta. Juv. 

Ubi videt neque per vim, neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem. 

Sail. 

Speculatores omnia visendi, et Scipio ad ea comparanda, quae in 
rem erant, tempus habuit. Liv. 

Lentulum nostrum, eximia spe, summaeque virtutis adolescentem. 

Cic. 

Mulier colore vivido atque inexhausti vigoris. Bott. 

Sometimes we find two conjunctions, one of which 
seems redundant, as; 

At vero. Cic. Sed enim. Virg. Sed autem. Ibid. Neque enim, 
(i. e. non enim.) 

§ 20. The conjunctions ut and ne, are often suppressed 



180 APPENDIX. 

after hortor, rogo, oro, volo, jubeo, mando, licet, oportet, 
necesse est, fac, sine, cave, etc. as; 

Huic mandat, Rhemos adeat. Cxs. 

Praecipit, omnes petant. Ibid. 

Te rogo atque oro, te colligas. Cic. 

Audacia ostendatur necesse est. Ibid. 

Cave credas, cave te fratrnm misereat. Ibid. 

Jube, mihi respondeat. Terent. 

Ducas volo hodie uxorem. Ibid. 

Sine, sciam. Liv. 

Proinde sciatis licet, me intraturum urbem* Curt. 

Fac, cogites, in quanta calamitate sis. Sail. 

Sinite instaurata revisam proelia. Virg. 

§21. Adjectives in the neuter gender, agreeing with 
negotium understood, are often used as substantives, as; 

Triste lupus stabulis. Virg- 

Varium et mutabile semper foemina. Ibid. 

Notum (i. e. notitia) furens quid foemina possit. Ibid. 

Mors omnium rernm extremum. Cic. 

Commune animantium omnium est conjunctionis appetitus. Ibid. 

Ea arte aequasset superiores reges, ni degeneratum (i. e. degenera- 
tio facta) in aliis huic quoque decori offecisset. Liv. 

Tentatum a T. Sextio, ut rogationem ferret, discussum est, (i. e. 
tentatio facta discussa est). Ibid. 

Pronuntiaium repente (i. e. pronuntiatio repentina) nequis prae- 
ter armatos violaretur, reliquam omnem multitudinem exuit armis. 
Ibid. 

Vigilias ipse circuire non diffidentia ftduri (scil. negotii negotio- 
rum, i. e. perfectum iri negotia), quae imperavisset. Sail. 

Nihil praeter auditum (i. e. famam) habeo. Cic. 

Hence the adverbial expressions ex imfiroviso, ex com- 
fiosito, consulto, etc. 

The adjective sometimes agrees with a substantive, 
which is governed by, or does govern its substantive, as; 

Accusantes violati (for violatum) hospitii fcedus. Liv. 

Ad initia majora (for majorum) rerum ducentibus fatis. ^bid. 

Saevae memorem (i. e. saevam memoris) Junonis ob iram. Virg. 

Hie confixum ferrea texit telorum seges. Ibid. 

Templumque vetustum desertae (i. e. desertum) Veneris. Ibid. 

§ 22. The adjective, verb, and relative pronoun, often 
agree with a noun implied by the word with which they 
should agree, as; 

Utraque pars avidi erant. Liv. 
Multitudo conven erant. Caes. 
Familia, quorum progeniem. Sail. 



APPENDIX* 1S1 

Pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti (sunt). Ibid. 

Duo millia (i. e. bis mille homines) relicti. Liv. 

Armati duo millia missi. Ibid. 

Inde pars per agros dilapsi, pars urbes petunt finitimas, suam quis- 
que spem, sua consilia, communibus deploratis, exsequentes. Ibid. 

Capita conjurationis virgis csesi ac securi percussi (sunt). Ibid, 

Delicix vero tuae, noster JEsopus, ejus modi fuit. Cic. 

Ex ipso equestris ordinis flore ac senatu duo millia electi, qui mori 
juberentur. Flor. 

Namque antea pleraque nobilitas invidia sestuabat, et quasi pollui 
consulatum credebant. Sail. 

Nee supplex turba timebant judicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice 
tuti. Ovid. 

§ 23. In like manner do the genitives unius, solius, ifiso- 
rum, etc. also the pronoun qui, often agree with the 
noun implied in the possessive pronouns mens, tuus, etc. 
asj 

Mea unius opera. Tua ipsius culpa. 

Vestras omnium voluntati parui. Cic. 

Ex unius tua vitam pendere omnium intelligit. Ibid. 

Aves fetus suos libero cxlo suaeque (i. e, fetuumque) ipsorum fi- 
ducix permittunt. Quint. * 

Nunt tua defuuclae molliter ossa cubent. Ovid. 

Cum mea nemo scripta legat, vulgo recitare timentis. Hor. 

Noster duorum eventus ostendet, utra gensbello sit melior. Liv. 

Nee mea verba legis, qui sum submotus ad Istrum. Ovid. 

Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio 
prseditum, Ter. 

Quid plura de tua insolentia commemorem, quern Minerva omnes 
artes edocuit. Sail. 

Nostrum (i. e. meum) consilium laudandum est, qui meos cives 
servis armatis objici noluerim. Cic. 

§ 24. The'verbs of naming, and particularly the verb 
sum, as also the relative qui sometimes agree with the 
predicate, or the noun put in apposition, as : 

Omnia pontus erat. Ovid. 

Vestet, quas geritis, sordida lana/wtV. Ibid. 

Prsecipuum auxilium erat (i. e. erant illi), qui subibant aquam. 

Curt. 
Possedere hca quae proximo Cartbaginem Numidia appellatur. 

Sail. 
Non omnis error stultitia dicenda est. Cic. 

Omne9 Belgas, quam tertiam esse Gallia: partem dixeramus. Caes. 
Gladiatores, quam sibi ille maximam manum fore putavit, potcs- 
tate nostra continebuntur. Cic. 

Turn convcnticula hominum, qaas postea civitates nominal* sunt, 
turn domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus. Cic. 

16 



182 APPENDIX. 

Quod ministerium fuerat, ars haberi coepta est. Liv. 

Loca fori appellati (sunt). Ibid. 

Gens universa Veneti appellati. Ibid. 

Mittendo in vicos Cenomanorum Brixiamque, quod caput gentis 
erat. Ibid. 

Amantium irse amoris integratio est. Ter. 

Paupertas mihi onus visum est et miserum et grave. Ibid. 

Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum adpellatur. Sail. 

Animal hoc acutum, quern vocamus hominem. Cic. 

Hominem, quod principium reliquarum rerum esse voluit, genera- 
vit et ornavit Deus. Ibid. 

§ 25. The pronouns Aicr, Hie, is, quis, etc. generally 
agree with their predicate, as: 

JSaque ipsa fuit causa belli. Liv. 

Hicfons, hoc principium est movendi. Cic. 

Nunc vero, quae tua est ista vita? Cic. 

Lentulus magistratu se abdicavit; ut qua religio C. Mario — non fue- 
rat, quo minus C. Glaucium praetorem occideret, ea nos reUgione, in 
privato Lentulo puniendo, liberaremur. Ibid. 

Qui nisi exeunt, scitote hoc futurum seminarium Catilinarium. 

Ibid. 

Hoc opus, hie labor est. Virg. 

Hie labor extremus, longarum hcec meta viarum. Ibid. 

Eas divitias, earn bonam famam puiabant. Sail. 

Quae enim pertinacia est quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia videri 
potest. Cic. 

§ 26. The relative pronouns are strictly speaking ad- 
jectives, agreeing with their substantives understood ; 
hence 

I. We often find the antecedent expressed with the pro- 
noun, as : 

Diem dicunt, qua die conveniant. Caes. 

Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus exire possent. Ibid. 
Ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant. Ibid. 
Erant haec ex eo genere, quod ego maxime genus reperire cupie- 
bam. Cic. 

II. The antecedent is often omitted, and the pronoun 
is attended by its substantives, as : 

Quae prima arbos vellitur, huic (arbori) guttse liquuntur. Virg. 
Urbem quam statuo, vestra est. Ibid. 
Sub qua nunc recubas arbore, virga fuit. Ovid. 
Hinc tibi, quae semper vicino ab limite sepes Hyblaei?, etc. i. e. 
hinc tibi sepes vicino ab limite, quae semper Hyblaeis, etc. Virg. 
Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae monstra ferunt. 

Ibid. 



APPENDIX. 183 

Quis non malarum, quas amor curas habet, haec inter obliviscitur. 

Hor. 

Reperiebat etiam Caesar, quod proelium equestre'adversum paucis 
ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae a Dumnorige atque ejus 
equitibus factum esse. Cses. 

Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur. Ibid. 

Ut quam exspectationem tui hlc concitasti, hanc sustinere possis. 

Cic 

Ad quas igitur res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabi- 
mus. Ibid. 

Quotus enim istud quisque fecisset, ut a quibus partibus cum cru- 
delitate esset ejectus, ad eas ipsas rediret. Ibid. 

In quern primum egressi sunt locum, Troja vocatur. Liv. 

III. The antecedent seems sometimes to be attracted 
by the relative, as : 

Urbem, quam statuo, vestra est. Virg. 

Eunuchum, quem dedisti nobis, quantas dedit turbas? Terent. 
Naucratem, quem convenire volui, in navi non erat. Plaut. 
Sedistum, quem quaeris, ego sum. Ibid* 

IV. The pronoun sometimes differs from its antecedent 
in gender, or number, as : 

Si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, quae (scil. tempora) 
multa sunt. Cic. 

Nullis in aliis nisi de republica sermonibus versatus sum: quae (scil. 
negotia for qui sermones) nee possunt scribi nee scribenda sunt. Ibid. 

In otio et abundantia earum rerum, quae (scil. negotia) prima mor- 
tales ducunt. Sail. 

Testarum suffragiis, quod (scil. negotium) illi ostracismum vocant. 

Nep. 

Thus we often find qua and ed agreeing with fiarte, or 
via understood, as : 

Lapideo muro urbem, qua (ex parte) nondum munierat, cingere 
parat. Liv. 

Romani, ad omnes aditus stationibus firmatis, qua signa ferri vide- 
bant, ea robore virorum opposito, scandere hostem sinunt. Ibid. 

In templum ipse, nescio qua (via) adscendit. Cic. 

Sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat. 5a//. 

Locum hostibus introeundi dedit; eaque Numidae cuncti irrupere. 

Ibid. 

Reliquum spatium, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet. Cses. 

Ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta ruunt. Virg. 

V. The relative often takes the adjective belonging to 
its antecedent or substantive, as : 

Vulnera, quae plurima accepit. Virg. 
Moenia, quae magna statues. Ibid. 



184 APPENDIX. 

Defessi -Eneadae, quae proxima litora cursu contendunt petere. 

Ibid. 
Praeceptis Heleni, quae maxima dederat. Ibid, 
Vasa ea, quae pulcherrima viderat. Cic 
De caeteris operibus, quae sua penes ilium essent. Ibid. 

§ 27. Singular, though frequent, particularly with Ci- 
cero, are these expressions: qui meus est amor, quae tua 
est humanitas, etc.; these idioms may be explained by 
supplying the antecedent pro amore, pro humanitate, or 
secundum amorem, etc., as: 

Quodsi mini permisisses, qui meus amor in te est, confecissem, etc. 
i. e. quodsi mihi permisisses, pro amore, or secundum amorem, qui 
meus amor in te est, confecissem. Cic, 

Cognitum per te ipsum, (secundum naturam) quae tua natura est, 
dignum tua amicitia judicabis. Ibid. 

Quodsiquis etiatn inferis sensus est, qui illiusin te amor fuit, pie- 
tasque in omnes suos, hoc certe ilia te facere non vult; i. e. quod si 
quis etiam inferis sensus est pro illius (scil. filiae tuae) in te amore, 
proque pietate in omnes suos, etc. Cic. 

Quaecunque de tua dignitate ab imperatore erunt impetranda, qua 
est humanitate Caesar, facillimum erit ab eo tibi ipsi impetrare. Ibid. 

So also, egregie scipsisti, quae tua est doctrina. Prse- 
clare dixit, quod illius est ingenium,i. e. pro suo ingenio. 

Qui, quae, quod, often has is, ea, id, superfluously be- 
fore it, as: 

Et, id quod difficilius putatur, sapientius tulit secundam quam ad- 
versam fortunam. Nep. 

Si nos, id quod maxime debet, nostra patria delectat. Cic. 
Pontifex proponebat tabulam; — ii qui annales maximi nominantur. 

Ibid. 

§ 28. The preposition cum has sometimes the import 
of a copulative conjunction, as: 

Dux cum principibus capiuntur. Liv. 

Demosthenes cum caeteris in exilium erant expulsi. Nep. 

Dux hostium C. Herennius cum urbe Valentia etexercitu deleti. 

Sail. 
Juba cum Labieno capti in potestatem Cxsaris venerunt. Hirt. 
Vacca et capella et patiens ovis injuria^ sqcii fuere cum hone in 
saltibus. Fhscdr. 



Singular appears the following: 

Ego populusque Romanus populis pi 
lico facioque. Liv. 

But ego (the herald) and fiofiulw are put iu apposition. 



Ego populusque Romanus populis priscorum Latinorum bellum 
indico facioque. Liv. 



APPENDIX. 185 

§ 29. Substantives singular, connected by a disjunctive 
conjunction, sometimes take a plural adjective or verb, as: 

Fabricius Aristidesve justi nominantur. Cic. 
Haec si neque ego neque tu fecimus. Terent. 

§ 30. Proper names of towns are sometimes put in the 
genitive by Rule VI. instead of agreeing with the appel- 
lative, as: 

Urbs Patavii. Virg. Urbs Buthroti. Ibid. In Oppido Anti- 
ochiae. Cic. So also, amnis Eridani. Virg. 

§31. There seems sometimes to be a redundant appo- 
sition, as: 

Porcum saxo silice percussit. Liv. CEnotrii coluere viri. Virg. 
Gallt homines. Cic. So also, turbo ventus. 

Singular are the following appositions: 

Pictores et poetae (for pictorum et poetarum) suum quisque opus 
a vulgo considerari vult. Cic. 

Onerarix (for onerariarum navium) pars maxima ad JEgimurum, — 
aliae adversus urbem ipsam delatse sunt. Liv. 

Galli transalpine tria millia hominum in Italiam transgressi. Ibid. 

Galli in forum perveniunt, inde dilapsi ad prxdam, pars in proxl- 
ma ruunt, pars ultima petunt. Ibid. 

Dux filiae harum, altera occisa, altera capta est. Caes. 

§ 32. The possessive pronouns are sometimes used in- 
stead of the personal, or in a passive sense, as: 

Vos in mea (i. e. mei, vel in me) injuria despecti estis. Sail. 

Neque cuiquam mortalium injuria suae (i. e. in se) parvac viden- 
tur. Ibid. 

Neque negligentia tua (i. e. tui) neque id odio fecit tuo(i. e. adver- 
sus te.) Terent. 

Lacrymis opplet os totum sibi, ut facile scires, desiderio id fieri 
tuo (i. e. tui.) Ibid. 

Hence we say: mea cau&d, for my sake; tua gratia, etc. 
Singular are the following genitives: 

Vulnere tardus Ulyssis (i. e. accepto ab Ulysse.) Virg. 
Defectores patris sui (i. e. a patre suo.) Tac. 
Expositis copiis omnique apparatu urbium oppugnandarum (i. e. 
ad urbes oppugnandas.) Ibid. 

§ 33. To the neuter adjectives, governing a genitive, 
may be added the following: 

Angusta viarum, opaca locorum, telluris operta. Virg. Abdita 
rerum, vana rerum, acuta belli, amara curarum. Hor. Antiqua 

16* 



186 APPENDIX, 

foederum, extrema periculorum, incerta fortunse. Liv. Inania famae, 
cuncta camporum, cuncta curarum, occulta saltuum, inania famae, 
amoena Asiae. Tac. Profunda camporum, ardua montium, praerupta 
collium. Just. Diversa gentium terrarumque. Flor. Pleraque re- 
rum humanarum. Sail. 

The adverb quoad, as much as, often has the gen. 
ejus, as: 

Quoad ejus facere poteris. Cic. Quoad ejus sine bello posset. Liv. 

§ 34. When genitives, of which the one governs the 
other, are transposed, they often cause trouble to a no- 
vice in the language, as: 

Fratris hie films erat regis; i. e. hie erat filius fratris regis. Liv. 

Cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentiae nobilitatis supra dixi- 
mus. Sail. 

More difficult are the following: 

Juvabit tamen rerum gestarum memoriae principis terrarum populi 
pro virili parte et me ipsum consuluisse, here the order is: consul - 
uisse memoriae rerum gestarum populi principis terrarum. Liv. 

Quinqueremis Romana — duas triremes (Carthaginienses) suppres- 
sit, unius praelata impetu lateris alterius remos detersit; the order is: 
(quinqueremis) praelata impetu detersit remos alterius lateris unius 
(sell, triremis.) 

§ 35. The genitive terrse is sometimes used for humi t 
as: 

Sternituf et toto projectus corpore terrae. Virg. Procumbere 
terrae. Ovid. 

§ 36. Verbal substantives sometimes take the case of 
the verbs, from which they are derived, instead of the 
genitive, as: 

Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus institutisque populorum. 

Cic. 

Quid tibi hue receptio ad te est meum virum (i. e. mei viri) ? Plant. 

Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem? Ibid. 

Domura reditionis spe sublata. Cses. 

§ 37. The superlative often agrees in gender with the 
subject instead of the genitive, as: 

Indus, qui est omnium fluminum maximus. Cic. 
Est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt. 

Terent. 

§ 08. The superlative is sometimes used in speaking of 
two, as: 

Stirpis (scil. duorum fratrum) maximus. Liv. 



APPENDIX. 187 

§ 39. The partitive is sometimes omitted, as: 

Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium (scil. unus). Hor. 
Cedo signum, si harum Baccharura es (scil. una). Plant. 

§ 40. Omnes and cuncti sometimes govern the geni- 
tive, as: 

Attalus Macedonum fere omnibus persuasit. Liv. 
Cunctos hominum. Ovid. 

The adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, which ge- 
nerally govern theablative,takesometimes the genitive, as: 

Suscipe cogitationem dignissimam tuae virtutis. Cic. 
"Descendam magnorum haud unquam indignus avorum. Pirg. 
Nee jamlibertatis contentos. Liv. 

§ 41. In the following and like phrases, the genitive 
seems to be governed by negotium understood, which with 
esse may be translated by to conduce. 

Qui utrisque utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatfs essent. Liv. 

Quara concordiam dissolvendae maxime tribunitiae potestatis rentur 
esse. Ibid. 

Regium imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augen- 
dae reipublicae fuerat. Sail. 

Quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi cognovit. Ibid. 

§ 42. To the genitives of the value may also be referred 
sequi and boni, as : 

Non acqui bonique facimus. Liv. 

Quae quanquam misisse pudet, quia parva videntur, 

Tu tamen haec, quaeso, consule missa boni. Ovid. 

§ 43. Many verbs, that otherwise take the accusative or 
the ablative with or without a preposition, are sometimes 
used with the genitive, either in imitation of the Greek, 
or some substantive is understood such as negotium, or a 
substantive is implied in the verb, as : 

Justitisene (causa) prius mirer belline laborum. Virg. 
Ne tui quidem testimonii veritus. Cic. 

Et qua pauper aquse Danaus agrestium regnavit (i. e. fuit rex) 
populorum. Hor. 

Tempus desistere (de negotio) pugnae. Virg. 

Desine mollium tandem querelarum. Hor. 

Abstineto, dixit, irarum calidxque rixae. Ibid. 

Purgantes civitatem (de crimine) omnis facti dictique hostilis. Liv. 

Et morbi miror purgatum te illius. Hor. 

Neque illi 
Sepositi ciceris, nee longae invidit avenae. Ibid. 



188 APPENDIX. 

Pelopis parens 
Dulci laborum decipitur sono. Ibid. 
Nee veterum memini lsetorve maloruin. Virg. 
Pendet animi. Cie. 
Audio te animi angi. Ibid. 
Hx res vitse me saturant. Plant. 
Discrucior animi. Ibid. 
Me omnium laborum levas. Ibid, 
Fallebar sermonis. Ibid. 
Fastidit mei. Ibid. 
Adipisceretur dominationis. Tac. 

§ 44. The verb, on which the dative depends, is some- 
times implied in the substantive, as : 

Ne qua exprobratio (facta) cuiquam veteris fortune discordiam 
sererett Liv. 

Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus institutisque populorum. 
Cic. 

§ 45. The dative sometimes seems to depend on afitus 
or idoneus understood, as: 

Ad me detulerunt sumptus decerni legatis nimis magnos, cum sol- 
vendo (aptse) civitatesnon essent. Cic. 

Ut divites conferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent. Liv. 
Quae restinguendo igni forent. Ibid. 
Radix ejus est vescendo. Plin. 
Respublica est gratise referenda. Liv. 

§ 46. The pronoun Idem like avroq in the Greek, takes 
sometimes the dative, as : 

Invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti. Hor. 
Homerus eadem aliis sopitus quiete est. Lucr. 
Eadem facit turpi. Ibid. 
Nonne tibi faciendum idem sit nihil dicenti? Cic. 

§ 47. The dative is often used for the accusative and 
the preposition ad, or afiud, as : 

It clamor coelo (i. e. ad coelum.) Virg. 
Sedibus hunc ante refer suis. Ibid. 
Durate et vosmet rebus sersate secundis. Ibid. 
Belloque animos accendit agrestes. Ibid. 
Me Albani ducem bello gerendo creavere. Liv. 
Decemviros legibus scribendis creavimus. Ibid. 
Quod te mihi (i. e. apud me) de Sempronio purgas. Cic. 
Velle Pompeium se Cxsari purgatum. Cass. 
Uti me purgarem tibi. Plant. 

Varroni (i. e. apud Varronem) memineris excusare tarditatem lite- 
rarum mearum. Cic. 



APPENDIX. 189 

Ut te mihi excusaret. Cic. 

Mihi quidem Scipio vivit, vivetque semper. Cic. 

§ 48. The dative, in imitation of the Greek, is some- 
times used for the ablative with the preposition a, ab, 
cum, or in, as : 

Non cernitur ulli (i. e. ab ullo). Virg. 

Nulla tuarum audita mihi, neque visa sororum. Ibid. 

Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Ibid. 

Barbarus hie ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli. Ovid. 

Nunquam enim prsestantibus in republica gubernanda viris lauda- 
ta est in una sententia perpetua permansio. Cic. 

Honesta enim bonis viris, non occulta, quxruntur. Ibid. 

Ab hs ips"is, quibus tenetur respublica. Ibid. 

Komanis quoque ab eodem prodigio novendiale sacrum publice 
susceptum est. Liv. 

Ssepe antea paucis strenuis adversum multitudinem bene pugna- 
tum esse. Sail. 

Scrub eris Vario. Hor. 

Illi, scripta quibus comoedia prisca viris est, hoc stabant. Ibid. 

Solus tibi (i. e. tecum) certet Amyntas. Virg. 

Placidoque pugnabis amori? Ibid. 

Africum decertantem Aquilonibus. Ibid. 

Stat conferrc manum iEne». Ibid. 

Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum. Hor. 

Tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris. Ibid. 

Sed non ut placidis coeant immitia. Ibid. 

Lateri (i. e. in Latere) capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Virg. 

Qui ita se Uteris abdiderunt. Cic. 

§ 49. Jubeo and dejicio instead of the accusative some- 
times take the dative, as : 

Militibus suis jussit. Cass. 

Hse mihi literac jubent reverti. Cic. 

Quum tela nostris deficerent. Cass. 

§ 50. Besides the verb sum, other verbs take two da- 
tives in phrases of naming, as : 

Cui Egerio inditum nomen. Liv. 
Artificibus nomen histrionibus inditum. Ibid. 
Illi tardo cognomen pingui damus. Hor. 

§ 51. The participles exosua and fieroaua govern the 
accusative, as : 

Jupiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos. Virg. 
Juvenem exosum bella. Ibid. 
Lucemque perosi projecere animas. Ibid. 

Plebs consulum nomen haud secus quam regnum perosa erat. 

Liv. 



190 APPENDIX. 

Fertxsus takes the accusative, or genitive, as : 

Pertsesus vitam. Just. 
Lentitudinis eorum pertacsa. Tac. 

§ 52. Additional examples of verbs governing an accu- 
sative of their own, or like signification. 

Quo tutiorem vitam sese meo prsesidio victuros esse arbitrarentur. 

Cic. 
Magna voce juravi verissimum atque pulcherrimum jusjurandum. 

Ibid. 
Ut suum gaudium gauderemus. Ibid. 
Hoc bellum a consulibus pugnatum (esse) quidam auctores sunt. 

Liv. 
Claram pugnare pugnam. Ibid. 
Vitam duram, quam vixi, mitto. Terent. 
Hunc scio mea solide gavisurum esse gaudia. Ibid. 
Quia consimilem luserat jam olim ille ludum. Ibid. 
Proelium male pugnatum. Sull. 
Fortuna ludum insolentem ludere pertinax. Hor. 
Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem. Virg. 

§ 53. Neuter verbs used as active verbs. 

Ideo bene olent, quia nihil olent. Cic. 
Orationes redolentes antiquitatem. Ibid. 
Vina fere dulces oluerunt mane Camenae. Hor. 
Pastillos Rufillus olet, Gorgonius hircum. Ibid. 
Quis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiem crepat? Ibid. 
Qui Curios'simulant, et Bacchanalia vivunt (i. e. vivendo agunt.) 

Juven. 

So also : 

Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur (i. e. motu agit.) 

Hor. 

§ 54. Sometimes the accusative may be explained by a 
preposition, as : (ob) quid clamas ? — (ob) quid rides? 

Num (ob) id lacrymat virgo? Terent. 

Clinia hanc si deperit. Ibid. 

Qui (ob) meum casum luctumque doluerunt. Cic. 

Si Xerxes (per) maria ambulavisset, terram navigasset. Ibid. 

Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin. Virg. 

Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor. Ibid. 

Maria asp era juro. Ibid. 

(Per) stygias juravimus undas. Ovid. 

I Hence juratus, sworn by. 

§ 55. The accusative is sometimes governed by a verb 
understood : 



APPENDIX. 191 

I. When the verb is in another part of the sentence, 
and need only be repeated, as : 

Eventum senatus, quern videbitur (scil. dare), dabit. Liv. 
Ut, quem videretur, mitteret. Ibid. 

II. When speaking in an affect, as : Quid multa? i. e. 
propter quid dicam multa ? — so also : Quid ? quod, etc. 
i. e. quid dicam de hoc, quod, etc. as : 

Quid, quod salus sociorum summum in periculum vacatur? Cic. 
Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? Ibid. 

III. In exclamations, whether with, or without an in- 
terjection, as : 

Ah me miserum ! Ter. 
Me miseram ! Ibid. 
O nos beatos! O rempublicam fortunatam ! O prxclaram laudem 
consulatus mei ! Cic. 

O foeditatem hominis flagitiosam! O impudentiam, nequitiam, libi- 
dinem non ferendam ! Ibid. 

Pendere poenas Cecropidee jussi, miserum! septena quotannis cor- 
pora. Virg. 

In these and the like phrases we may supply asjiice, as- 
/licit e, or videte. 

In imitation of the Greek, a verb has sometimes an ac- 
cusative, which should be the nominative to the fol- 
lowing verb, as : 

Aut (se) rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, 
timere dicebant; i. e. aut, ut res frumentaria satis, etc. Cues. 

Nosti Marcellum, quam tardus et parum efficax sit, itemque Ser- 
vium, quam cunctator. Cic. 

Istam nunc times, ne ilium talem tibi prxripiat. Terent. 

Scin' me, in quibus sim gaudiis? Ibid. 

Ilium, ut vivat, optant. Ibid. 

§ 56. Adjectives of dimension seem sometimes to go- 
vern the genitive of the measure, whilst they are added 
merely to show, whether it is the measure of length or 
breadth or height; for we say : 

Abies octo cubitorum in altitudine. Plin. 

Platanus longitudine XV cubitorum, crassitudine quatuor ulna- 
rum. Ibid. 
Fossam XX pedum latam (i. e. in latitudine) duxit. Cass. 
Musculum pedum LX longum facere instituerunt. Ibid. 
Antecedebat testudo pedum LX. Ibid. 
Vallum XII pedum exstruxit. Ibid. 



192 APPENDIX. 

§ 57. Some adjectives, verbs, and particularly the par- 
ticiples of the perfect passive have often an accusative, 
governed by the preposition ad, with regard of, under- 
stood, as ; 

Nudus (ad) membra Pyracmon. Virg. 
Omnia Mercurio similis. Ibid. 
Ilia velut crimen tzedas exosa jugales, 
Pulchra verecundo suffunditer ora rubore. Ovid. 
Tollentemque minas et sibila collatumentem. Virg. 
Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. Ibid. 
Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro. Ibid. 
Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit. Ibid. 
Non ilia colo, calathisve Minervse femineas adsueta manus. Ibid. 
Et picti scuta Labici. Ibid. 
Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. Ibid. 
Nunc viridi membra sub arbuto stratus. Hor. 
Miles jam fractus membra labore. Ibid. 
Sepes Hyblxis apibus florem depasta salicti. Virg. 
Pascuntur vero sylvas et summa Lycxi, horrentesque rubos, et 
amantes ardua dumos. Ibid. 

Hither may be referred the verbs of clothing, which 
the poets often used in the passive voice with an accusa- 
tive, as ; 

Inutile ferrum 

Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes. Virg. 
Qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis. Ibid. 

§ 58. The adverbs circitcr, fir o fie, versus, usque, simul, 
and procul, have sometimes an accusative, or ablative, 
governed by a preposition understood, as ; 

Circiter (ad) meridiem exercitum reduxit. Cass. 

Prope hostium castra. Ibid. 

Ne proprius se castra moverent, petierunt. Ibid. 

Proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. Sail. 

JEgyptum versus. Sail. 

Corpora usque pedes carbaso velant. Curt. 

Pridie (ante) Calendas, — Pridie eum diem. Cic. 

Postridie (post) Calendas, Nonas, Idus. Liv. 

Postridie ludos. Cic. 

Simul (cum) nobis habitat. Ovid. 

Simul his te, candide Furni. Hor. 

Procul (ab) oppido. — Procul coetu. — Procul dubio. Liv. 

Here may be added the following: 

Epistola voluminis (ad) instar. Cic. 

Argolici clypei, aut Phoebese lampadis instar. Virg. 



APPENDIX. 193 

Chrysippus et stoici (ad) maximam partem in his partiendis occu- 

pati sunt. Cic. 
Maximam partem lacte et pecore vivunt. Cses. 
Propior (ad) montem. Sail. 
Proximus finem. Liv. 

Si hominem (ad) id aetatis diutius tenuisset. Cic. 
Quid tibi aetatis vide or ? Plant. 
Idne estis auctores mihi? Terent. 
Quos ego jam multis viris ad me venturos id temp oris esse dixe- 

ram. Cic. 

§ 59. The following examples may be added to Rule 
XX. 

Ego flumen Mulucham non egrediar. Sail. 

Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilanti exit. Virg. 

Custodes suos praecedere coepit. Just. 

Eamque conveniam. Cic. 

Ut urbem excederent Volsci. Liv. 

Qui societatem coieris cum alienissimis. Cic. 

Ut beneficio praevenirent desiderium plebis. Liv. 

Turnus ut antevolans tardum praecesserat agmen. Virg. 

Efficiendum est, ut appetitus rationi obediant, eamque neque pr?e- 

currant. Cic. 
Praei verba, quibus me devoveam. Liv. 
Civitatem, quae doctrina praestaret omnes. Nep. 
Ut famam sui praeiret. Tac. 
Praecurrit amicitia judicium. Cic. 
Aridaeus, Philippo genitus, praeteritura vobis. Curt. 
Ne ab eo circumveniretur. Cses. 
Inimicitiae subeantur. Ibid. 
Se conveniri non vult. Ibid. 

Thus we say also : 

Nunc tertia vivitur aetas. Ovid. 
Nox est dormienda. Catul. 
Tota mihi dormitur hyems. Mart. 
In republica multa peccantur. Cic. 

§ 60. De is sometimes suppressed when signifying 
with respect to, as ; 

Quid (de) hoc homine faciatis? Cic. 

Quidcapta Capua feceritis? Liv. 

Quid illo net? Cic. 

Volo erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio. Plaut. 

In the like phrases de is also expressed : 

Quid deTulliolamea net? Cic. 

Siquidde eo (i. e. Pompeio) factum esset. Ibid. 

17 



194 APPENDIX. 

The preposition cum is generally omitted, unless it de- 
notes company or concomitance, as ; to sfieak, to go, to 
contend, to labour, to live, to be, etc., with somebody. 
The concomitance may appear from the following: 

Homo deprehensus cum sica. Cic. 
Semper magno cum metu dicere incipio. Ibid. 
Magna cum cura fines tuentur. Caes. 
Cum imperio esse. Cic. 
Sedere cum tunica. Ibid. 
Cum prima luce. Ibid. 
Salinum cum sale. Plant. 
Venire cum febri. Cic. 
Porcus cumhumano capite. Liv. 
Convenire cum silentio. Ibid. 
Quid mihi cum re? Cic. 
Cum his dictis redit. Liv. 

Nisi sustinuistis eos, qui cum facibus ad curiam concurrerunt, cum 
falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Cic. 

Of the innumerable cases in which the preposition in 
is omitted I shall give a few : 

Terra marique bellum intulit. Nep. 

Milites stativis castris habebat. Sail. 

Medio sedium sellis eburneis sedere. Liv. 

Res vestrse quo statu sunt. Ibid. 

Res neque nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse, et fuisset facillimo. 

Cic. 
Navita puppe sedens. Ovid. 
Medio tutissimus ibis. Ibid. 
It nigrum campis agmen. Virg. 

§ 61. Prdeditus, ortus, etc. are often suppressed, as; 

Lentulum nostrum (praeditum de) eximia spe, summacque virtutis 

adolescentem. Cic. 
Hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summaque potentia. Sail. 
Interfectus est C. Gracchus (ortus a) clarissimo patre, avo, majori- 

bus. Cic. 

The adverb, or indeclinable adjective macte takes the 
ablative, as ; 

Macte nova virtute puer, sic itur ad astra. Virg. 
Juberem macte virtute esse, si pro mea patria ista virtute stare 

Liv. 
Macte virtute ac pietate esto. Ibid. 



APPENDIX. 195 

§ 62. Aftar filus, am/ilius, minus, major, and minor, 
quam is elegantly suppressed, as ; 

Plus (quam) annum aeger fuisset. Liv. 
Hostium plus quinque millia caesi eo die. Liv. 
Homini misero plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi. Terent. 
Plus (quam) satis. Ibid. 
Plus millies audivi. Ibid. 
Amplius sunt sex menses. Cic. 

In eo praelio non amplius quingentos cives desideravit. Caes. 
Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam falle dolo. Virg. 
Constabat non minus ducentos equites fuisse. Liv. 
Minus decern tribunus facere. Ibid. 

Obsides ne minores octonum denum annorum, neu majores qui- 
num quadragenum. Ibid. 

Navis minor duum millium amphorum. Cic. 
Longius ab urbe mille passuum. Liv. 

The measure of excess is sometimes expressed by 
the adverbs tantum, quantum, etc. as: 

Ejus frater aliquantum est ad rem avidior. Terent. 
Quantum domo inferior, tantum gloria superior. Vol. 

§ 63. Alius takes sometimes like a comparative the ab- 
lative, as: 

Nee quidquam aliud libertate communi (i. e. quam libertatem, etc.) 
quaesivimus. Cic. 

Neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum. Hot. 

Aut alius Lysippo duceret sera. Ibid. 

Quodsi accusator alius Sciano ^i. e. quam Scianus) foret. Phsedr. 

§ 64. The preposition cum is sometimes omitted, though 
there is concomitance, particularly when speaking of 
troops, as: 

Ad castra Caesaris (cum) omnibus copiis contenderunt. Caen. 
Caesar subsequebatur omnibus copiis. Ibid. 
Consul profectus apto exercitu. Liv. 

Obvius fit ei Clodius expeditus, (cum) nulla rheda, nullis impedi- 
mentis, nullis comitibus. Cic. 

§ 65. Persons, when constituting the instrument or 
cause, generally take the preposition per or ob; yet we 
find them sometimes in the ablative, as: 

Servos, quibus sylvas publicas depopulatus erat. Cic. 
Destiti Inachia furere. Hor. 



196 APPENDIX. 

§ 66. The preposition cum is sometimes expressed with 
the instrument, as; 

Terrificam capitis concussit (Jupiter) terque quaterque cacsariem, 
cum qua terrain, mare, sidera movit. Ovid. 
Vehicula cum culeis onusta. Plin. 
Juga cum loris ornata. Cato. 

§ 67. Utor, abutor,fruor, etc. sometimes govern the ac- 
cusative, as; 

Uteris, ut voles, operam meam. Plant. 
Mea, quae praeter spem evenere, utantur. Terent. 
Omnia utenda tradiderat. Cic. 
In prolog-is scribendis uperain abutitur. Terent. 
Non licet meo modo ingenium frui. Ibid. 

Inteltigitur tenendum esse ejus (i. e. voluptatis) fruendae mo- 
dum. Cic. 
Neque liberalis functus officium viri est. Terent. 
Datames militare munus fungens. Nep. 
Ad munus suum fungendum. Cic. 

Gentem aliquam urbem nostram potituram putem. Ibid. 
Qui summam imperii potirentur. Nep. 
Hie potitur gaudia. Terent. 
Si caprinum jecur vescantur. Plin. 
Vescuntur infirmissimos. Tac. Singulos. Phsedr. 

§ 68. The infinitive is sometimes used in narrations for 
the imperfect indicative, which some grammarians ex- 
plain by c<£/ii,c(£fieram> or fiottram understood, as; 

Interim Caesar JEduos frumentum flagitare. Cxs. 

Ita educati venando peragrare circa saltus. Liv. 

Haerere homo, versari, rub ere. Cic. 

Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 

Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. Virg. 

Milites neque pro opere consistere, neque inter vineas sine peri- 
culo administrare; optimus quisque cadere, aut sauciari: caeteris 
metusaugeri. Sail. 

§ 69. The infinitive is sometimes used after adjectives, 
chiefly by poets, as; 

Roma facilis capi. Lucan. 

Indocilis pauperiem pati. Hor. 

Audax omnia perpeti. Ibid. 

Scgnesque nodum solvere Gratiae. Ibid. 

Solers nunc hominem ponere, nunc Deum. Ibid. 

Quo non felicior alter 

IJngere tela manu, ferrumque armare veneno. Virg, 
Moesta fuit civitas, vinci insueta. Liv. 



APPENDIX. 197 

§ 70. The infinitive is sometives used after substantives 
instead of the gerund in di, as; 

Iniit consilia reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere. JNep. 
Magnam Molestiam suscepit Chrysippus r.eddere rationem fabu- 
larum. Cic. 
Potestas erat sese levare gravissima infamia. Ibid. 
Nunc tempus est hujus libri finem facere. Nep. 
Poscere fata tempus (est). Virg. 

§ 71. Instead of the dative, the gerund in dum takes 
sometimes the ablative with the preposition a, or ab, to 
avoid ambiguity, as: 

Aguntur bona civium, quibus est a vobis consulendum. Cic. 

§ 72. The gerund in di often takes the genitive plural 
instead of the case of its verb, as: 

Ex majore copia nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas. Cic. 
Agitur, utrum Antonio facultas detur agrorum suis latronibus con- 
donandi. Ibid. 

Vereor, nequis me hoc vestri adhortandi causa loqui existimet. Liv. 
Permissa licentia diripiendi pomorum. Suet. 

The personal pronoun sui is thus frequently used, as: 

Doleo tantam Stoicos vestros Epicureis irridendi sui facultatem de' 
disse. Cic. 

Non tarn sui conservandi, quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendo 
rum causa profugemnt. Ibid. 

In castra venerunt sui purgandi gratia. Cass. 

Neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ibid. 

§73. A few verses, showing the different quantity, or 
signification of apparently similar words; 

Cantat acanthis avis, sed crescit acanthus in agris. 
Est acer in sylvis, equus acer Olympia vincit. 
Armus brutorum est, humerus ratione fruentum. 
Turbat asilus equos, miseros sucepit asylum. 
Dum sinit hora, canas; effoeto corpore canes. 
Grandaevique canis candescunt tergora canis. 
Hsec cassis galea est, hi.casses retia signant. 
Casside conde caput, capiuntur cassibus apri. 
Cedo facit cessi, cecidi cado, csedo cecidi. 
Qui sculpit cselat; servus abscondita celat. 
Clava ferit, clavus firmat, clavisque recludit. 
Pert ancilla colum, penetrat res humida colunt- 
Est cutis in carne; est detracta e corpore peliis. 
Cominus ense ferit, jaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
Comoedi scenam, comedones quaerite coenam. 
Vir comis multos comites sibi jungit amicos. 
Consulo te doctum? tibi consulo, dum tua euro. 
17* 



198 APPENDIX. 

Sanguis inest venis; cruor est de corpore fusus. 

Flat corns; saltatque chorus, vel carmina cantat. 

Deleoy quod scriptum est, sed flammam extinguo lucernac . 

Vin' tibi dicamus, cui carmina nostra dicemus? 

Educat hie catulos, ut eos educat in apros. 

Solvere diffidit, nodum qui diffidit ense. 

Haec Jicus Jici vel Jicus fructus et arbor; 

Hie Jicus Jici malus est in corpore morbus. 

Robustum fugio, fugientem saepe fugavi. 

Decepit me sxpe f return nimis aequore /return. 

Vir general, mulierque parity sed gignit uterque. 

Ales hirundo canit, nat hirudd, movetur arundo. 

Per quod quis peccat, per idem, punitur et idem. 

Difficilis labor est, sub cujus pondere labor. 

Levis adhuc puer est, levis autem sermo puellae. 

In sylvis lepores t in verbis quaere lepores. 

Non licet asse mihi, qui me non asse licetur. 

Sus sit arnica luto: lutum color aureus esto. 

Deceptura viros pingit mala femina malas. 

Mala mali malo meruit mala maxima mundo. 

Manibus ille patris manibus comportat arenam, 

Matrona est mulier quae dam, sed Matrona flumen. 

Es praeclarus homo, miseris si miseris aurum. 

Merx venit numis, onerantibus est data merces. 

Morio moralur, quocunque sub axe moratur. 

Nitere cum studio, si vis aliquando nitere. 

Vir nothus est spurius, notus auster, notus amicus. 

Nil ego scribo novi, quia novi nil nisi nota; 

Oblitus est vino, sed non oblitus amoris. 

Occidit latro, verum sol occidit almus. 

Opperior tardos, pannis operilur egenus. 

Os oris loquitur, sed os ossis roditur ore. 

Palus acutus inest terrae, stagnantque paludes. 

Uxoris parere et parere, parare mariti est. 

Pendere vult Justus, sed fur pendere recusat. 

Ludo pila, pilum contorqueo, pila columna est. 

Pro reti et regione plaga est, pro verb ere plaga. 

Sunt cives urbis populus, sed populus arbor. 

Est sine profeciu studiorum ex urbe profectus. 

Raparum rapina satus, raptusque rapiua. 

Pluribus ille refert, quae non cognoscere refert. 

Corpore robustum, sed dices pectore^rmwm. 

Ne sit securus qui non est tutus ab hoste. 

Sunt aetate senes: veteres vixere priores. 

Quae non sunt, simulo,- quae sunt, ea dissimulantur. 

Est in veste sinus, sinus vas lactis habetur. 

Hastam die teretem, sphaeram die esse rotundam. 

Filia sub titia nebat subtilia Jila. 

Tribula grana terit, tribuli nascuntur in agris. 

Vallamus proprie castra, at sepimus ovile. 



APPENDIX. 199 



Spondet vas vadis, at vas vasts continet escam. 
Pas caput, at nuraos tantum prses prxstat amicus. 
Merx venit numis, venit hue aliunde profectus. 
Venimus hesterna, ast hodierna luce venimus. 

Distichs. 

Pirosa est vitanda anguis, mulierque virosa. 

Hacc nota Grammatici non mihi nota fuit. 

Fide, sed ante vide,- qui fidit, nee bene vidit, 

Fallitur; ergo vide, ne capiare fide. 

Consortes fortuna eadem, socios labor idem, 

Unum collegas efficit officium. 

Sed caros faciunt schola, ludus, mensa sodales, 

Nullas ad amissas ibit amicus opes. 

Si qua sede sedes, atque est tibi commoda sedes,- 

Ilia sede sede, nee ab ilia sede recede. 

Prora prior, puppis pars ultima, et ima carina, 

Tergum hominis dorsum est; bellua tergus habet, 

Ungula conculcat; lacerat, tenet, arripit unguis. 

Gustat lingua cibum, qui bene cunque sapit. 



THE ROMAN CALENDAR. 

To the Question When ? 



1 


March, May, 


January, Aug- 


April, June, February, hav 




tl 


July, and Octo- 


ust, and De- 


September, an d ing 28 days, and 


II 


ber, having 31 


cember, having 


November, hav- every Uh year 




1. 


days. 


31 days. 


ing 30 days. 29. 




Calendis. 


Calendis. 


Calendis. 1 Calendis. 






yfi e. £. d. VI 

y Non.Mart. 
[or ante No- 


TV "^ ante No- 
j.j Cnas, of the 
j same mo. 


jy*^ ante No- 
m£.nas, of the 
j same mo. 


l V } *. d. IV 

HI r"^ 011, F eD 
j or an.N.F 




2. 
3. 




4. 


IV f nas, Mar- 


pridie Nonas. 


pridie Nonas. 


pridie Non . F. 




5. 


III | tias, Maias, 
J etc. 


Nonis. 


Nonis. 


Nonis Feb . 




6. 


pridie Nonas 
Mart. Maias etc. 


VIIH 
1 




VHP 




vnn 

a.d. 




7. 


Nonis Martiis, 


VII 1 


ante 


VII 


ante 


VII | VIII Id. 






etc. 


VI \ 


Idus 


VI > 


Idus 


[Febr. 
VI Cor ante 




8. 


VIir| a. d. VIII 


Januari- 


Apriles, 




9. 


VII 1 Id. Mart. 


V 


as, Sex- 


V 


etc. 


V j Idus 




10. 


VI J or Mai. 


IV 


tiles, etc. 


IV 




IV Febr. 




11. 


V J> or 


III ^ 




III j 




Ill J 




12. 


IV ante Idus 


pridie Idus of 


pridie Idus. 


pridie Idus 






1 Martias, 


the same mo. 




Febmarias. 




13. 


III J Mai. etc. 


Idibus Jan. etc 


Idibus. 


Idibus. 




14. 


pridie Idus 
Martias, Maias, 
etc. 


XIX " 


a.d. 


XVIII 


1 


xvr 


1 




15. 


Idibus Martiis, 
Maiis, etc. 


XVIII 


XIX 

Cal. 


XVII 




XV 






16. 


xvm 


a. d. 


XVII 


Febr. 


XVI 


a.d. 


XIV 


a.d. 




17. 


XVI 


XVII 


XVI 


Sept. 


XV 


XVIII 


XIII 


XVI 




18. 


XV 


Cal. 


XV 


etc. 


XIV 


Calen- 


XII 


Cal. 




19. 


XIV 


April, 


XIV 


or 


XIII 


darum 


XI >.Mart. 




20. 


XIII 


Jun. 


XIII 


I ante 
fCalen- 


XII >Maia- 


X 


or 




21. 


XII 


etc. or 


XII 


XI 


rum; 


IX 


Calen- 




22. 


XI 


ante Ca- 


XI 


das 


X 


or 


VIII 


das 




23. 


X )>lendas 


X 


Feb. or 


IX 


ante 


VII 


Martias. 




24. 


IX 


Apriles, 


IX 


any- 


VIII 


Calen- 


VI 






25. 


VIII 


or any 


VIII 


next 


VII 


das 


V 






26. 


VII 


next 


VII 


follow- 


VI 


Maias. 


IV 






27. 


VI 


follow- 


VI 


ing 


V 




HI J 






28. 


V 


ing 


V 


month. 


IV 




pridie Calendas 




29. 


IV 


month. 


IV 




HI . 




Martias. 




30. 


III J 




III - 




pridie Caienaas 


When the year 

ls bissextile, 




31. 


pridie Calendas cf the following- 


(of the follow- 






month; 'as; the 31st of March, 


ing- month.) 


the 14th is 






pridie Calendas Apriles; — 31st 




XVII ante Cal. 






of Jan. pridie Calendas Februa- 




Mart. 






rias. 









201 



VOCABULARY. 






Of the Abbreviations, take 

Sing, for singular. Peur. for plural. C. G. for common gender. 
Doubt, or d. g. for doubtful gender. Noun g. or gent, for na- 
tional noun. Noun pr. for noun proper. Dim. for diminutive. 
Monopt. for a noun of one syllable. Indecx. for indeclinable. 
Comp. for comparative, or comparisons. Act. for active verb. 
Pass, for passive verb. Neut. for neuter verb. Dep. for depo- 
nent verb. Defect, for defective verb. Freq_. for frequentative 
verb. Incept, for inceptive verb. Impers. for impersonal verb. 
Part, for participle. Axicujus rei for the gen. of the thing. 
Alicui for the dative of the person, or thing. Aeiq.uem for the 
accusative of the person. Aliquid for the accusative of the 
thing. Aliq.ua re for the ablative of the thing. 



A, for Aulas, noun prop. Aulus. 
A, ab, abs, prep. abl. from, by, 

in consideration of. 
Abdic-o, are, avi, atum, act. to 

renounce, to resign; abdicare 

se (a) magistratu, to resign an 

office. 
Abditus part, from 
Abd-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to re- 
move, to conceal. 
Ab-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. to 

go away, to depart. 
Abhorr-eo, ere, ui, neut. to abhor, 

to dislike; ab aliqua re. 
Abie-s, tis, f. a fir tree. 
Abjic-io, ere, abjec-i, turn, act. to 

cast away. 
Absced-o, ere, abscess-i, um, 

neut. to go away, to depart. 
Abscind-o, ere, absci-di, ssum, 

act. to cut off. 
Absconditus, part, of 
Abscond-o, ere, i. or idi, itum, act. 

to conceal. 
Absen-s, tis, adj. absent; me ab- 
sente, in my absence. 



Absolv-o, ere, i; absolutum, act. 
to acquit, discharge; aliquem 
criminis, or crimine. 

Absque, prep. abl. without. 

Abstinenti-a, ae, f. abstaining 
from, abstinence. 

Abstin-eo, ere, ui, abstentum, act. 
to keep from, to abstain. 

Absum, abesse, abfui, neut. to be 
absent. 

Absum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
consume. 

Abundanter, adv. abundantly, 
largely. 

Abundanti-a, x, f. plenty, abun- 
dance. 

Abunde, adv. abundantly, amply. 

Abund-o, are, avi, atum, neut. to 
abound, aliqua re. 

Abut-or, i, abusus sum, dep. to 
abuse, aliqua re. 

Abyss-us, i, f. the abyss. 

A. C. for anno currente, the pre- 
sent year. 

Ac. conj. and. 

Acanthi-s, dis, f. a little bird, that 



202 



ACA 



ACT 



sings very loud, perhaps the 
goldfinch. 

Acanth-us, i, m. the branch hir- 
cin, bearsfoot. 

Acced-o, ere, access-i, um, neut. 
to draw near. 

Accend-o, ere, i, nsum, act. to 
fire, to light up. 

Accidit, it happens, impers. from 
accido. 

Accid-o, ere, i, neut. to fall to, 
to happen. 

Accld-o, ere, i, cisum, act. to cut 
short, to clip. 

Accip-io, ere, accep-i, turn, act. 
to take, to receive. 

Accurate, adv. from accuratus. 

Accurat-us, a, um, adj. exact, 
done with care. 

Accusan-s, tis, part, of accuso. 

Accusator, is, m. an accuser. 

Accus-o, are, avi.atum, act. to ac- 
cuse: aliquem criminis vel cri- 
mine. 

Acer, or acr-is, is, e, adj. sharp, 
brisk. 

Acer, aceris, m. a maple-tree. 

Acern-us, a, um, adj. of maple 
wood. 

Achat-es, se, m. the faithful friend 
of iEneas. 

Acheron, tis, m. the son of Titan 
and Terra, who sunk down into 
hell, and there was changed 
into a river. 

Achill-es, is, m. the son of Peleus 
and Thetis, who being dipped 
by his mother in the river Styx, 
was invulnerable in every part 
except the right heel, in which 
he was mortally wounded by 
Paris. 

Aci-es, ei, f. the sharp edge, or 
point of any thing, an army, a 
battle. 

Acriter, adv. from acer. 

Act-a, orum, n. acts, exploits. 

Actxon, is, m. a celebrated hun- 
ter, who having accidentally 
seen Diana bathing, was chang- 



ed by her into a stag, and de- 
voured by his own hounds. 

Actio, onis, f. an action. 

Actor, is, m. an actor. 

Actus, part, of ago. 

Ac-us, us, f. a needle. 

Acute, adv. from 

Acutus, a, um, adj. sharp, acute, 
ingenious. 

A. D. for anno domini, in the 
year of the Lord, a. d. for ante 
diem; a. d. Ill Non. Mai. for 
ante diem tertium Nonas Maius. 

Ad, prep. ace. at, before. 

Adduc-o, ere, addu-xi, ctum, act. 
to lead to, to induce. 

Ad-eo, iri, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. 
and act. to go to, to approach. 

Adeo, adv. so. 

Adeptus, part, of adipiscor. 

Adhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
admit, use, apply. 

Adhort-or, ari, atus, dep. to ex- 
hort, encourage. 

Adhuc, adv. hitherto, as yet. 

Adipisc-or, i, adeptus, dep. to 
get, obtain. 

Adit-us, us, m. an access, way. 

Adjac-eo, ere, neut. to lie near, 
border upon. 

Adjic-io, ere, adjec-i, turn, act. 
to cast to, add. 

Adjunctus, part, of 

Adjung-o,ere,adjun-xi,ctum, act. 
to annex, to associate. 

Adjut-o, are, freq. act. to aid, 
to help. 

Adjutor, is, m. an aider, helper, 

Adjutus, part, of 

Adjuv-o, are, i, adjutum, act. to 
assist. 

Aministratio, nis, f. the manage- 
ment, care. 

Administr-o, are, avi, atum, act. 
to administer, manage. 

Admiratio, nis, f. wonder, ad- 
miration. 

Admir-or, ari, atus, dep. to ad- 
mire, to be surprised at. 

Admon-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 



ADM 



203 



put in mind, admonish; all- 
quern, alicujus rei, de aliqua re. 

Admov-eo, ere, i, motum, act. to 
move or bring- to. 

Adolescen-s, tis, c. g. a youth. 

Adolescenti-a, ae, f. youth. 

Adolesc-o, ere; levi, neut. to in- 
crease, grow up. 

Ador-ior, iri, tus, dep. to assault. 

Adortus, part, of adorior. 

Adpello, see Appello. 

Adscendo, see Ascendo. 

Adspiro, see Aspiro. 

Adstrictus, part, of 

Adstring-o, ere; inxi, ictum, act. 
to tie, or bind to. 

Adsuesc-o, ere; suevi, suetum, 
act. to accustom. 

Adsuetus, part, of adsuesco. 

Adsum, esse, fui, neut. to be pre- 
sent, to assist; alicui. 

Adulter, i, m. an adulterer. 

Adulter, a, urn, adj. mixed. 

Adultus, part, of adolesco, grown 
up. 

Adveniens, part, of 

Adven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
come to, arrive. 

Advent-us, us, m. an arrival. 

Adversum, or adversus, prep. 
ace. against, towards. 

Advers-us, a, um, adj. opposite, 
opposed, unfortunate; res ad- 
verse, adversity. 

Advol-o, are, neut. to fly to. 

jEacid-es, ae, or is, m. Achilles, 
the grandson of .Eacus; or 
Pyrrhus, his great grandson. 

JEac-us, i, m. one of the three in- 
fernal judges. 

iEd-es, is, f. a temple, a house; 
aedes, ium, a house. 

JEdinc-o, are, act. to build. 

JEdil-is, is, m. an Edile, an offi- 
cer, who takes care of the pub- 
lic buildings. 

.Edu-i, orum, m. noun g. the 
iEdui. 

JEg-er, ra, rum, adj. sick. 

JEgae-on, onis, m. see Briareus. 



iEgimur-us, i, an island in the 

Gulf of Carthage. 
iEgl-e, es, f. one of the three 

Hesperides. 
JEgre, adv. from aeger. 
.Egypt-us, i, f. .Egypt. 
Aell-o, us, f. one of the Harpies. 
jEmili-us, i, m. n. pr. 
JEmul-us, a, um, adj. emulous, 

vieing with. 
iEnead-ae, arum, m. the Trojans, 

from 
JEne-as, ae, m. son of Anchises 

and Venus. 
iEol-us, i, m. the God of the 

winds. 
JEqual-is, is, e, adj. equal. 
iEquans, part, of aequo. 
iEque, adv. from aequus. 
-Equ-i, orum, m. noun g. the 

.Equi. 
-Equ-o, are, act. to equal, le- 
vel. 
JEquor, is, n. a plain, the sea. 
iEqu-us, a, um, adj. level, equal, 

l ust :„ . 

JEer, aeris, m. the air. 
JErari-um, i, n. the treasury. 
iE-s, ris, n. brass money; as 

alienurn, debts. 
iEsop-us, i, m. noun pr. a famous 

writer of fables. 
JEstim-o, are, act. to value, re- 
gard.- 
JEstu-o, are, neut. to be in'a heat, 

to boil. 
JEta-s, tis, f. the age. 
JEtern-us, a, um, adj. eternal. 
JEther, eris, m. the pure air, the 

sky. 
JEthere-us, a, um, adj. ethereal, 

airy. 
JEthon, one of the four horses of 

the sun. 
JEtn-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
JStol-i, orum, m. noun g. 
AfTatim,adv. abundantly, enough. 
Affer-o, re, attuli, allatum, act. to 

bring, to contribute. 
Aftic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. to 



204 



AFP 



ALA 



affect, afficere aliquem honore, 

to honour somebody. 
Affin-is, is, e, adj. neighbouring, 

being near, related by marriage. 
Affirm-o, are, act. to assert. 
Afflict-us, part, of 
Afflig-o, ere, affl i-xi, ctum, act. 

to afflict, trouble. 
Afflu-o, ere, xi, xum, neut. to 

flow to, abound; affiuerealiqua 

re, to abound in something. 
Aflfbr-em, es, et, etc. affore, for 

adessem, 1 would be present. 
Affrani-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Afric-a, se, f. noun pr. 
Afric-us, i, (scil. ventus) m. south 

west wind. 
Agamemnon, is, m. the son of 

Atreus, and brother of Mene- 

laus; he was captain-general 

of the Greeks in the Trojan 

war, and was slain by his wife 

Clytxmnestra and her para- 
mour JEgisthus. 
Age, plur. agite, imperat. of ago, 

come on. 
Agens, part, of ago. 
Ag-er, ri, m. a field. 
Agger, is, m. a mound, bank,dam. 
Agil-is, is, e, adj. active, speedy. 
Agit-o, are, act. to agitate, chase, 

manage. 
Aglai-a, <e, f. one of the three 

Graces. 
Agm-en, inis, n. an army, troops, 

herd. 
Agnosc-o, ere, agn-ovi, itum, act. 

to find out, know, acknowledge. 
Agn-us, i, m. a lamb. 
Ag-o, ere, egi, actum, act. to 

drive, do, execute; agogratias, 

I give thanks. 
Agrest-is, is, e, adj. rural, wild. 
Agricol-a, ae, c. g. a farmer. 
Ah, interj. ah! alas! 
Aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def. verb, to 

say, affirm. 
Aja-x, cis, m. one of the most 

distinguished heroes at the 

siege of Troy. 



Al-a, je, f. the wing. 

Alacer, or alacr-is, is, e, adj. 

merry, brisk. 
Alaud-a, se, f. the lark. 
AlbaLonga, AlbseLongse, f.n. p. 
Alban-i, orum, m. noun g. the 

Albans. 
Alban-us, a, um, adj. Alban. 
Alcldes, 7t, m. a title of Hercules. 
Ale-a, se, f. a die, dice-play. 
Alect-o, us, f. one of the three 

Furies. 
Al-es, itis, c. g. a great bird. 
Alexand-er, ri, m. noun pr. 
Alexandrin-i, orum, m. the Alex- 
andrians. 
Alex-is, is, m. noun pr. 
Alienigen-a, x, c. g. a stranger, 

foreigner. 
Alien-us, a, um, adj. another 

man's, foreign. 
Alioquin, conj. otherwise, else. 
Aliquando, adv. sometimes, ever. 
Aliquanto, adv. somewhat, little. 
Aliquantum, adv. somewhat. 
Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or ali- 

quid, pron. some, somebody. 
Aliquot, plur. indecl. some, not 

many. 
Aliunde, adv. from elsewhere. 
Ali-us, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, 

adj. another. 
Allobrox, ogis, c. g. noun g. 
Allocutus, part, of 
Alloqu-or, i, allocutus, dep. to 

speak to, address. 
Alludens, part, of 
Allud-o, ere, allus-i, um, to play 

with, to allude. 
Alm-us, a, um, adj. cherishing, 

pure, fair. 
Al-o, ere, ui, itum, or turn, act. 

to nourish, feed. 
Alp-es, ium, f. the Alps. 
Alphe-us, i, m. a famous river 

near Elis in Arcadia. 
Alter, a, um, gen. ius, dat. i, adj. 

another, any other. 
I Alterut-er, ra, rum; gen. ius, dat. 
I i, adj. the one or the other. 



ALT 



AMP 



205 



Altitud-o, inis, f. the height, 
depth. 

Alt-um, i, n. (scil. mare) the 
main sea. 

Alt-us, a, um, adj. high, lofty. 

Alv-us, i, f. the stomach, womb. 

A. If. for anno mundi, in the 
year of the world; 

r for ante meridiem, before 

mid-day; 

for artium magister, a 

master of arts. 

Amans, adj. and part, of amo. 

Amar-us, a, um, adj. bitter. 

Ambed-o, ere, i, esum, act. to 
eat around. 

Ambesus, part, of ambedo. 

Amb-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to go 
about, to court. 

Ambitio, nis, f. ambition. 

Ambitios-us, a, um, adj. ambi- 
tious. 

Amb-o, ae, o, adj. plur. both. 

Ambrosi-a, ae, f. the food of the 
Gods. 

Ambul-o, are, neut. to walk. 

Amic-a, ae, f. a (female) friend. 

Amice, adv. from amicus. 

Amiciti-a, se, f. friendship. 

Amic-us, a, um, adj. friendly. 

Amic-us, i, m. a friend. 

Amissus, part, of 

Amitt-o, ere, amisi, amissum, act. 
to lose. 

Amn-is, is, m. a river. 

Am-o, are, act. to love. 

Amoen-us, a, um, adj. pleasant. 

Amor, is, m. the love; Cupid, 
the God of love. 

Amphor-a, ae, f. a rundlet, a ves- 
sel holding about nine gal- 
lons. 

Amphiara-us, i, m. son of Apollo 
and Hypermnestra, a famous 
Theban augur. 

Amphitrit-e, es, f. wife of Nep- 
tune. 

Ample, adv. of amplus. 

Amplect-or, i, amplexus, dep. to 
encircle, embrace. 



Amplexatus, part, of 

Amplex-or, ari, amplexatus, dep. 
to embrace. 

Amplius,adv. more, more largely. 

Ampl-us, a, um, adj. large, great. 

Arauss-is, is, f. a mason's rule; 
ace. amussim. 

Amynt-as, ae, m. n. p. 

An, adv. whether? 

Ana-s, atis, f. a duck. 

Anc-eps, ipitis, adj. two-edged, 
doubtful. 

Anchis-es, ae, m. the father of 
JEneas. 

Ancill-a, ae, f. a maid servant. 

Anc-us, i, m. n. p. 

Androge-os, i, or o, m. the son of 
Minos, king of Crete. 

Andromach-e, es, f. wife of Hec- 
tor, then of Pyrrhus, who gave 
her to Helenus, the son of 
Priam. 

Andromed-a, ae, f. daughter of 
Cepheus and Cassiope; she was 
bound by the Nereides to a 
rock, and exposed to be de- 
voured by a sea monster; but 
Perseus slew the monster, and 
mamed her. 

Ang-o, ere, anxi, anctum, act. to 
strangle, tease, to trouble. 

Angu-is, is, c. g. a serpent, 
snake. 

Angusti-a, ae, f. closeness, dis- 
tress. 

Angusti-se, arum, the narrows, 
defiles. 

Angust-us, a, um, adj. narrow . 
strait. 

Anim-a, ae, f. the air, breath, soul. 

Animadvert-o, ere, i, versum, act. 
to mind, to observe; in aliqucm, 
to punish some one. 

Animal, is, n. a living creature; 
abl. i. 

Animans, part, of 

Anim-o, are, act. to give life, 
revive, to live. 

Animos-us, a, um, adj. bold, va- 
liant. 



18 



206 



ANI 



APP 



Anim-us, i, m. the mind, spirit, 
soul. 

Ani-en, enis, m. a river in Italy. 

Annal-es, ium (scil. libri) m. his- 
tory, annals. 

Annal-is, is, e, adj. of a year. 

Annibal, is, m. noun pr. 

Annos-us, a, um, adj. aged, old. 

Annu-o, ere, act. and neut. to 
grant, assent. 

Ann-us, i, m. a year. 

Anser, is, m. a gander, goose. 

Antx-us, i, m. a giant, son of 
Neptune and Terra; he was 
choked to death by Hercules. 

Ante, prep. ace. before. 

Ante, adv. before? ante quam, 
sooner than, before. 

Antea, adv. before, previously. 

Anteced-o, ere, cess-i, um, neut. 
and act. to go before, excel; 
alieui, or aliquem aliqua re. 

Antevol-o, are, act. to fly before. 

Anthropophag-i, orum, m. man- 
eaters. 

Antidot-um, i, n. an antidote. 

Antidot-us, i, f. an antidote. 

Antigon-us, i, m. noun p. 

Antiochi-a, ac, f. noun p. the me- 
tropolis of Syria. 

Antioch-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Antipat-er, ri, m. noun pr. 

Antiquita-s, tis, f. antiquity. 

Antiquus, a, um, adj. ancient, 
old. 

Antoni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

An-us, us, f. an old woman. 

Aonid-es, um, f. the Muses. 

Ap-er, ri, m. a wild boar, a boar. 

Aper-io, ire, ui, turn, act. to open. 

Ap-ex, icis, m. the top, plume, 
crest. 

Ap-is, is, f. a bee. 

Apoll-o, inis, m. the son of Jupi- 
ter and Latona, born in the isle 
of Delos, at the same birth 
with Diana, who is also called 
Phoebe, as he Phoebus; for the 
sun and moon were created 
in one day. 



Apparatus, us,m. a preparation, 
equipment. 

Appar-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
appear, give attendance; alieui. 

Appell-o, are, act. to call, name. 

Appell-o, ere, appul-i, sum, act. 
to drive to, bring to the shore. 

Appetit-us,us,m. desire, appetite. 

Appia via, se, f. a road from Rome 
to Brundusium, so called from 
Appius. 

Applauditur, impers. from 

Applaud-o, ere, applaus-i, um, 
neut. to applaud, alieui. 

Approbatio, nis, f. approbation. 

Appropinqu-o, are, neut. to ap- 
proach; alieui. 

Apt-us, a, um, adj. fit, suitable. 

Apud, prep. ace. at, with, before. 

Apuli-a, se, f. a country of Italy. 

Aqu-a, x, f. water. 

Aqual-is, is, m. a water-pot, ewer. 

Aquilo, nis, m. the north wind. 

Ar-a, se, f. an altar. 

Ar-abs, abis, m. an Arabian. 

Arane-a, ae, f. a spider. 

Arar-is, is, m. noun pr. the Saone. 

Aratr-um, i, n. a plough. 

Arat-us, i, m. noun pr. a Grecian 
poet. 

Arbitri-um, i, n. the sentence of 
a judge, will, power. 

Arbitr-or, ari, dep. to arbitrate, 
think. 

Arbo-r, or arbo-s, ris, f. a tree. 

Arbut-us, i, f. an arbute, a wild 
strawberry, or cherry-tree. 

Arc-a, ae, f. a chest, coffin. 

Arcadi-a, se, f. noun pr. Arcadia. 

Arcadi-us, a, um, adj. Arcadian. 

Arca-s, dis, m. an Arcadian, also 
the son of Jupiter and the 
nymph Calisto: he was metam- 
orphosed into a she-bear by 
Juno. 

Arcess-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to 
call, to go for. 

Archon, tis, m. a Grecian magis- 
trate. 

Arctos, or Arct-us, i, f. two con- 



ARC 



ARR 



207 



stellations near the north pole, 
called the greater and lesser 
bear. 

Arctur-us, us, m. a large star in 
Bootes. 

Arc-us, us, m. an arch, a bow. 

Ard-eo, ere, ars-i, urn, neut. and 
act. to burn. 

Ardu-us, adj. lofty, hard. 

Aren-a, se, f. the sand. 

Ar-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be dry or 
parched. 

Areopag-us, i, m. Mars's court at 
Athens. 

Aresc-o, ere, incept, to become 
dry. 

Argente-us, a, urn, adj. of silver. 

Argent-um, i, n. silver. 

Arg-o, us, f. the ship, in which 
Jason and his Thessalian he- 
roes sailed to Colchis. 

Argolic-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. 

Argonaut-ae, arum, m. those who 
sailer! in the ship Argo. 

Arg-os, eos, n. pi. Argi, m. a city 
of Peloponnesus, under the 
particular protection of Juno. 

Argument-um, i, n. an argument, 
proof. 

Arg-us, i, m. the keeper of Io; 
he is said to have had a hun- 
dred eyes. 

Argute; adv. from 

Argut-us, a, um, adj. shrill, jang- 
ling warbling. 

Arid<e-us, i, m. nounpr. 

Arie-s, tis, m. a ram, a battering 
ram. 

Ariovist-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Aristx-us, i, m. son of Apollo and 
Cyrene. 

AristTd-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Aristobol-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Arm-a, orum, n. arms. 

Armatus, part, of armo. 

Arment-um, i, n. a herd of cattle. 

Armiger, a, um, adj. armed, bear- 
ing arms. 

Arm-o, are, act. to arm. 

Arm-us, i, m. a shoulder. 



Arrip-io, ere, ui, reptum, act. to 
take, seize. 

Arrogantia, <e, f. arrogance, pride. 

Ar-s, tis, f. an art, power, virtue. 

Artif-ex, icis, c. g. an artist, con- 
triver. 

Art-us, us, m. a joint, limb. 

Arund-o, inis, f. a reed, cane. 

Arv-um, i, n. a fallow field, a field. 

Ar-x, cis, f. a castle, citadel. 

As, assis, m. a small coin, a far- 
thing. 

Ascani-us, i, m. noun pr. the son 
of JEneas. 

Ascend-o, ere, i, nsum, act. to as- 
cend, rise. 

Asdrubal, is, m. noun pr. 

Asi-a, x, f. noun pr. 

Asil-us, i, m. a gad-bee. 

Asin-us, i, m. an ass. 

Asper, a, um, adj. unpleasant, 
rugged. 

Aspere, adv. from asper. 

Aspern-or, ari. atus, dep. to 
slight, despise. 

Aspic-io, ere, aspe-xi, ctum, act. 
to behold. 

Aspir-o, are, act. to breathe, in- 
spire, infuse; alicui, to favour 
some one. 

Aspi-s, idis, f. a venomous ser- 
pent, an asp. 

Assent-ior, iri, assensus, dep. to 
assent, agree. 

Assequ-or, i, assecutus, dep. to 
overtake, obtain. 

Ass-is, is, m. a Roman coin. 

Assol-et, ere, impers. to be wont, 
it is the custom. 

Ast, conj. but, however. 

Asyl-um, i, n. a place of refuge. 

At, conj. but. 

Atav-us, i, m. the great grand- 
father, an old grandsire. 

At-e, es, f. daughter of Jupiter, 
and goddess of revenge. 

At-er, ra, rum, adj. black, dark, 
gloomy. 

Athen-a, x, f. see Minerva. 

Athen-x, arum, f. Athens, 



208 



ATL 



AUR 



/ 



Atlantiad-es, is, m. Mercury, the 
grandson of Atlas. 

Atla-s, ntis, m. noun pr. a moun- 
tain, also a King of Mauritania. 

Atom-us, i, m. and f. a thing- indi- 
visible. 

Atque, conj. and, than. 

Atre-us, i, m. noun pr. the son of 
Pelops and Hippodamia, and 
King of Mycenae. 

Atrid-es, is, m. a son of Atreus. 

Atrium, i, a court-yard, hall. 

Atro-x, cis, adj. cruel, bold, reso- 
lute. 

Attal-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Attamen, conj. yet, however. 

Attic-i, orum, m. noun g. the 
Attics, or inhabitants of Attica. 

Attic-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Atting-o, ere; attigi; tactum, act. 
to touch. 

A. U. C. for anno urbis conditsc, 
in the year after the building 
of the city. 

Auctor, is, c. g. an increaser, ad- 
viser, approver. 

Auctorita-s, tis, f. the authority. 

Audaci-a, ae, f. the boldness. 

Audaciter, or audacter, adv. from 

Auda-x, cis, adj. bold, resolute. 

Aud-eo, ere, ausus sum, act. to 
dare. 

Audiens, part, of 

Aud-io,ire, ivi, itum,act.to hear. 

Auditor, is, m. a hearer, auditor. 

Auditus, part, of audio. 

Aufer-o, re, abstuli, ablatum, act. 
to take, to carry away. 

Aug-eo, ere; auxi, auctum, act. to 
increase. 

Augural-is,is, e, adj. augurial, be- 
longing to the sooth-sayers. 

August-us, a, um, adj. sacred, 
venerable. 

August-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Aul-a, ae, f. a fore-court, hall. 

Aul-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Aur-a, ae, f. the air, a gentle gale. 

Aure-us, a, um, adj. of gold, 
golden. 



Aur-is, is, f. the ear. 

Aurit-us, a, um, adj. having large 
ears, hearing. 

Auror-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
Titan and Terra, and goddess 
of the morning; the morning. 

Aur-um, i, n. gold. 

Aus-im, is, it, int, defect, from 
audeo, I durst. 

Ausus, part, of audeo. 

Aut, conj. or, either. 

Autem, conj. but, however, 
nay. 

Auxili-or, ari, atus, dep. to aid, 
help; alicui. 

Auxili-um, i, n. aid, protection. 

Avariti-a, ae, f. avarice, an im- 
moderate desire. 

Avar-us, a, um, adj. greedy, co- 
vetous. 

Avar-us, i, m. (scil. homo), a mi- 
ser. 

Ave, aveto, avere, defect, hail. 

Aven-a, ae, f. oats. 

Avid-us, a, um, adj. desirous, 
greedy. 

Av-is, is, f. a bird. ace. em, or im. 

Avoc-o, are, act. to call off, with- 
draw. 

Av-us, i, m. a grandfather, an- 
cestor. 

Ax-is, is, m. the axle-tree, the 
axis, either of the poles, any 
climate, the whole heaven. 

Axioma, tis, n. a maxim, axiom. 

Babylon, is, f. capital of Chaldea, 
now Bagdat. 

Babyloni-a, ae, f. the country 
about Babylon. 

Baccar, see Bacchar. 

Bacch-a, ae, f. a woman, worship- 
ping Bacchus. 

Bacchanali-a, um, n. feasts in 
honour of Bacchus. 

Bacch-ar, arip, n. a sweet herb, 
lady's glove. 

Bacch-us, i, m. the son of Jupiter 
and Semele, the god of wine, 
wine. 

Balanus, i, c. g. mast, acorns. 



BAL 



BOR 



209 



Balne-um, i, n. bath, plur. o, n. 
se, arum, f. 

Bal-o, are, neut. to bleat. 

Barbari-es, ei, f. a savage people, 
barbarism, cruelty. 

Barbar-us, a, urn, foreign, fool- 
ish, rude. 

Beat-us, a, um, adj. blessed, hap- 
py; part, of beo. 

Belg-ae, arum, m. noun gent. 

Bellari-a, orum, n. sweet meats. 

Bellatri-x, cis, f. the heroine. 

Bellicos-us, a, um, adj. martial 
valiant. 

Bellu-a, ae, f. a beast. 

Bell-um, i, n. war. 

Bene, adv. well; comp. melius, 
optime. 

Benefic-us, a, um, adj. kind, 
bountiful. 

Benefici-um, i, n. a favour, kind- 
ness. 

Benevolenti-a, ae, f. benevolence, 
favour. 

Benevol-us, a, um, adj. well- 
wishing, friendly. 

Benign-us, a, um, adj. kind, fer- 
tile. 

Be-o, are, act. to bless, make 
happy. 

Besti-a, ae, f. a beast. 

Bib-o, ere, i, itum, act. to drink. 

Bidu-um, i, n. the space of two 
days. 

Bimestr-is, is, e, adj. of two 
months. 

Bim-us, a, um, adj. of two years. 

Bis, adv. twice. 

Bland-ior, iri, itus, dep. to flatter, 
please; alicui. 

Bceoti-a, ae, f. a country of Greece. 

Bomb-yx, ycis, m. the silk-worm; 
the silk-yarn. 

Bon-um, i, n. a blessing; plur. 
possessions. 

Bon-us, a, um, adj. good; comp. 
melior, optimus. 

Boot-es, ae, m. a constellation fol- 
lowing the great Bear, the 
Arctophylax. 

18 



Bore-as, ae, m. the north wind. 

B-os, ovis, c. g. an ox, bull, 
cow. 

Bosphor-us, i, m. noun pr. two 
straits in Turkey. 

Bracchi-um, i, n. an arm, branch. 

Brev-is, is, e, adj. short, small. 

Breviter, adv. from brevis. 

Briare-us, i, m. a huge giant, call- 
ed also iEgaeon; he is said to 
have had a hundred hands. 

Britann-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Britanni-a, ae, f. Great Britain. 

Brixi-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Brundusi-um, i, n. noun pr. 

Brut-us, a, um, adj. senseless, 
brute. 

Brutus, i, m. noun pr. 

Bufo, nis, m. a toad. 

Bur-is, is, f. the plough-tail; ace- 
im. 

Buthrot-um, i. n. noun pr. 

Byss-us, i, f. a kind of fine flax. 

C.forCaius. 

Cacum-en, inis, n. the top. 

Cad-o, ere, ceci'di, casum, neut. 
to fall, to be killed. 

Caduceator, is, m. a herald. 

Caecili-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Caed-es, is, f. a cutting down, 
slaughter. 

Caed-o, ere, cecidi, caesum, act. 
to whip, cut, slay. 

Cael-o, are, act. to emboss. 

Caesar, is, m. noun pr. 

Caesari-es, ei, f. the hair. 

Caesus, part, of caedo. 

Caeter, or caeter-us, a, um, adj. 
the other, the rest. 

Cai-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Calamita-s, tis, f. damage, dis- 
tress. 

Calath-us, i, m. a basket, a cup. 

Calcar, is, n. a spur. 

Calce-o, are, act. to shoe. 

Calcha-s, ntis, m. noun pr. 

Calc-o, are, act. to tread. 

Calend-ae, arum, f. the calends, 
the first day of the month. 

Cal-co, ere,ui, neut. to be hot. 



210 



CAL 



CAP 



Calesc-o, ere, incept, to become 
hot, grow warm. 

Calid-us, a, urn, adj. hot, warm. 

Callid-us, a, urn, adj. wise, cun- 
ning. 

Calliop-e, es, f. the mother of Or- 
pheus, and chief of the nine 
Muses. 

Callisthen-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Callist-o, us, f. a nymph, who at- 
tended Diana. 

Calv-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Cal-x, cis, f. lime, mortar. 

Cal-x, cis, m. and f. the heel, the 
end. 

Calyps-o, us, f. daughter of 
Oceanus and Thetis, and 
queen of Ogygia. 

Camel-us, i, c. g. a camel. 

Camen-a, or Camoen-a, se, f. a 
muse, a song. 

Campest-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. 
of, or in plain fields. 

Camp-us, i, m. a plain, field. 

Candesc-o, ere; candui, incept, to 
grow white. 

Candid-us, a, um, adj. bright, 
white. 

Can-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be white. 

Can-i, orum, (scil. capilli) m. 
grey hairs. 

Canini-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Can-is, is, c. g. a dog, bitch. 

Cannab-is, is, f. hemp; ace. im. 

Can-o, ere, cecini, cantum, act. 
to sing. 

Cant-o, are, act. to sing. 

Cant-us, us, m. the song. 

Can-us, a, um, adj. hoary, grey, 
white. 

Capa-x, cis, adj. containing, apt. 

Capell-a, se, f. a young goat, kid. 

Capio, ere, cepi, captum, act. 
to take, hold. 

Capital-is, is, e, adj. belonging to 
the head, capital. 

Capitoli-um, n. the temple of Ju- 
piter in Rome, the Capitol. 

Caprin-us, a, um, adj. of a goat. 

Captiv-a, a, f. a female prisoner. 



Captiv-us, a, um, adj. taken, 
captive; subs, a prisoner. 

Captus, part, of capio. 

Capu-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Capul-us, i, m. a hilt, handle. 

Cap-ut, itis, n. the head. 

Carbas-us, i, f. and m. fine linen, 
cambric, plur. a, orum, n. 

Career, is, m. a prison, gaol. 

Car-eo, ere, ui, itum, and cassum, 
neut. to want, be without; ali- 
qua re. 

Carin a, se, f. the keel, a ship. 

Carita-s, tis, f. scarcity, love. 

Carm-en, inis, n. a verse, a song. 

Car-o, nis, f. flesh; gen. pi. car- 
nium. 

Carthaginiens-is, is, e, adj. be- 
longing to Carthage, Carthagi- 
nian. 

Carthag-o, inis, f. Carthage. 

Car-us, a, um, adj. dear, costly. 

Cas-a, a, f. a cottage. 

Cassis, is, m. a toil, net. 

Cassi-s, dis, f. a helmet. 

Cass-us, a, um, adj. vain, void. 

Castalid-es, um, f. the Muses, so 
called from Castalius, a foun- 
tain at the foot of Parnassus. 

Castell-um, i, n. a castle. 

Castor, is, m. son of Jupiter and 
Leda, who with his brother 
Pollux shared alternately im- 
mortality. 

Castr-a, orum, n. a camp. 

Cas-us, m. a fall, chance, danger. 

Caterv-a, x, f. a band, crowd. 

Catilin-a, se, m. noun pr. 

Catilinari-us, a, um, adj. of Cati- 
line. 

Cato, nis, m. noun pr. 

Catul-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Catul-us, i, m. a little dog, whelp. 

Caud-a, ae, f. the tail. 

Caus-a, se, f. the cause. 

Caus-or, ari, causatus, dep. to 
pretend, to plead, to blame. 

Cav-eo, ere, i; cautum, act. and 
neut. to beware, take care. 

Cav-um, i, n. a hole, hollow place. 



CAV 



CER 



2ll 



Cav-us, a, urn, adj. hollow. 

Cecropid-x, arum, m. the Athe- 
nians, so called from Cecrops, 
the first king- of Athens. 

C D. for consul designatus, con- 
sul elect. 

Ced o, ere, cess-i, um, neut. to 
go, give way. 

Cedo, plur. cedite, defec. tell, 
give. 

Cedr-us, i, f. the cedar-tree. 

Celxn-o, us, f. one of the Harpies. 

Celeb-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. re- 
nowned, famous. 

Celebre, or celebriter, adv. from 
celeber. 

Celebr-o, are, act. to frequent, 
celebrate. 

Celer, orceler-is, is, e, adj. swift, 
quick. 

Celeriter, adv. from celer. 

Cel-o, are, act. to hide, conceal, 
not to inform; aliquem aliquid 
or de aliqua re. 

Censor, is, m. he who executed 
the census; a critic. 

Centen-i, se, a, adj. hundred. 

Centurio, nis, m. a centurion, a 
captain of a hundred footmen. 

Cerauni-a, orum, n. high hills 
bordering on the Ionian sea. 

Cerber-us, i, m. a dog with three 
heads, who guarded the gates 
of hell. 

Cerc5p-es, urn, m. inhabitants of 
Pithecusa, who were changed 
by Jupiter into apes. 

Cere-s, ris, f. the Goddess of ag- 
riculture. 

Cern-o, ere; crevi, cretum, act. 
to sift, see. 

Certam-en, inis, n. a contest. 

Certatur, impers. from certo. 

Certe, adv. from certus. 

Certior, compar. of certus; fa- 
cere aliquem certiorem de aliqua 
re, to inform one of some thing. 

Cert-o, are, act. to contend, fight. 

Certo, adv. certainly. 



Cert-us, a, um, adj. certain, re- 
solved. 

Cervi-x, icis, f. the neck. 

Cesp-es, itis, m. the turf, sod. 

Cessat-us, a, um, adj. and part. 
ceased, having lain fallow. 

Cess-o, are, neut. to cease, leave 
off, delay. 

Cete, pi. n. indecl. noun pr. 

Cetheg-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Ceu, adv. as, as if. 

Chabri-as, ae, m. noun pr. 

Chaos, n. dat. and abl. chao, a 
confused heap. 

Charact-er, eris, m. the charac- 
ter, form. 

Charita-s, tis, f. love, charity. 

Charon, tis, m. the ferryman of 
hell. 

Charybd-is,is,f. a dangerous whirl- 
pool in the straits of Sicily. 

Chi-os, i, f. an island now called 
Scio. 

Chiron, is, m. a centaur. 

Choroeb-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Chor-us, i, m. a choir, chorus. 

Chrem-es, is, vel etis, m. noun pr. 

Chrysipp-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Cib-us, i, m. food, viand. 

Cicer, is, n. vetches, a small pulse. 

Cicero, nis, m. noun pr. 

Cic-ur, iiris, adj. tame, mild. 

Ci-eo, ere; civi, citum, act. to 
move. 

Cilici-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Cing-o, ere; cinxi, cinctum, act. 
to tie about, to gird. 

Cin-is, eris, m. ashes. 

Circa, or circum, prep. ace. about. 

Circ-e, es, f. a famous enchantress. 

Circiter, adv. about. 

Circu-eo, or circum-eo, ire, ivi, 
itum, to go about. 

Circum-do, are, edi, itum, act. 
to encompass, enclose. 

Circumveh-o, ere; vexi, vectum, 
act. to carry about. 

Circumven-io, ire, i, turn, act. to 
surround, to deceive. 



212 



CIR 



COA 



Cirt-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Cis, or citra, prep. ace. on this 

side. 
Citerior, citimus, comp. from 

citra, hither, hithermost. 
Cithaero, nis, m. a mountain of 

Boeotia sacred to Bacchus. 
Cito,citius.citissime, adv. quickly. 
Citra, adv. and prep. ace. on this 

side. 
Citro, adv. to and fro. 
Civil-is, is, e, adj. pertaining to 

the state, civil. 
Civ-is, is, c. g. a citizen. 
Civita-s, tis, f. a corporation, state, 

city. 
Clad-es, is, f. the defeat, misfor- 
tune. 
Claeli-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
Clam, prep. abl. and ace. without 

the knowledge of. 
Clam-o, are, act. and neut. to cry, 

call. 
Clamor, is, m. a bawling, shriek. 
Clarus, a, urn, adj. clear, famous. 
Class-is, is, f. a fleet, navy. 
Claustr-um, i, n. the inclosure, 

barrier. 
Clav-a, ae, f. a club. 
Clav-is, is, f. a key, ace. em, or 

im. 
Clav-us, i, a nail, spike. 
Clemen-s, tis, adj. mild, merciful. 
Clementer, adv. from clemens. 
Clementi-a, ae, f. affability, mild- 
ness. 
Cleopatr-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
Clini-a, ae, m. noun pr. 
Cli-o, us, f. the Muse, presiding 

over history, and patroness of 

heroic poets. 
Clit-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Clodi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Cloth-o, us, f. one of the fatal 

sisters. 
Clype-us, i, m. a shield. 
Clytemnestr-a, ae, f. daughter of j 

Jupiter and Leda, slain by her 

son Orestes, on account of her 

adultery with iEgistus. 



Cn. for Cnaeius, or Cneius, noun 

pr. 
Coactus, part, of cogo. 
Cocyt-us, i, m. noun pr. a river 

in hell. 
Codomann-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Codr-us, i, m. the last king of 

Athens, who gave his life for 

his country. 
Coelest-is, is, e, adj. heavenly. 
Caelicol-a, ae, c, g. an inhabitant 

of heaven, a God. 
Coel-um, i, n. plur. coeli, orum, 

m. the heaven. 
Coen-a, ae, f. supper. 
Co-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. and 

act. to go, or come together. 
Coep-i, eram, erim, etc. v. defect. 

I begin, have begun. 
Coeptus, part, of ccepi. 
Coet-us, i, m. noun pr. one of the 

Giants. 
Coet-us, us, m. an assembly, meet- 
ing. 
Cogitatio, nis, f. thinking, a 

thought. 
Cogit-o, are, act. to think. 
Cognitus, part, of cognosco. 
Cognom-en, inis, n. a surname. 
Cognosc-o, ere, cognovi, cogni- 

tum, act. to find out, to know. 
Cog-o, ere;co-egi, actum, act. to 

bring together, to force. 
Cohabit-o, are, neut. to dwell 

with. 
Cohor-s, tis, f. a band of soldiers. 
Colaph-us, i, m. a buffet, a slap. 
Colleg-a, ae, m. a colleague. 
Collig-o, are, act. to tie together. 
Collig-o, ere; colle-gi, ctum, act. 

to gather, bring together. 
Coll-is, is, m. a hillock. 
Colloqui-um, i, n. discourse, con- 
ference. 
Colloqu-or, i, colloquutus, or 

collocutus, dep. to speak to- 
gether, confer. 
Collud-o, ere; collus-i, urn, act. 

to play, sport together. 
Coll-um, i, n. the neck. 



COL 



COM 



213 



Col-o, ere, ui; cultum, act. to at- 
tend to, till, revere. 

Color, is, m. the colour. 

C6l-um, i, n. a colander, strainer. 

Columb-a, as, f. the dove. 

Column-a, ?e, f. a pillar, post. 

Col-us, i, f. & m. a distaff, rock. 
abl. colo, and colu. 

Com-a, ae, a head of hair. 

Combib-o, ere, i, ltum, act. and 
neut. to drink together, to im- 
bibe. 

Comedo, nis, m. a glutton. 

Com-es, itis, c. g. a companion. 

Cominus, adv. nigh, hand in 
hand. 

Com-is, is, e, adj. gentle, mild. 

Comiter, adv. from comis. 

Comitatus, part, of comitor. 

Comitat-us, us, m. a train of at- 
tendance, the equipage. 

Comit-or, ari, atus, dep. to ac- 
company. 

Comi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Commemor-o, are, act. to men- 
tion, recount. 

Commendatio, nis, f. a commen- 
dation. 

Commend-o, are, act. to com- 
mend, to entrust. 

Commerci-um, i, n. commerce, 
intercourse. 

Committ-o, ere; commis-i, sum, 
act. to send out together, to 
match . 

Commode, adv. of 

Commod-us, a, um, adj. just, 
convenient. 

Commotus, part, of 

Commov-eo, ere, i; commotum, 
act. to move, stir. 

Commun-io, ire, ivi, act. to fortify. 

Commun-is, is, e, adj. common. 

Commutatio, nis, f. a change. 

Comoedi-a, ae, f. a comedy. 

Comoed-us, i, m. a player, come- 
dian. 

Compar, is, adj. equal. 

Compar-o, are, act. to provide, 
compare. 



1 Compell-o, are, act. to address. 
Compell-o, ere; pul-i, sum, act. 

to compel. 
Comper-io, ire, i. turn, act. to 

find out, discover. 
Compertus, part, of comperio. 
Compital-is, is, e, adj. of the 

cross ways. 
Compital-es, ium, (dii) m. the 

guardian deities of cities and 

cross-ways. 
Compl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 

fill. 
Comploratio, nis, f. lamentation. 
Compon-o, ere; pos-ui, itum, act. 

to put together, appease. 
Comport-o, are, act. to carry to- 
gether. 
Compo-s, tis, adj. being master 

of, partaking. 
Compositus, part, of compono; 

de, or ex composite, purposely, 

of set purpose. 
Comprob-o, are, act. to approve. 
Conatus, part, of conor. 
Conat-us, us, m. an endeavour. 
Concili-um, i, n. a council. 
Concilio, are, act. to conciliate. 
Concio, nis, f. an assembly. 
Conclusio, nis, f. a conclusion. 
Concordi-a, <e, f. union, concord. 
Concresc-o, ere; concre-vi, turn, 

n. to grow together, congeal. 
Concretus, part, of concresco. 
Conculc-o, are, act. to tread, or 

trample down. 
Concurr-o, ere; i, sum, neut. to 

run to others, to run together. 
Concut-io, ere; cuss-i, um, act. 

to shake, disquiet. 
Condemn-o, are, act. to con- 
demn. 
Condiscipul-us, i, m. a schoolfel- 
low. 
Conditio, nis, f. a condition. 
Conditor, is, m. the builder, 

the founder. 
Cond-o, ere, idi, Ttum, act. to 

build, conceal, cover. 
Condon-o, are, act. to forgive. 



214 



CON 



CON 



Conduc-it, ere, impers. it is pro- 
fitable. 
Conduc-o, ere; du-xi, ctuni, act. 

to bring- along, assemble, hire. 
Confer-o, re; contuli, collatum, 

act. to bring- together, do good, 

confer. 
Conficio, ere; confec-i, turn, act. 

to finish, waste, consume. 
Confid-o, ere, i, and fisus sumj to 

trust; alicui, aliqua re. 
Config-o, ere; fix-i, urn, act. to 

pierce, fasten together. 
Confitens, adj. and part of con- 

fiteor. 
Confitenter, adv. from confitens. 
Confit-eor, eri, confessus, dep. 

to confess, declare. 
Confixus, part, of configo. 
Conflig-o, ere; fli-xi, ctum, act. 

to contend, engage, dispute. 
Confod-io, ere, i; fossum, act. to 

dig, stab. 
Conger-o, ere; ges-si, turn, act. 

to heap up. 
Conjugi-um, i, n. a marriage. 
Conjug.o, are, act. to yoke or 

couple together. 
Conjuncte, adv. from conjunctus. 
Conjunctim, adv. jointly. 
Conjunctio, nis, f. a union. 
Conjunct-us, a, um, adj. and part. 

of 
Conjung-o, ere; jun-xi, ctum, 

act. to join together, unite. 
Conjuratio, nis, f. a conspiracy. 
Conjurat-us, i, m. a conspirator. 
Conju-x, gis, c. g. a husband, 

wife. 
Conon, is, m. noun p. 
Con-or, ari, atus, dep. to endea- 
vour, attempt. 
Conscienti-a, se, f. conscience. 
Conscisc-o, ere; sci-vi, turn, act. 

to get, commit. 
Consci-us, a, um, adj. conscious. 
Conscrib-o, ere ; scrip-si, turn, 

act. to write, enrol, levy sol- 
diers. 
Conscriptus, part, of conscribo. 



Consecr-o, are, act. to conse- 
crate, devote. 

Consectatr-ix, icis, f. pursuing, an 
attendant. 

Consequ-or, i, conse-quutus, or 
cutus, dep. to follow, obtain. 

Conservator, is, m. a preserver. 

Conserv-o, are, act. to preserve, 
save. 

Consid-eo, ere ; sedi, sessum, 
neut. to sit with, to sit down. 

Consider-o, are, act. to consider. 

Consid-o, ere; se-di, ssum, to sit 
down, settle. 

Consili-um, i, n. counsel, advice. 

Consimil-is, is, e, adj. very like. 

Consist-o, ere ; constit-i, um, 
neut. to stand, stay, consist. 

Consor-s, tis, c. g. a partner. 

Conspect-us, us, m. a sight, view. 

Conspiratio, nis, f. a conspiracy, 
plot. 

Constan-s, tis, adj. steady, re- 
solved. 

Constanter, adv. from constans. 

Constanti-a, ae, f. steadiness, firm- 
ness. 

Const-at, are, impers. it is evi- 
dent. 

Constitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 
range, establish, decree. 

Constitutus, part, of constituo. 

Const-o, are, iti; stitum, or sta- 
tum, neut. to consist, be con- 
sistent, to cost. 

Consuesc-o, ere; sue-vi, turn, act. 
and neut. to accustom, to be 
accustomed. 

Consuetud-o, inis, f. custom, use, 
intimacy. 

Consul, is, m. a consul. 

Consular-is, is, e, adj. consular; 
vir consulans, he who has been 
consul. 

Consulat-us, us, m. the consul- 
ship. 

Consul-o, ere, ui, turn, act. and 
neut. to consult; aliquem, to ask 
advice of some one; alicui, to 
provide for one. 



CON 



COP 



215 



Consulte, adv. from consultus. 

Consultor, is, m. one who asks 
counsel, a client, a giver of 
counsel. 

Consultus, part, of consulo; con- 
sultus juris, versed in the 
law. 

Consum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
consume. 

Contemn-o, ere ; temp-si, turn, 
act. to despise. 

Contemptor, is m. a despiser. 

Contend-o, ere,i, conten-tum, or 
sum, act. and neut. to stretch, 
strive, hasten. 

Contentio, nis, f. a strife, con- 
tention. 

Content-us, a, um, adj. content. 

Conter-o, ere; contri-vi, turn, act. 
to bruise, waste, spend. 

Contex-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to 
weave, join. 

Contexus, part, of contexo. 

Contic-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be si- 
lent. 

Contin-eo, ere, ui, tentum, act. 
to hold, refrain. 

Conting-it, ere, impers. it hap- 
pens. 

Contorqu-eo, ere; contor-si, sum, 
or turn, act. to twist, whirl 
about. 

Contra, prep. ace. against. 

Contra, adv. on the contrary. 

Contrah-o, ere; tra-xi,ctum, act. 
to draw together, contract. 

Controversi-a, x, f. a dispute. 

Conven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. and 
act. to assemble, to meet. 

Convenit, impers. from convenio, 
it is meet, or suitable, it is 
agreed upon, an agreement is 
made. 

Conventicul-um, i, n. a place for 
meeting, or assembling. 

Conventus, part, of convenio. 

Conversus, part, of 

Convert-o, ere, i; versum, act. to 
turn, whirl. 

Copi-a, x, f. plenty, ability, 



power ; copi-ae, arum, forces 
of soldiers. 

Copiose, adv. from 

Copios-us, a, um, adj. copious, 
abounding. 

Coqu-o, ere; co-xi, ctum, act. to 
bake, cook. 

Cor, dis, n. the heart, gen. pi 
cordium. 

Coram, prep. abl. in the presence 
of. 

Coram, adv. openly, face to 
face. 

Cordub-a, se, f. noun pr. 

Corinth-us, i, f. noun pr. 

Coriolan-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Corneli-a, x, f. noun pr. 

Cornifer, a, um, adj. bearing Cor- 
nells. 

Cornipe-s, dis, adj. having a 
horny hoof. 

Cornu, pi. cornua, n. a horn. 

Corp-us, oris, n. a body. 

Corrump-o, ere; rup-i, turn, act. 
to mar, spoil, bribe. 

Corruptus, part, of corrumpo. 

Cort-ex, icis, doubt, g. a rind, 
bark, cork. 

C5-rus, i, m. the north-west wind. 

Corv-us, i, m. a raven, a grap- 
pling iron. 

Corybant-es, um, m. Cybele's 
priests. 

Corydon, is, m. noun pr. 

Cos., for consul, is, etc. 

Coss., for consul-es, um, etc. 

Cost-a, X. f. a rib. 

Cothorn-us, i, m. a buskin. 

Coturn-ix, Tcis, f. a quail. 

Creator, is, m. a creator, maker. 

Creb-er, ra, rum, adj. thick, fre- 
quent. 

Cred-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 
think, trust, believe. 

Cremer-a, ac, m. noun pr. fl. 

Cre-o, are, act. to create. 

Cresc-o, ere; crevi, cretum, neut. 
to grow. 

Crim-en, inis, n. an impeachment, 
crime. 



216 



cm 



CUR 



Crimin-or, ari, atus, dep. to ac- 
cuse, blame. 

Crocit-o, are, freq. to croak. 
Croes-us, i, m. noun p. the last 
king of Lydia, celebrated for 
his riches. 

Crudelita-s, tis, f. cruelty. 

Cruor, is, m. blood, gore. 

Cubil-e, is, n. a bed, couch, tent. 

Cubit-us, i, m. a cubit, an elbow. 

Cub-o, are, ui, hum, neut. to 
lie. 

Cucum-is, is, m. a cucumber; ace. 
im. 

Cuja-s, tis, adj. of what country, 
or sect. 

Cuj-us, a, um, adj. whose? be- 
longing to whom? 

Cule-us, i, m. a leathern bag to 
carry wine or oil in. 

Culm-en, inis, n. the top. 

Culp-a, x, f. the fault, blame. 

Cult-er, ri, m. a knife. 

Cum, prep. abl. with, together 
with. 

Cum. adv. and conj. when, be- 
cause, since; cum, turn, both 
and, as well as. 

Cunctator, is, m. a lingerer, de- 
layer. 

Cunct-us, a, um, adj. all, in a 
body. 

Cupide, adv. from cupidus. 

Cupidita-s, tis, f. a desire, lust. 

Cupid-us, a, um, adj. desirous; 
alicujus rei. 

Cup-io, ere, ivi, itum, act. to de- 
sire, wish. 

Cupress-us, i, or us, f. a cypress- 
tree. 

Cur, adv. why, for what. 

Cur-a, ae, f. the care. 

Curatio, nis, f. the management, 
an office, curing. 

Curi-a, je, f. a court, senate- 
house, senate. 

Curi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Cur-o, are, act. to take care of; 
euro aliquid faciendum, 1 cause 
something to be done. 



Curr-o, ere ; cucurri ; cursum, 
neut. to run. 

Curr-us, us, m. a chariot, coach. 

Cursit-o, are, freq. to run to and 
fro. 

Curs-o, are, freq. to run to and 
fro. 

Curs-us, us, m. a running, race, 
course. 

Curv-us, a, um, adj. crooked, 
bending. 

Custodi-a, ze, f. prison, watch, 
guard. 

Custod-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
guard. 

Custo-s, dis, m. a keeper, guard. 

Cut-is, is, f. the skin, ace. em, or 
im. 

Cybel-e, es, f. the wife J of Sa- 
turn. 

Cycl-ops, opis, m.plur. Cyclopes, 
the sons of Neptune and Am- 
phitrite, who assisted Vulcan 
in making Jupiter's thunder- 
bolts. 

Cylleni-us, i, m. a name of Mer- 
cury. 

Cymb-a, x, f. a boat. 

Cypr-us, i, f. noun pr. the hap- 
py isle. 

Cyr-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Cytis-us, i, m. hadder, a kind of 
shrub. 

D. for Deci-us, and Decim-us, i, 
m. noun. pr. 

Daran-o, are, act. to condemn; 
fraudis, or fraude, of theft. 

Damn-um, i, n. hurt, damage. 

Uana-e, es, f. the daughter of 
Acrisius, king of Argos, se- 
duced by Jupiter in the form of 
a golden shower. 

Dana-i, orum, m. the Greeks, so 
called from Danaus, one of 
their kings. 

Danaid-es, um, f. the fifty daugh- 
ters of Danaus, all of whom, 
except Hypermnestra, killed 
their husbands, the sons of 
their uncle iEgyptus, on the 



DAN 



DEC 



217 



marriage night; wherefore Ihey 
were condemned to draw wa- 
ter out of deep wells with 
buckets full of holes. 

Dani-el, # elis, m. noun pr. 

Daphn-e, es, f. a nymph, beloved 
by Apollo. 

Daphn-is, idis, m. the son of 
Mercury, the first writer of 
pastorals. 

Dapis, gen. dap-em, e, f. of a 
feast, banquet. 

Dardanid-x, arum, the Trojans, 
so called from Dardanus, the 
founder of Troy. 

Dardanid-es, <e, m. iEneas. 

Dar-es, etis, m. noun pr. 

Darl-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Datam-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Dat-is, is, m. noun pr. 

Datus, part, of do. 

D. D. for Divinitatis Doctor, a 
Doctor of Divinity. 

D. D. D. for dat, dicat, dedicat. 

D. D. C. Q. for dicat, dedicat, 
consecratque. 

De, prep, abl of, concerning. 

De-a, se, f. a goddess. 

Deb-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to owe, 
to be obliged, I ought. 

Deced-o, ere; cess-i, um. neut. to 
depart, retire. 

Decern, adj. indecl. ten. 

Decemvir, i, m. one of the ten 
men, who governed the Com- 
monwealth. 

Dec-eo, ere, ui, neut. and act. to 
become, to beseem. 

Decern-o, ere, decre-vi, turn, act. 
to discern, judge, decide, de- 
cree. 

Decertatur, impers. from decer- 
to. 

Decert-o, are, neut. to contend. 

Decid-o, ere; decidi, neut. to fall 
down. 

Decies, adv. ten times. 

Decim-us, a, um, adj. the tenth. 

Decipi-o, ere; cep-i, turn, act. to 
entrap, deceive. 



Declar-o, are, act. to declare. 

Decorum, i, n. comeliness; deco- 
rum. 

Decor-us, a, um, adj. comely, de- 
cent. 

Decurr-o, ere; curri, or cucurri, 
neut. and act. to run down, or 
along, describe hastily. 

Decursus, part, of decurro. 

Dec-us, oris, n. grace, honour. 

Dedec-eo, ere, act. to misbecome. 

Dedec-us, oris, n. disgrace, dis- 
honour. 

Dedic-o, are, act. to dedicate, 
consecrate. 

Deduc-o, ere; duxi, ductum, act. 
to lead, accompany, persuade. 

Defector, is, m. a turncoat, run- 
away. 

Defendens, part, of 

Defend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
keep off, defend. 

Defensio, nis, f. a defence. 

Defensor, is, m. a defender, pre- 
server. 

Defer-o, re; tuli; latum, act. to 
carry, bring, report, offer. 

Defess-us, a, um, adj. weary. 

Defic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. and 
neut. to leave, fail, faint. 

Dent, defieri, defect, to be want- 
ing. 

Deflagratio, nis,f. a burning, con- 
flagration. 

Deflagratus, part, of 

Deflagr-o, are, neut. to be burnt 
down. 

Defunctus, part, of 

Defung-or, i, defunctus, dep. to 
go through with a business, 
discharge; munere, an office. 

Degener, is, adj. unlike his an- 
cestors. 

Degeneratus, part, of 

Degener-o, are, act. and neut. to 
degenerate. 

Deglub-o, ere, i, itum, act. to 
peel, flay. 

Dehinc, adv. henceforth, lad 
then. 



19 



218 



DEI 



DEP 



Deinde, adv. from thence, then. 

Deiopei-a, se, f. one of Juno's 
nymphs. 

Deiphob-e, es, f. the daughter of 
Glaucus, the Cumean Sibyl. 

Deiphob-us, i, m. son of Priam. 

Delab-or, i; delapsus, dep. to 
slip, fall, descend. 

Delect-o, are, act. to allure, de- 
light. 

Del-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 
blot out, destroy. 

Deli-a, ae, f. Diana. 

Deliberatio, nis, f. a considera- 
tion. 

Deliber-o, are, act. to deliberate. 

Delici-um, i, n. pi. delici-ae, arum, 
f. a delight, pleasure. 

Delig-o, ere; dele-gi, ctum, act. 
to choose. 

Deli-us, i, m. Apollo. 

Del-os, or us, i, f. an island in 
the JEgean sea, where Latona 
was delivered of Apollo and 
Diana. 

Delph-i, orum, m. a city on 
mount Parnassus, where the 
oracle of Apollo was. 

Delph-in, Inis; and delphin-us, i, 
m. a dolphin. 

Demen-s, tis, adj. mad, silly. 

Demir-or, ari, atus, dep. to ad- 
mire greatly. 

Demol-ior, iri, itus, dep. to de- 
molish. 

Demosthenes, is, m. noun pr. 

Demum, adv. at length. 

Den-i, ae, a, adj. ten. 

Denique, adv. finally, at length. 

Dens-us, a, um, adj. thick, close. 

Depasc-o, ere, pavi, pastum, act. 
and neut. to feed, graze, 
browze. 

Depastus, part, of depasco. 

Depend-eo, ere, i; depensum, 
neut. to hang down, or upon. 

Deper-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, hum, 
neut. to perish, to be greatly 
in love with one. 

Deploratus, part, of 



Deplor-o, are, act. to lament, be- 
wail. 

Depopul-or, ari, atus, dep. to de- 
stroy, pillage. 

Deprav-o, are, act. to ctyrupt. 

Deprehend-o, ere, i, prehensum, 
act. to catch, discover, perceive. 

Deput-o, are, act. to prune, judge, 
think. 

Derelictus, part, of 

Derelinqu-o, ere; liqui, lictum, 
act. to leave, abandon. 

Descend-o, ere, i; nsum, neut. 
to descend. 

Descens-us, us, m. a descent. 

Descisc-o, ere; descivi, neut. to 
revolt. 

Deser-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to leave 
off, to forsake. 

Desertus, part, of desero. 

Des-es, idis, adj. idle, slothful. 

Desideri-um, i, n. a desire, long- 
ing. 

Desidero, are, act; to desire, to 
want. 

Desidi-a, se, f. slothfulness. 

Designo, are, act. to mark out, 
design. 

Desin-o, ere; desi-vi, or i, turn, 
neut. and act. to leave, desist, 
cease. 

Desist-o, ere; destiti, neut. to de- 
part, desist. 

Despectus, part, of despicio. 

Desperatus, part, of 

Desper-o, are, act. to despair. 

Despic-io, ere; despe-xi, ctum, 
act. to look down, despise. 

De-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
wanting. 

De-us, i, m. and f. a god, goddess. 

Deterg-eo, ere; or deterg-o, ere; 
deters-i, um, act. to wipe, wipe 
off, to pare. 

Deterior, comp. of deter, obsolete, 
worse, feebler, superl. deterri- 
mus. 

Deterr-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
deter, discourage, dissuade. 

Detestatus, part, of 



DET 



DIG 



219 



Detest-or, ari, atus, dep. to de- 
test, abhor, call to witness. 

Deton-o, are, ui, neut. to thunder, 
to cease to thunder. 

Detractus, part, of » 

Detrah-o, ere, detra-xi, ctum, 
act. to take away, to detract. 

Detriment-um, i, n. damage, loss. 

Deturb-o, are, act. to tumble 
down, disturb. 

Deven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
come down. 

Devinc-io, ire; devin-xi, ctum, 
act. to bind fast, oblige, endear. 

Devov-eo, ere, i; devotum, act. to 
devote. 

Dext-er, era, urn; or ra, rum, adj. 
right, fit, favourable. 

Dialect-ds, or us, i, f. a dialect. 

Dian-a, se, f. daughter of Jupiter 
and Latona; she was called in 
heaven Phoebe, on earth Diana, 
and under the earth Hecate. 

Diametr-os,oms,i,f. the diameter. 

Dic-a, am, as, f. an action at law. 

Dica-x, cis, adj. talkative. 

Dicens, part, of 

Die o, ere; dixi; dictum, act. 
to speak, say. 

Dic-o, are, act. to vow, dedicate. 

Dictator, is, m. a dictator. 

Dictit-o, are, freq. to tell often, 
pretend. 

Dict-um, i, n. a saying, word. 

Dictus, part, of dico. 

Did-o, us, or onis, f. noun pr. 

Di-es,ei, m. and f.plur. m.theday. 

Differ-o, re; distuli, dilatum, act. 
to scatter, carry about, defer. 

Diflfertus, part, filled, stuffed. 

Difficile, or difficiliter, adv. from 

Difficil-is, is, e, adj . hard, difficult. 

Difficulta-s, tis, f. difficulty. 

Diffidens, part of diffido. 

Diffidenti-a, <e, f. mistrust, diffi- 
dence. 

Diffld-o, ere, i, or fisus sum, 
neut. to mistrust. 

Diifind-o, ere; difFidi, diffissum, 
act. to slit, cut asunder. 



Digit-us, i, m. a finger. 
Dignatus, part, of dignor. 
Dignita-s, tis, f. dignity. 
Dign-or, ari, atus, dep. to think 

worthy, vouchsafe, to be 

thought worthy. 
Dign-us, a, um, worthy, deserv- 
ing; laude, of praise. 
Dijudic-o, are, act. to discern, 

decide. 
Dilab-or, i; dilapsus, dep. to slip 

aside, waste away. 
Dilapsus, part, of dilabor. 
Dilectus, adj. and part, of diligo. 
Diligen-s, tis, adj. diligent. 
Diligenter, adv. from diligens. 
Diligenti-a, x, f. diligence. 
Dilig-o, ere; dile-xi, ctum, act. to 

favour, love. 
Dilucescit, impers. it dawns. 
Dimensus, part, of 
Dimet-ior, iri; dimensus, dep. to 

measure. 
Dimicatio, nis, f. a contest. 
Dimic-o, are, ui, or avi, atum, 

neut. to fight. 
Dimidi-um, i, n. the half. 
Dimidi-us, a, um, adj. half. 
Dimitt-o, ere; dimis-i, sum, act. 

to dismiss, send about. 
Dimov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to 

remove, displace. 
Dindymen-e, es, f. Cybele, wor- 
shipped on Mount Dindymus. 
Dion, is, m. noun pr. 
Dion-e, es, f. a sea nymph, and 

mother of Venus. 
Dionysi-us, i, m. noun pr. also a 

title of Bacchus. 
Diphthong-us, i, f. a diphthong. 
Dirim-o, ere; direm-i, ptum, act. 

to break off", end. 
Dirip-io, ere, ui; direptum, act. 

to tear asunder, rob, pillage. 
Diru-o,ere,i, turn, act. to destroy. 
Dir-us, a, um, adj. direful, cruel. 
Dis,DItis,m. Pluto, theGod of hell. 
Disceditur, impers. from 
Disced-o, ere; cessi, cessum, 

neut. to depart, cease. 



220 



DIS 



DIV 



Disc-o, ere? didici, act. to learn. 
Discordi-a, se, f. dissension, vari- 
ance. 
Discrim-en, inis, n. difFerence, 

hazard, danger. 
Discruci-or, ari, atus, dep. to be 

much vexed. 
Discut-io, ere; cuss-i, urn, act. to 

dash to pieces, discuss, shake 

off. 
Disert-us, a, um, adj. copious, 

eloquent. . 
Disjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to 

scatter. 
Displic-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. 

to displease. 
Disputatur, impers. from 
Disput-o, are, to reason, dis- 
course, de aliqua re. 
Disser-o, ere, ui, turn, to dis- 
course, debate. 
Dissimil-is, is, e, adj. unlike. 
Dissimilitud-o, inis, f. unlikeness. 
Dissimul-o, are, act. to dissemble. 
Dissipatus, part of 
Dissip-o, are, act. to scatter. 
Dissolv-o, ere, i; solutum, act. to 

loose, dissolve. 
Distend-o, ere, i; ntum, or nsum, 

act. to stretch out. 
Distentus, part of distendo. 
Distribu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 

distribute. 
Districtus, part, of 
Distring-o, ere; nxi, ctum, act. to 

bind, strike, draw. 
Dithyramb -us, i, m. a title of 

Bacchus, a song in honour of 

Bacchus. 
Ditio, nis, f. power, authority. 
Diu, adv. comp. diutius, diu- 

tissime, a long time. 
Diuturn-us, a, um, adj. lasting, 

long. 
Divers-us, a, um, adj. sundry, 

divers. 
Div-es, itis, adj. rich; comp. di- 

vitor, or ditior, ditissimus. 
Divid-o, ere; divis-i, um, act. to 

divide. 



Divinitus, adv. from God, by the 
divine power. 

Divin-us, a, um, adj. divine, more 
than human. 

Diviti-se, arum, f. riches. 

Div-us, i, m. a God. 

Doc-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to 
teach. 

Docte, adv. from doctus. 

Doctor, is, m. a teacher, doctor. 

Doctrin-a, ae, f. doctrine, learn- 
ing, erudition, wisdom. 

Doct-us, a, um, adj. and part, of 
doceo, learned, skilful, taught. 

Dol-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
in pain, to grieve. 

Dolor, is, m. pain, grief. 

Dol-us, i, m. a device, trick, de- 
ceit. 

Domicili-um, i, n. an abode. 

Domin-a, se, f. a mistress, lady. 

Dominatio, nis, f. authority, ty- 
ranny. 

Domin-us, i, m. the master, lord. 

Dom-o, are, ui, itum, act. to 
tame, to vanquish. 

Dom-us, us, or i, f. the house, 
home. 

Donee, adv. and conj. as long as, 
until. 

Don-o, are, to bestow, forgive, 
present; alicui aliquid, or alt- 
quern aliqua re. «. 

Dori-s, dis, f. daughter of Ocea- 
nus and Thetis, who being 
married to her brother Nereus, 
had many nymphs by him call- 
ed Nereides. 

Dorm-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
sleep. 

Dors-um, i, n. a back. 

Do-s, tis, f. a dowry, endowment. 

Dryad-es, um, f. goddesses of the 
woods. 

Dubitatio, nis, f. a doubt, hesita- 
tion. 

Dubitatur, impers. from 

Dubit-o, are, neut. to doubt, hesi- 
tate. 

Dubi-um, i, n. a doubt, jeopardy. 



DUB 



EFF 



221 



Dubi-us, a, um, adj. doubtful, 
dangerous. 

Ducent-i, se, a, adj. two hundred. 

Duc-o, ere; duxi, ductum, act. 
to lead, reckon. 

Ductor, is, m. a leader, guide. 

Dulc-is, is, e, adj. sweet. 

Dura, adv. and conj. until, whilst. 

Duramodo, adv. and conj. pro- 
vided that. 

Dumnori-x, gis, m. noun pr. 

Dum-us, i, m. a bush of briars, 
brambles. 

Du-o, a?, o, adj. two. 

Dupl-ex, icis, adj. double. 

Dupl-us, a, um, adj. double, 
twice as much. 

Dure, or duriter, adv. from durus. 

Dur-o, are, act. and neut. to har- 
den, bear, to last. 

Dur-us, a, um, adj. hard. 

Du-x, cis, c. g. a leader, com- 
mander. 

E,or ex,prep.«6/.of,according to 

Ebrieta-s, tis, f. drunkenness. 

Ec-quis, qua, quod, or quid, 
pron. who, whether any one. 

Eda-x, cis,adj. eating, gluttonous. 

Edepol, for per Deum Pollucem, 
adv. by Pollux. 

Editus, part, of 

Ed-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to put 
forth, publish, bring forth. 

Ed-o, ere, or esse, edi, esum, act. 
to eat. 

Edoc-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to ' 
teach. 

Educatus, part, of 

Ediic-o, are, act. to feed, teach, 
educate. 

Ediic-o, ere; edu-xi, ctum, act. 
to lead forth, bring out. 

EfFer-o, re; extuli, elatum, act. 
to bring, or carry out; utter, 
exalt. 

Effica-x, cis, adj. efficacious, ef- 
fectual. 

Effic-io, ere; effec-i, turn, act. to 
accomplish, effect, bring to 
pass, make. 

19 



Effod-io, ere, i; fossum, act. to 

dig out. 
Effoet-us, or effet-us, a, um, adj. 

barren, decayed, worn out. 
Effusio, nis, f. prodigality, ex- 
pense. 
E. G. for exempli gratia, for ex- 
ample. 
Egen-us, a, um, adj. in want; ali- 

cujus rei or aliqua re. 
Eg-eo, ere, ui, neut. to need, be 

in want; aliqua re or alicujus rei . 
Egeri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Egesaret-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Egesta-s, tis, f. poverty, want. 
Ego; mei, mihi, pron. I. 
Egomet, I myself. 
Egred-ior, i; egressus, dep. to 

go out,or beyond; the city, vr- 

bem, or ex urbe. 
Egregie, adv. from 
Egregi-us, a, um, adj. excellent, 

eminent. 
Egressus, part, of egredior. 
Ehem ! interj . O strange! hah! 
Eheu! interj. ah! alas! 
Eia! well then! O fie! 
Ejic-io, ere; ejec-i, turn, act. to 

cast out, banish; from the city 

(ex) urbe. 
Ejusmodi, adv. for ejus modi, of 

the same sort, of such kind. 
Elabor-o,are,act. to make, finish. 
Electr-a, x, f. daughter of Aga- 

memmon and Clytemnestra, 

who incited Orestes to revenge 

their father's death. 
Electus, part, of eligo. 
Elegan-s, tis, adj. handsome. 
Eleus-is, is, f. noun pr. 
Elig-o, ere; ele-gi, ctum, act. to 

choose, elect. 
Eloquenti-a, a;, f. eloquence. 
Eluc-eo,erc; eluxi,neut.to shine, 

be manifest. 
Emensus, part, of, emetior. 
Ement-ior, iri, itus, dep. to lie, 

pretend. 
Ementitus, part, of ementior. 
Emerg-o, ere; emers-i, um, neut 



222 



EME 



ERI 



to emerge, swim out, extri- 
cate. 

Emet-ior, irl 5 emensus, dep. to 
measure, travel over. 

Eminus, adv. at a distance. 

Em-o, ere, i, ptum, act. to buy. 

Enim, conj. for, truly. 

Enni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Enorm-is, is, e, adj. out of rule, 
vast. 

Enormiter, adv. from enormis. 

Ens-is, is, m. a sword. 

Eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to go. 

Eo, adv. thither, to that place, to 
that degree. 

Eo-us, a, um, adj. eastern, orien- 
tal. 

Emic-o, are, ui, neut. to shine 
forth, jump out, appear. 

Epaminond-as, x, m. noun pr. 

Epicure-us, a, um, adj. of the 
sect of Epicurus. 

Epistol-a, <e, f. an epistle, letter. 

Epitom-e, es, f. an abridgment. 

Epul-um, i, n. a banquet; plur. 
epul-se, arum, f. 

Equ-es, itis, c. g. a horseman, 
knight. 

Equester, or equestr-is, is, e,[adj. 
equestrian, of the horse. 

Equin-us, a, um, adj. belonging 
to a horse. 

Equitat-us, us, m. the cavalry, 
riding. 

Equ-us, i, m. a horse. 

Erat-o, us, f. the Muse presiding 
over love. 

Ereb-us, i, m. hell. 

Erectus, part, of erigo. 

Erem-us, i, f. a wilderness, de- 
sert. 

E reptus, part, of eripio. 

Erga, prep. ace. towards, against. 

Ergo, subst. indecl. for the sake; 
of honour, honoris. 

Ergo, conj. therefore. 

Eridan-us, i, m. the river Po; also 
called Padus. 

Erig-o, ere; ere-xi, ctum, act. to 
erect. 



Erigon-e, es, f. daughter of Ica- 
rus; having hanged herself on 
account of her father's death, 
she was taken to heaven, and 
made the sign of Virgo. 

Erinn-ys, yos, f. the common 
name of the three Furies. 

Erip-io, ere, ui; ereptum, act. to 
take by force, rescue. 

Erogit-o, are, freq. to ask greatly, 
extort. 

Errabund-us, a, um, adj. wander- 
ing, straying. 

Erratus, part, of 

Err-o, are, neut. and act. to rove, 
err, wander over. 

Error, is, m. a" wandering, error. 

Erubesc-o, ere; erubui, incept, 
to become red, to blush. 

Eru-dio, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
teach, instruct; in an art, (de) ' 
arte. 

Eruditus, part, of erudio. 

Eruptio, nis, f. a bursting forth, a 
sally. 

Erycln-a, se, f. a title of Venus. 

Esc-a, x, f. meat, food, bait. 

Esur-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to de- 
sire to eat, to be hungry. 

Et, conj. and; et, et t both, and. 

Eteocl-es, eos, m. son of CEdi- 
pus, who with his brother Po- 
lynices reigned alternately year 
by year, and at last killed each 
other. 

Etiam, conj. also, too, yea. 

Euax! interj. huzza. 

Euclid-es, is, m. noun pr. a fa- 
mous geometrician. 

Euge! interj. well done. 

Eumen-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Eumenid-es, um, the three Fu- 
ries, daughters of Acheron and 
Nox. 

Eunuch-us, i, m. a eunuch. 

Euphranor, is, m. noun pr. 

Euphrat-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Euphrosyn-e, es, f. one of the 
three Graces. 

Eurial-us, i, m. noun pr. 



EUR 



EXE 



223 



Europ-a, se, f. daughter of Agen- 
or; she was carried by Jupi- 
ter, in the form of a white bull, 
into Crete, and gave name to 
one of the four quarters of the 
world. 

Euterp-e, es, f. the Muse presid- 
ing over music. 

Evan-s, tis, adj. shouting in praise 
of Bacchus. 

Evax, see euax. 

Even-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
come, or fall out, happen. 

Evenit, it happens, impers. from 
evenio. 

Event-us, us, m. an event, chance. 

Eversus, part, of 

Evert-o, ere, i; eversum, act. to 
turn, overthrow. 

Evigilat-us, a, urn, done with 
care, part, of 

Evigil-o, are, neut. to watch, be 
careful , study by night. 

Evinc-io, ire; evinxi, act. to bind 
around. 

Evinctus, part, of evincio. 

Evol-o, are, neut. to fly away. 

Ex, see E. 

Exced-o, ere; excess-i, urn, neut. 
to go out, exceed. 

Exceptus, part, of excipio. 

Excidi-um, i, n.ruin, destruction. 

Excind-o, ere; exci-di, ssum, act. 
to cut out, destroy. 

Excip-io, ere; excep-i, turn, act. 
to receive, take up, entertain, 
catch, succeed. 

Excisus, part, of excido, cut out. 

Excit-o, are, act. to rouse, in- 
cite. 

Exclam-o, are, neut. and act. to 
cry out, call. 

Excruciatus, part, of excrucio. 

Excruci-o, are, act. to torment, 
afflict. 

Excusatio, nis, f. the excuse, 
plea. 

Excus-o, arc, act. to excuse. 

Excut-io, ere; excuss-i, urn, act. 
to shake off, to strike out. 



Execratus, part, of 

Execror, see exsecror, 

Exempl-um, i, n. an example, 
precedent. 

Ex-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to go 
out. 

Exequise, exequor, etc. see exse- 
quiae, etc. 

Exerc-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to ex- 
ercise, vex. 

Exercitatio, nis, f. exercise, prac- 
tice. 

Exercit-us, us, m. an army. 

Exhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
show. 

Exig-o, ere; exegi, exactum, act. 
to expel, extort, finish. 

Exili-um, i, n. exile. 

Eximi-us, a, urn, adj. select, ex- 
cellent. 

Existimatio, nis, f. the opinion, 
estimation. 

Existim-o, are, act. to think, es- 
teem. 

Exist-o, ere; extiti, neut. to ex- 
ist, to be. 

Exiti-um, i, n. the departure, 
ruin. 

Exit-us, us, m. the issue, result, 
death. 

Exolesc-o, ere; exol-ui, or evi, 
etum, neut. to become stale, to 
go out of use. 

Exoletus, part, of exolesco. 

Exor-ior, iri, tus, dep. to rise, 
spring up. 

Exors, see exsors. 

Exos, sis, adj. without bones. 

Exos-us, a, um, part. act. of odi, 
hating. 

Expavesc-o, ere; vi, incept, to 
become frighted. 

Expectatio,nis,f. the expectation. 

Exped-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
disengage, to get ready. 

Expeditus, part, of expedio. 

Expell-o, ere; expul-i, sum, act. 
to expel, banish. 

Expergisc-or, i, expcrrectus, dcp. 
to awake. 



224 



EXP 



EXT 



Exper-ior, iri, tus, dep. to try, 

experience. 
Expert-us, a, um, adj. expert, 

having- tried, being tried, part. 

of experior. 
Expetit, impers. it is meet. 
Expet-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to 

desire. 
Expl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 

fill, complete, satiate. 
Explic-o, are, ui, or avi, itum or 

atum, act. to unfold, display, 

explain. 
Explorator, is, m. an examiner, 

scout. 
Explor-o, are, act. to pry into, 

reconnoitre. 
Expon-o, ere; expos-ui, itum. act. 

to set forth, expose, explain, 

to land. 
Exportatio, nis, f. carrying- out. 
Expositus, part, of expono. 
Exprobratio, nis, f. an upbraid- 
ing-. 
Expug-n-o, are, act. to take by 

force, conquer. 
Expulsus, part, of expello. 
Exsang-u-is, is, e, adj. bloodless, 

pale. 
Exsecr-or, ari, atus, dep. to 

curse. 
Exsequi-se, arum, f. funeral so- 
lemnities. 
Exsequ-or, i; exsecutus, dep. to 

execute, perform. 
Exsor-s, tis, adj. without share, 

extraordinary. 
Exstru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to 

erect, build. 
Exsurg-o, ere; exsurre-xi, ctum, 

neut. to rise. 
Ext-a, orum, n. the bowels, en- 
trails. 
Extermin-o, are, act. to banish, 

destroy. 
Exter-us, a, um, adj. foreign, 
strange; comp. exterior, extre- 
mus. 
Extinctus, part, of 
Extingu-o, ere, extin-xi, ctum, 



act. to extinguish, to put to 
death. 
Extorr-is, is, c. g. an exile. 
Extra, prep. ace. without. 
Extrem-us, or extim-us, a, um, 
superl. of extents, the outer- 
most, the last. 
Extruo, see exstruo. 
Exu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to strip, 

free. 
Exurgo, see exsurgo. 
Exuvi-je, arum, f. the spoils. 
Fabi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Fabrici-us, i. m. noun pr. 
Fabul-a, se, f. a fable, tale. 
Faci-es, ei, f. the face, visage. 
Facile, or faciliter, adv. of 
Facil-is, is, e, adj. easy, pliable, 
kind; comp. facilior, facilli- 
mus. 
Facinoros-us, um, adj. bold, 

wicked. 
Facin-us, oris, n. a great action, 

a villany. 

Fac-io, ere; feci; factum, act. to 

make; p ass. Jio. Facere aliquern 

certiovem, to inform some one. 

Factio, nis, f. a doing, ability, 

party. 
Fact-um, i, n. a deed. 
Facturus, part, of facio. 
Factus, part, of facio. 
Faculta-s, tis, f. the faculty, op- 
portunity. 
Fsemina, see femina. 
Falla-x, cis, adj. deceitful. 
Fall-o, ere; fefelli, falsum, act. to 

deceive. 
Fal-x, cis, f. a hook, scythe. 
Fam-a, ae, f. fame, rumour. 
Fam-es, is, f. hunger, dearth. 
Famili-a, x, f. the household, fa- 
mily. 
Familiar-is, is, e, adj. belonging 

to the family, familiar. 
Familiarita-s, tis, f. familiarity. 
Familiariter, adv. from familiaris. 
Far, is, n. grain, flour. 
Faris, fatur, etc. fari, fatus, dep. 
to speak. 



FAS 



FER 



225 



Fas, n. indecl. justice, right. 

Fastid-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
abhor, dislike. 

Fastidi-uui, i, n. pride, scorn, 
loathing". 

Fastigi-um, i, n. the top, sublim- 
ity. 

Fatal-is, is, e, adj. ordered by- 
fate, fatal. 

Fat-eor, eri; fassus, dep. to con- 
fess. • 

Fat-um, i, n. the fate, God's de- 
cree. 

Faun-us, i, m. plur. Fauni, the 
Gods of the fields and woods. 

Fau-x, cis, f. plur. fauces, the 
jaws, straits. 

Fav-eo, ere, i; fautum, neut. to 
favour; alicui. 

Favetur, impers. from faveo. 

Favoni-us, i, m. the west wind. 

Fax, facis, f. a torch, an incendi- 
ary. 

Faxim; faxo, is, it, for fecerim, 
fecero. 

Febr-is, is, f. a fever. 

Febru-a, um, and orum, n. a 
feast of atonement for twelve 
days in the month of February, 
which thence received its 
name. 

Felicita-s, tis, f. fortune, felicity, 
opulence. 

Feliciter, adv. from 

Fel-ix, Tcis, adj. happy. 

Femin-a, x, f. a woman. 

P'emine-us, a, um, adj. feminine, 
woman-like. 

Fem-ur, oris, n. the thigh. 

Fenestr-a, ae, f. a window, hole, 
inlet. 

Fenus, see fcenus. 

Fer-a, ae, f. a wild beast. 

Fera-x, cis, adj. fertile. 

Fere, adv. almost. 

Feretri-us, i, m. a title of Jupi- 
ter. 

Fer-io, ire, (percuss-i, um, from 
percutio,) to cut, strike, 
stamp, ratify. 



Ferme, adv. almost, about. 

Fer-o, re; tuli, latum, act. to car- 
ry, bring, report, say. 

Feroci-a, ae, f. fierceness, cruel- 
ty- 

Fero-x, cis, adj. fierce, harsh, 
cruel. 

Ferre-us, a, um, adj. of iron, 
hard, insensible. 

Fer-us, a, um, adj. wild, cruel. 

Ferrugine-us, a, um, adj. dark, 
rusty. 

Ferr-um, i, n. iron. 

Festin-o, are, neut. and act. to 
hasten. 

Fetus, see foetus. 

Fict-us, a, um, adj. false, fabu- 
lous, feigned, part, of fingo. 

Fic-us, i, or us, f. the fig tree, a 
fig. 

Fic-us, i, m. the emeroids. 

Fidel-is, is, e. adj. faithful. 

Fideliter, adv. of fidelis. 

Fiden-s, tis, part, and adj. trust- 
ing, bold, from fido. 

Fid-es, ei, f. faith, trust. 

Fides, or is, is, f. a fiddle, lute, 
music. 

Fld-o, ere, i; fisum, neut. to 
trust to. 

Fiduci-a, ae, f. confidence. 

Fid-us, a, um, adj. faithful, safe. 

Fili-a, ae, f. a daughter; abl. pi. 
abus. 

Fili-us, i, m. a son, voc. sing. Jili. 

Fil-um, i, n. a thread, yarn. 

Final-is, is, e, adj. final. 

Find-o, ere; flsi, fissum, act. to 
slit, divide. 

Fing-o, ere; fin-xi; fictum, act. to 
mould, imagine, feign. 

Fin-io, ire, ivi, itum. act. to fin- 
ish, end. 

Fin-is, is, m. and f. the end, a 
territory. 

Finitim-us, a, um, adj. bordering 
upon, nearly related. 

Fio, fieri, factus, pass, of facio, 
to be made, to become; Jit, it 
happens. 



226 



FIR 



FOR 



Firmatus, part, of firmo. 

Firm-o, are, to strengthen, forti- 
fy- 

Firm-us, a, um, adj. firm, strong. 

Flagitios-us, a, um, adj. wicked. 

Flagit-o, are, act. to ask eagerly. 

Flagrans, adj. and part, of 

Flagr-o, are, neut. to burn. 

Flamm-a, se, f. flame. 

Fl-o, are, neut. and act. to blow, 
sound. 

Flor-eo, ere, ui, neut. to flourish. 

Flo-s, ris, m. the flower, bloom. 

Floscul-ns, i, m. dim. a blossom, 
little flower. 

Fluct-us, us, m. a wave, uncer- 
tainty. 

Flum-en, inis, n. the stream, ri- 
ver. 

Fluvi-us, i, m. the river. 

Foedita-s, tis, f. deformity, base- 
ness. 

Foed-us, eris, n. a league. 

Foed-us, a, um, adj. filthy, vile. 

Foen-us, oris, n. interest, usury. 

Foet-us, us, m. the young. 

Foet-us, a, um, adj. big with 
young. 

Foemina, see femina. 

Foli-um, i, n. a leaf. 

Fon-s, tis, m. a fountain. 

For-em, es, et, etc. fore; for es- 
sem, I would be. 

Foris, adv. from abroad, without 
doors. 

Form-a, se, f. the form, shape. 

Formos-us, a, um, adj. fair, hand- 
some. 

Forsan, adv. perhaps, perchance. 

Forsitan, ad. perhaps. 

Fortasse, fortassis, adv. perhaps. 

Fort-is, is, e, adj. strong, brave. 

Fortiter, adv. from fortis. 

Fortitud-o, inis, f. patience, cour- 
age. 

Fortun-a, se, f. fortune, event. 

Fortunat-us, a, um, adj. happy, 
fortunate. 

For-um, i, n. the market-place, 
forum. 



For-us, i, m. the deck, hatch of 

a ship. 
Foss-a, se, f. a ditch, trench. 
Fove-a, se, f. a pit, cave. 
Fractus, part, of frango. 
Frsen-um, i, n. pi. fraen-i, m. 

frsen-a, n. a bridle. 
Frang-o, ere; fregi; fractum, act. 

to break. 
Frat-er, ris, m. the brother. 
Frenum, see frsenum. 
Frequenti-a, se, f. frequency, a 

great number. 
Fret-um, i, n. the straits, a frith. 
Fret-us, a, um, adj. trusting to; 

aliqua re. 
Frig-eo, ere; frixi, neut. to be, 

or become cold. 
Fron-s, dis, f. a leaf, bough. 
Fron-s, tis, f. and m. the front, 

forehead. 
Fruct-us, us, m. the fruit. 
Frugifer, a, um, adj. fruitful. 
Frumentari-us, a, um, adj. be- 
longing to corn, or forage :fru- 

mentaria res, grain, provisions. 
Frument-um, i, n. all kinds of 

grain for bread. 
Fru-or, i, cttis, or itus, dep. to 

enjoy, aliqua re. 
Frustra, Sidv. in vain. 
Frux, friigis, f. fruit, corn. 
Fug-a, se, f. the flight. 
Fugiens, part, of 
Fug-io, ere, i, itum, neut. and 

act. to flee, shun. 
Fug-o, are, act. to chase, put to 

flight. 
Fulc-io, ire; ful-si, turn, act. to 

prop, sustain. 
Fulg-eo, ere; si, neut. to shine, 

glitter. 
Fulgurat, impers. it lightens. 
Fulgur-o, are, neut. to shine, 

lighten. 
Fulvi-a, se, f. noun pr. 
Fumans, part, of 
Fum-o, are, neut. to smoke. 
Fundament-um, i, n. the founda- 
tion. 



PUN 



GEN 



227 



Funditus, adv. utterly. 

Fund-o, are, act. to found. 

Fund-o, ere; fu-di, sum, act. to 
pour out, scatter, to rout. 

Fund-us, i, m. land, property. 

Fung-or, i; functus, dep. to exe- 
cute, go through, with; fungi 
munere, to discharge an office. 

Fun-us, eris, n. a funeral, death. 

Fur, fiiris, m. a thief. 

Furc-a, se, f. a fork. 

Furni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Fur-o, ere, neut. to be mad, to 
rage. 

Furor, is, m. fury, rage, rap- 
ture. 

Furtim, adv. by stealth. 

Furt-um, i, n. theft, stratagem. 

Fust-is, is, m. a club, cudgel. 

Fusus, part, of fundo. 

Futurus, future, part, of sum. 

Gabi-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Galate-a, x, f. a nymph, daugh- 
ter of Nereus and Doris. 

Gale-a, x, f. a helmet. 

Gall-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Galli-a, 3e, f. Gaul. 

Gallin-a, x, f. a hen. 

Gall-us, i, m. the cock. 

Ganymed-es, is, m. the son of 
Tros, who being carried by an 
eagle into heaven, became Ju- 
piter's cup-bearer. 

Garr-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
prate. 

Gaud-eo, ere; gavisus sum, neut. 
to rejoice; at something, aliqua 
re. 

Gaudi-um, i, n. joy. 

Gaz-a, 3C, f. the treasure. 

Gelascit, impers. it freezes. 

Gemin-us, a, um, adj. double. 

Gemin-i, orum, m. twins. 

Gemit-us, us, m. a groan. 

Gemm-a, x, f. a bud, gem. 

Gem-o, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
groan. 

Gener, i, m. a son-in-law. 

Gener-o, are, act. to engender, 
beget, bring forth. 



Generos-us, a, um, adj. noble, 
generous. 

Genitor, is, m. the father. 

Genitus, part, of gigno. 

Geni-us, i, m. a good, or evil dae- 
mon attending every man or 
woman, a guardian angel, ge- 
nius. 

Gen-s,tis, f. a nation, tribe. 

Gen-u, u, plur. genua, n. the 
knee. 

Gen-us, eris, n. a kindred, race, 
kind. 

Gerens, part, of gero. 

German-i, orum, noun gent. 

Germanicus, i, m. noun pr. 

Ger-o, ere; ges-si, turn, act. to 
carry, wear, show, manage, 
conduct. 

Gestus, part, of gero. 

Gignendus, part of 

Gign-o, ere; gen-ui, itum, act. to 
beget, bring forth. 

Glaci-es, ei, f. the ice. 

Gladiator, is, m. a sword-player, 
gladiator. 

Gladi-us, i, m. a sword. 

Glan-s, dis, f. an acorn. 

Glauci-a, ze, m. noun pr. 

Glauc-us, i, m. a fisherman, who 
having leaped into the sea, was 
transformed into a Triton, and 
became a sea God. 

Glis, gliris, m. a dormouse. 

Glori-a, se, f. glory. 

Glori-or, ari, atus, dep. to glory, 
boast; (c/e) aliqua re. 

Glorios-us, a, um, adj. glorious. 

Gnatus, see natus. 

Gorg-on, onis, f. pi. Gorgones, 
the daughters of Phorcus and 
Ceto, Medusa, Eurysale, and 
Stheno; they changed those, 
that looked on them, into stone. 

Gorgoni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Gracch-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Gracil-is, is, e, adj. slim, weak. 

Grad-ior, i; gressus, dep. to go. 

Gradiv-us, i, m. a title of Mars. 

Grad-us, us, m. a step, degree. 



22S 



GRM 



HAB 



Graece, adv. in Greek. 

Graec-i, orum, m. noun gent, the 
Greeks. 

Graeci-a, ae, noun pr. Greece. 

Graec-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. 

Grai-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. 

Grammatice, adv. grammarian 
like, according to grammar. 

Grammatic-us, i, m. a gramma- 
rian. 

Grandee v-us, a, um, adj. old, very 
old. 

Grandinat, impers. it hails. 

Grandin-o, are, to hail. 

Gran-um, i, n. a grain, kernel. 

Grates, f. nom. ace. and voc. pi. 
thanks. 

Grati-a,3e, f. grace, honor, reputa- 
tion, influence, sake. 

Grati-ae, arum, f. thanks; ago tibi 
gratias, I give you thanks; also 
the three Graces Aglaia, Tha- 
lia, and Euphrosync. 

Gratis, adv. freely, without a re- 
ward. 

Gratulabund-us, a, um, adj. wish- 
ing joy. 

Gratul-or, ari, atus, dep. to con- 
gratulate, wish joy; alicui ali- 
quidov (de) aliqua re. 

Grat-us, a, um, adj. grateful, 
agreeable. 

Grav-is, is, e, adj. heavy, weigh- 
ty, grave, solemn. 

Graviter, adv. from gravis. 

Gross-us, i, m. and f. a green fig. 

Grunn-io, ire, neut. to grunt. 

Gryps, gryphis, m. a gripe. 

Gubernacul-um, i, n. the helm, 
government. 

Gubern-o, are, act. to manage. 

Gust-o, are, act. to taste. 

Gutt-a, a:, f. a drop. 

Ha! interj. ha! ah! 

Hab-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
have, treat, reckon. 

Habit-o, are, freq. to have often, 
to dwell, inhabit. 

Habit-us, us, m. a habit, de- 
meanor, apparel. 



Habitus, part, of habeo. 

Haed-us, i, m. a kid. 

Haeredita-s, tis, f. an inheritance. 

Haer-eo, ere; haes-i, um, neut. to 
stick. 

Haer-es, edis, c. g. an heir. 

Haeres-is, is, or ios, f. an opinion, 
heresy. 

Hal-ec, ecis, f. and n. the her- 
ring, the pickle. 

Hal-us, i, f. camfrey. 

Hamilcar, is, m. noun pr. 

Hammon, or Ammon, is, m. a ti- 
tle of Jupiter. 

Ham-us, i, m. the hook. 

Hannibal, see Annibal. 

Harpyi-ae, arum, f. three mon- 
sters, Jlello, Celceno, and Cy- 
nete, with the faces of virgins, 
and bodies of vultures. 

Hast-a, ae, f. a spear. 

Haud, adv. not. 

Haur-io, ire; haus-i, turn, act. to 
draw, swallow. 

He! he! interject, he! 

Heb-e, es, f. the Goddess of 
youth, called also Juventas. 

Heb-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be blunt. 

Hebe-s, etis, adj. blunt, dull. 

Hebesc-o,ere,incept.to grow dull. 

Hector, is, m. a son of Priam. 

Hectore-us, a* um, adj. belong- 
ing to Hector, Hector-like. 

Hei ! interj. woe ! alas ! 

Helen-a,ae,f. the daughter of Le- 
da, and wife of Menelaus; she 
eloped with Paris, which caus- 
ed the Trojan war. 

Helen-us, i, m. a son of Priam. 

Helicon, is, m. a mountain of 
Boeotia, dedicated to the Muses. 

Hellespont-us, i, m. the Darda- 
nelles. 

Helveti-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Helveti-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Hem! or hm! interject. 

Hep-ar, aris, n. the liver. 

Hepbaestion, is, m. noun pr. 
Ephaestion. 

Herb-a, ae, f. an herb, the grass. 



HER 



HIS 



229 



Hercul-es, is, m. the son of Jupi- 
ter and Alcmena,celebrated for 
his many and dangerous enter- 
prises. 

Herenni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Heri, adv. yesterday. 

Hermies, se, or etis, m. Mercury. 

Hermion-e, es, f. a daughter of 
Mars and Venus, married to 
Cadmus, and changed into a 
serpent; also a daughter of 
Menelaus and Helena, married 
to Pyrrhus. 

Hermola-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Her-os, ois, m. a hero. 

Her-us, i, m. the master, ruler. 

Hesperid-es, um,f. the daughters 
of Hesperus, brother of Atlas, 
who had a garden bearing 
golden apples, watched by a 
dragon, which was slain by 
Hercules. 

Hestern-us, a, um, adj. of yester- 
day. 

Heu! interj. woe! alas! 

Heus! interj. ho, soho, so there! 

Hibern-a, (scil. castra), orum, n. 
winter quarters. 

Hiberni-a, <t, f. Ireland. 

Hibern-us, a, um, adj. of winter. 

Hie, hsec, hoc, pron. this. 

Hie, adv. here. 

Hicce, hsecce, hocce, gen. hu- 
jusce, pron. this very one. 

Hiem-s, is, f. winter, a tempest. 

Hinc, adv. hence. 

Hinn-io, ire, neut.to neigh. 

Hippomanes, n. indecl. a piece 
of flesh on the forehead of a 
colt, when foaled, which the 
mare presently bites off; also a 
philtre. 

Hippon-a, se, f. the goddess of 
horses and stables. 

Ilirc-us, i, m. a buck goat. 

Hirud-o, inis, f. a leech, blood- 
sucker. 

Hirund-o, inis, f. a swallow. 

Hispani-a, x, f. Spain. 

Histori-a, se, f. a history. 



Histrio, nis, m. an actor, a quack. 

Ho! hoi! interject. O! 

Hodiern-us, a, um, adj. of this 
day. 

Hodie, adv. to day. 

Homer-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Hom-o, inis, m. man, a human 
being. 

Homul-us, i, m. a little man, 
dwarf. 

Homuncio, nis, m. a sorry fellow, 
a scrub. 

Homuncul-us, i, m, a little sorry 
fellow. 

Honest-us, a, um, adj. honoura- 
ble, honest. 

Honor, or os, oris, m. honour. 

Honoratus, part, of 

Honor-o, are, act. to honour. 

Hor-a, <e, f. the hour, time, sea- 
son. 

Horati us, i, m. noun pr. 

Horr-eo, ere, ui, neut. to set up 
the bristles, to look horrible, 
to dread. 

Horribil-is, is, e, adj. rough, hor- 
rid. 

Horrid-us, a, um, adj. rugged, 
horrible. 

Hort-or, ari, atus, dep. to exhort. 

Hosp-es, itis, c. g.a guest, a host. 

Hospiti-um, i, n. an inn, lodging, 
hospitality. 

Hostic-us, a, um, adj. belonging 
to the enemy, the enemy's. 

Hostil-is, is, e, adj. hostile. 

Host-is, is, c. g. the enemy. 

H. S. for L. L. S. two pounds 
and a half; see sestertius. 

Hue, adv. hither. 

Huccine? adv. what, hither' 

Hui! interj. ho! whow! 

Humane, adv. from humanus. 

Humanita-s, tis, f. humanity, 
gentleness. 

Humaniter, adv. courteously. 

Human-us, a, um. adj. human, 
humane. 

Humer-us, i, m. the shoulder. 

llumid-us, a, um, adj. moist, wet. 



20 



230 



HUM 



IDA 



Humil-is, is, e, adj. low, humble. 

Hum-us, i, f. the ground; kmi, 
on the ground. 

Hyacinth-us, i, m. a beautiful 
boy, beloved by Apollo and 
Zephyrus; being" killed by 
Zephyrus, who was jealous of 
his rival, Apollo changed his 
blood into a flower, called hya- 
cinth. 

Hyad-es, um, f. the seven daugh- 
ters of Atlas and JEthra, who 
were changed into seven stars 
in the head of Taurus, whilst 
bewailing their, brother Hyas. 

Hyberna, see hiberna. 

Hyblae-us, a, um, adj. Hyblaean, 
from Hybla, a town of Sicily, 
celebrated for its honey. 

Hydr-a, ae, f. a water snake, that 
had fifty heads, arid Was killed 
by Hercules in the lake Lerna. 

Hydr-ops, 5pis, m. the dropsy. 

Hyems, see hiems. 

Hym-en, enis, m. the God of 
marriage. 

Hymenae-us, i, m. a marriage, 
marriage-song. 

Hyperbore-us,a,um,adj. northern. 

Hyperid-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Hypermnestr-a, ae, f. one of the 
fifty daughters of Danaus, who 
alone spared her husband. 

Hystasp-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Iacch-us, i, m. a title of Bacchus. 

Iapet-us, i, m. the father of Pro- 
metheus, the Greeks account- 
ed him the founder of their 
nation. 

lasid-es, is, m. Palinurus, the son 
of Iasius. 

Ib-er, eri, m. pi. Iber-i, orum, a 
people of Spain. 

Ibi, adv. there. 

Ibidem, adv. there, in the same | 
place. 

Icari-us, a, um, adj. Icarian, from 

Icar-us, i, m. the son of Daedalus, 
who flying with his father from 
Crete into Cicily, and soaring 
too high, melted the wax of 



his wings, and fell into the 
sea, thence called the Icarian 
sea. 

Id-a, ae, f. a mountain near Troy, 
where Paris adjudged the prize 
of beauty to Venus, against 
Juno and Pallas. 

Idcirco, conj. therefore. 

Idem, eadem, idem, pron. the 
same. 

Ideo, adv. therefore. 

Idone-us, a, um, adj. fit, conve- 
nient. 

Id-us, uum, f. the Ides, the 
eighth day, or eight days after 
the Nones, the fifteenth of 
March, May, July, and October, 
in the other months the thir- 
teenth. 

I. E. or i. e. for id est, that is. 

Igitur, conj. therefore, then. 

Ignar-us, a, um, adj. ignorant. 

Ignavi-a, ae, f. inactivity, cow- 
ardice. 

Ign-is, is, m. fire; abl. e and i. 

Ignobil-is, is, e, adj. ignoble. 

Ignominios-us, a, um, adj. infa- 
mous. 

Ignoscitur, impers. from 

Ignosc-o, ere; igno-vi, turn, neut. 
to forgive, pardon; alicui. 

Iguvin-i, orum, noun gent. 

Iguvi-um, i, noun pr. 

Illcet, adv. forthwith. 

Ili-on, or um, i, n. the city Troy. 

Ilion-e, es, f. the eldest of Priam's 
daughters. 

llle, ilia, illud, pron. he, she, it. 

Illegitim-us, a, um, adj. unlawful. 

Illic, adv. there, in that place. 

Illico, adv. forthwith, upon the 
spot. 

Illustr-is, is, e, adj. bright, glo- 
rious. 

Illuvi-es, ei, f. filthiness, filth. 

ll-us, i, m. the son of Tros, and 
father of Laomedon, from 
whom Troy was called Ilion. 

Imag-o, inis, f. a resemblance, 
image. 

Imbecilita-s, tis, f. weakness. 



1MB 



IMP 



231 



Imb-er, ris, m. a shower; abl. e 
and i. 

Imbu-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to im- 
brue, season, instruct, aliquem 
arte. 

Imitator, is, m. a resembler, imi- 
tator. 

Imit-or, ari, atus, dep. to imitate. 

Immatur-us, a, um, adj. prema- 
ture, unripe. 

Imminu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to di- 
minish. 

Imminutus, part, of imminuo. 

Immit-is, is, e, adj. cruel, unripe. 

Immortal-is, is, e, adj. immortal. 

Immund-us, a, um. adj. impure, 
filthy. 

Imo, adv. andconj. yea, nay. 

Impediment-um, i, n. a hindrance. 

Imped-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
hinder. 

Impell-o, ere; impul-i, sum, act. 
to drive forward, incite. 

Impens-a, x, f. the expence. 

Imperat-um, i, n. a command. 

Imperator, is, m. a commander. 

Imperatur, impers. from 

Imper-o, are, act. to command; 
enjoin, exact; alicui aliquid. 

Imperi-um, i, n. the command, 
government. 

Imperit-us, a, um, adj. unskilful, 
ignorant; in the law, juris. 

Impert-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
impart, present; alicui aliquid, 
or aliquem aliqua re. 

Impert-ior, iri, itus, pass, and 
dep. to present, and to be pre- 
sented. 

Impetr-o, are, act. to obtain. 

Impet-us, us, m. the instinct, 
force, shock. 

Impig-er, ra, rum, adj. diligent, 
active. 

Impi-us, a, um, adj. impious, 
wicked. 

Impl-eo, ere,evi, etum, act. to fill. 

Impon-o, ere; impos-ui, itum, 
act. to put, or lay on, impose; 
alicui aliquid. 

Imp-os, otis, adj. unable, without 



the power of; the mind, animi. 

Impoten-s, tis, adj. weak, unable 
to govern; one's self, sui. 

Improviso, adv. unexpectedly. 

Improvis-us, a, um, adj. unfore- 
seen. 

Impuden-s, tis, adj. shameless, 
impudent. 

lmpudenti-a, x, f. impudence. 

Impune, adv. without hurt, with 
impunity. 

Imus, see inferus. 

In, prep. ace. and abl. into, 
against, in, among, concern- 
ing, etc. 

Inachi-a, x, f. noun pr. 

Inach-is, idis, f. a title of Io. 

Inan-is, is, e, adj. empty, silly. 

Incan-us, um, very white, hoar)'. 

Inced-o, ere; incess-i, um, neut. 
to go, strut. 

Incend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
fire, inflame. 

Incept um, i, n. a beginning, en- 
terprise. 

Inceptus, part, of incipio. 

Incert-us, a, um, adj. uncertain. 

Incess-us, us, m. a stately gait. 

lncid-o, ere, i, incasum, neut. to 
fall into, to meet. 

Incip-io, ere; incep-i, turn, act. to 
begin. 

Inclyt-us, a, um, adj. famous. 

Incolum-is, is, e, adj. safe. 

Incorrupte, adv. from 

Incorrupt-us, a, um, adj. pure, 
not bribed. 

Incredibil-is, is, e, adj. incredible. 

Increment-um, i, n. the increase, 
augmentation, an offspring. 

Incunabul-a, orum, n. a cradle, 
infancy. 

lncursio, nis, f. an inroad, inva- 
sion. 

Inde, adv. from thence, then. 

Ind-ex, icis, c. g. a discoverer, 
informer. 

Indic-o, ere; indi-xi, ctum, act. 
to declare, proclaim. 

Indigens, part, of 

Indig-eo, ere, ui, neut. to want, 



232 



IND 



INF 



to stand in need; aliqua re, or 
alicujus rei. 

Indign-us, a, um, adj. unworthy. 

Ind-o, ere, Tdi, itum, act. to put, 
or set in. 

Indocil-is, is, e, adj. incapable 
of instruction. 

Indoct-us, a, um, act. unlearned, 
ignorant. 

Indol-es, is, f. genius, natural 
disposition. 

Induci-se, arum, f. truce, cessa- 
tion from arms. 

Indulg-eo, ere; indulsi, neut. to 
indulge; alicui. 

Indulgetur, impers. from indul- 
geo. 

Induc-o, ere; indu-xi, ctum, act. 
to introduce. 

Indu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to put 
on, to cover; aliquem veste. 

Ind-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Industri-a, se, f. industry, thought- 
fulness; tie or ex industria, pur- 
posely. 

In-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, act. to 
enter into. 

Inepti-a, x, f. silliness. 

Inept-us, a, um, adj. unfit, silly. 

Inexhaust-us, a, um, adj. inex- 
haustible. 

Inexorabil-is, is, e, adj. implaca- 
ble. 

Inerti-a, se, f. sloth, ignorance. 

Infami-a, x, f. infamy, disgrace. 

Infan-s, tis, adj. speechless, an 
infant. 

Infaust-us, a, um, adj. unlucky. 

Infect-us, a, um, adj. not done, 
rude. 

Infer-i, orum, m. those below, 
the Gods, or shades below. 

Inferne, adv. below. 

Infer-o, re; intuli, illatum, act. to 
bring in, cause, infer. 

Infer-us, a, um, adj. below, 
comp. inferior; in/imus > or 
imus. 

Infig-o, ere; infix-i, um, act. to 
fix, thrust in. 



Infirm-us, a, um, adj. feeble, 
weak. 

lnfit, defect, he begins, says. 

Infixus, part, of infigo. 

Inflammatus, part, of 

Inflamm-o, are, act. to set on fire, 
excite. 

Inform-is, is, e, adj. shapeless, 
dismal. 

Inform-o, are, act. to instruct, 
inform. 

Infra, adv. and prep. ace. below, 
under. 

Infract-us, a, um, adj. much bro- 
ken. 

Infring-o, ere; infr-egi, actum, 
act. to break. 

Ingenios-us, a, um, adj. ingeni- 
ous. 

Ingeni-um, i, n. capacity, genius. 

Ingen-s, tis, adj. huge, large. 

Ingenu-us, a, um, adj. ingenu- 
ous, liberal, fine. 

Ingratis, adv. by constraint. 

Ingred-ior, i; ingressus, dep. to 
enter into. 

Inhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
hold back, hinder. 

Inhi-o, are, neut. to gape after; 
alicui rei. 

Inimic-a, %, f. a female enemy. 

Inimiciti-a, se, f. enmity. 

Inimic-us, i, m. an enemy. 

Inimic-us, a, um, adj. unfriendly. 

Iniqu-us, a, um, adj. uneven, un- 
just. 

Initi-um, i, n. a beginning. 

Initus, part, of ineo. 

Injic-io, ere; injec-i, turn, act. to 
throw in, or at; to put on. 

Injuri-a, se, f. an injury. 

Injussu, monopt. without order, 
or leave; injussu meo, without 
my order. 

Innocen-s, tis, adj . innocent. 

In-o, us, f. a daughter of Cadmus 
and Hermione, and wife of 
Athamas; she seeing her hus- 
band mad, and her son Learchus 
slain, leaped with Melicerta, 



INO 



INT 



233 



her other son, into the sea, 
where she became the goddess 
Leucothoe, and Melicerta a 
god, called Palxmon, 

Inopi-a, as, f. want. 

In-ops, opis, adj. poor, desti- 
tute. 

Tnquam, inquis, defect. I say. 

Insaturabil-is, is, e, adj. insatura- 
ble. 

Insci-us, a, um, adj. ignorant. 

Insecutus, part, of 

lnsequ-or, i; insecutus, dep. to 
pursue, prosecute. 

Insidi-ae, arum, f. snares, am- 
bush. 

Insidiator, is, m. a way layer. 

Insign-is, is, e, adj. notable, fa- 
mous. 

Insimul-o, are, act. to feign, to 
accuse; aliquetn fcriminej 
furti. 

Insolen-s, tis, adj. unaccustomed, 
unusual, proud. 

Insole nti-a, zt, f. disuse, haugh- 
tiness. 

Inspic-io, ere; inspe-xi, ctum, 
act. to behold. 

Instar, n. indecl. bigness, like- 
ness. 

Instaur-o, are, act. to renew. 

Institu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to in- 
stitute, build, resolve, instruct; 
aliquem fin J arte. 

Institut-um, i, n. custom, institu- 
tion, course of life. 

Inst-o, arc, iti, itum, neut. to 
urge, persist, pursue; alicui. 

Instru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to 
prepare, draw up. 

Insuet-us, a, um, part, and adj. 
unaccustomed. 

Insul-a, ac, f. the island. 

In-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be in. 

Insum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
spend. 

Integ-er, ra, rum, adj. entire, 
safe, innocent. 

Integratio, nis, f. a renewing. 

Integre, adv. from integer. 



Intellig-o, ere; intelle-xi, ctum, 
act. to understand. 

Intend-o, ere, i; inten-sum, or 
turn, act. to bend, intend. 

Intentus, part, of intendo. 

Inter, prep. ace. between, among, 
during. 

Intercip-io, ere; intercep-i, turn, 
act. to intercept. 

Interc-us, utis, adj. intercutane- 
ous. 

Interea, adv. in the mean time. 

Interest, impers. from intersum, 
it is between, or among, it con- 
cerns; interest mea fnegotiaj, 
it concerns me; interest regit, 
it is amongst the King's con- 
cerns. 

Interfector, is, m. a slayer. 

Interfectus, part, of 

Interfic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. to 
slay, kill. 

Interim, adv. in the mean time. 

Interit-us, us, m. the death. 

Interjectus, part, of 

Interjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to 
cast, or put between. 

Intermitt-o, ere; mis-i, sum, act. 
to discontinue, intermit. 

Interpretatus, part of 

Interpret-or, ari, atus, dep. to in- 
terpret, explain. 

Intel strep-o, ere, ui, itum, neut. 
to make a noise among. 

Inter-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
in, or present; at a conversation, 
sermoni. 

Intervall-um, i, n. an interval, 
space. 

Interversus, part, of 

Intervert-o, ere, i, versum, act. to 
turn aside, to embezzle. 

Intcx-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to 
weave, wrap in, to Hue. 

Intonat, impers. from 

Inton-o, are, ui, neut. to thunder. 

Intra, adv. and prep. ace. within. 
• Intr-o, are, act. to enter, go in. 

Intro-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
enter. 
20* 



234 



INU 



IRA 



Inutil-is, is, e, adj. unserviceable. 

Invad-o, ere; invas-i, um, act. to 
invade, assail. 

Invectio, nis, f. an importation. 

Inven-io, ire, i, turn, act. to find, 
to find out. 

Inveteratus, confirmed by long 
use, part, of 

Inveter-o, are, act. and neut. to 
let grow old, to grow old. 

Invicem, adv. one another, by 
turns. 

Invict-us, a, um, adj. invincible. 

Invid-eo, ere, i; invisum, act. to 
begrudge, envy; alicui alt- 
quid. 

Invidetur, impers. from invideo; 
invidetur mihi, I am envied. 

Invidi-a, ae, f. envy, hatred. 

Invit-us, a, um, adj. unwilling; 
me invito, against my will, 

Io, Ixis, f. daughter of Inachus, 
transformed by Jupiter into a 
white heifer; but afterwards re- 
suming her former shape, she 
became the goddess Isis among 
the Egyptians. 

Io! an interj. of joy. 

Iola-us, i, m. the assistant of Her- 
cules in killing the Hydra. 

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, pron. he, she, 
it; ego ipse, I myself. 

Iphianass-a, ae, f. a daughter of 
Praetus king of the Argives, 
who with her two sisters Ly- 
sippe and Iphinoe, preferring 
themselves in beauty to Juno, 
were struck with such madness, 
as to believe themselves to be 
cows. 

Iphigeni-a, ae, f. daughter of Aga- 
memnon, who, when she was 
standing to be sacrificed to ap- 
pease the rage of Diana, was 
by that goddess transformed 
into a white hart, and made 
her priestess. 

Ir-a, ae, f; anger, passion. 

Iracundi-a, ae, f. hastiness of tem- 
per, anger. 



Irasc-or, i; iratus, dep. to be an- 
gry; at somebody, alicui. 

Iratus, adj. and part, of irascor, 
angry. 

Irrid-eo, ere; irris-i, um, act. to 
mock, scoff. 

Irrig-o, are, to water, bedew, 
diffuse. 

Ir-is, idis, f. the daughter of 
Thaumas and Electra, and the 
messenger of Juno under the 
form of a rainbow. 

Ir-is, idis, f. the rainbow. 

Irreparabil-is, is, e, adj. irrepara- 
ble. 

Irrit-us, a, um, adj. void, of no 
effect. 

Irrump-o, ere; irrup-i, turn, neut. 
to break, or rush in. 

Is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it. 

Israelit-a, ae, c. g. an Israelite. 

Iste, ista, istud, pron. this, that. 

Ist-er, ri, m. the Danube. 

Isthic, isthaec, isthoc, or isthuc, 
pron. this same. 

Ita, adv. so, thus. 

Itali-a, ae,f. noun pr. 

Item, adv. also, likewise. 

It-er, ineris, n. the way, journey. 

Iterum, adv. again. 

Ithac-us, i, m. Ulysses, who reign- 
ed in Ithaca. 

Itur, impers. from eo. 

It-ys, ys, or yos, m. the son of 
Tereus and Progne,- changed 
into a pheasant. 

Iul-us, i, m. Ascanius, son of 
iEneas. 

Ixi-on, onis, m. the son of Phle- 
gyas, who was fastened in hell 
to a wheel, perpetually turn- 
ing round. 

Jac-eo, ere, ui, neut. to lie, to 
be situate. 

Jac-io, ere; jeci, jactum, act. to 
throw. 

Jact-o, are, act. to throw, toss 
about, boast, enlarge upon, 
publish. 

Jactur-a, ae, f. loss,, expense. 



JAC 



JUR 



235 



Jact-us, us, m. the throw. 

Jam, adv. already, now. 

Janu-a, ae, f. the door. 

Januari-us, a,um, adj. belonging 
to January; calendae Januarias, 
the first of January. 

Jas-on, bnis, m. a Thessalian 
prince, who by Medea's help 
brought away the golden fleece 
from Colchis. 

Jec-ur, oris, or inoris, n. the liver. 

Jes-us, u, m. noun pr. 

Jocast-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
Creson, king of Thebes, who 
unwittingly married her own 
son CEdipus. 

Joc-us, i, m. plur. joc-i, m. and 
joc-a, orum, n. a jest. 

Jub-a, ae, f. the mane, crest. 

Jub-a, ae, m. noun pr. 

Jub-ar,aris,n. the beam of the sun. 

Jub-eo, ere; juss-i, urn, act. to 
order. 

Jacul-um, i, n. a dart, javelin. 

Jucunde, adv. from 

Jucund-us, a, um, adj. pleasant. 

Judae-us, i, m. a Jew. 

Jud-ex, icis, c. g. a judge. 

Judici-um, i, n. a trial at law, de- 
cision, opinion. 

Judic-o, are, act. to judge. 

Jugal-is; is, e, adj. belonging to 
yokes, conjugal. . 

Jugeris, gen. jugere, abl. n. dip- 
tot. ; pi. juger-a, um, an acre. 

Juger-um, i, n. an acre of ground. 

Jug-um, i, n. the yoke, the seat 
for rowers. 

Jugurth-a, ae, m. noun pr. 

Juli-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Juli-us, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Julius, or July. 

Junctus, part, of 

Jung-o, ere; junxi, ctum, act. to 
join. 

Juni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Juno, nis, f. the daughter of Sa- 
turn, sister and wife of Jupiter. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m. the supreme 
god of the heathens; he is call- 



ed Opiimus on account of his 
benefits, Maximus for his 
power. 

Jurat-us, a, um, part, having 
sworn, being sworn by. 

Jurisconsult-us, i, m. a lawyer. 

Jur-o, are, act. to swear. 

Jus, juris, n. right, the law. 

Jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n. a 
lemn oath. 

Juss-um, i, n. a command, man- 
date. 

Jussus, pirt. of jubeo. 

Juste, adv. from Justus. 

Justiti-a, ae, f. justice. 

Just-us, a, um, adj. just, lawful. 

Juvenil-is, is, e, adj. youthful. 

Juven-is, is, e, adj. young, comp. 
junior, or natu minor, natu mi- 
nimus. 

Juventa-s, tis, f. the goddess of 
youth, called also Hebe. 

Juvent-us, litis, f. youth. 

Juv-o, are; juvi, jutum, act. to 
help. 

Juxta, prep. ace. nigh. 

Juxta, adv. alike, without differ- 
ence. 

Kal. for Cal. see Calendar. 

L. for Lucius. 

Labic-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Labien-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Labor, is, m. labour. 

Lab-or, i; lapsus, dep. to slip, 
fall. 

Labor-o, are, act. to work, la- 
bour, be in distress; (a) morbo, 
to labour under a distemper. 

Lac, tis, n. milk. 

Lacedaemoni-us, i, m. a Lacedae- 
monian. 

Lacer o, are, act. to rend, man- 
gle. 

Lacess-o, ere, ivi, or i, ltum, act. 
to provoke. 

Laches-is, is, f. one of the Fates, 
spinning the thread of human 
life. 

Lachryma. see lacryma. 

Laco, nis, m. a Spartan. 



236 



LAC 



LAT 



Lacrima, or 

Lacrym-a, ae, f. the tear. 

Lac-us, us, or i, m. a lake. 

Laed-o, ere; laes-i, um, act. to 
hurt, injure. 

Laeli-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Laertiad-es, ae, m. Ulysses, the 
son of Laertes. 

Laet-or, ari, atus, dep. to rejoice. 

Laet-us, a, um, adj. joyful, ver- 
dant. 

Lamentatus, part, of 

Lament-or, ari, atus, dep. to la- 
ment, bewail. 

Lament-um, i, n. a lamentation. 

Lamp-as, adis, f. a lamp, torch. 

Lan-a, ae. f. the wool. 

Laniatus, part of 

Lani-o, are, act. to butcher, cut 
up. 

Laocoon, tis,m. the son of Priam, 
and priest of Apollo. 

Laomedon, tis, m. the son of Ilus, 
King of Troy, who hired Apol- 
lo and Neptune to build the 
walls of Troy, but afterwards 
refused to pay them. 

Lapide-us, a, um, adj. stony, of 
stone. 

Lapi-s, idis, m. a stone. 

Laquear, is, n. the roof, ceiling. 

Laque-us, i, m. a noose, trap, 
halter. 

Lar, laris, m. a household god. 

Large, or largiter, adv. abun- 
dantly, from 

Larg-us, a, um, adj. plentiful, 
liberal. 

Lasciv-us, a, um, adj. sportive, 
lecherous. 

Lassitud-o, inis, f. weariness. 

Latine, adv. from latinus. 

Latin-i, orum, m. the Latins. 

Latin-us, a, um,adj. latin. 

Latin-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Laton-a, ae, f. the mother of Di- 
ana and Apollo, and daughter 
of Caeus. 

Latro, nis, m. a robber. 

Latr-o, are, neut. to bark. 



Lat-us, eris, n. a side. 

Lat-us, a, um, adj. broad. 

Laudabil-is, is, e, adj. praisewor- 
thy. 

Laudandus, part, of laudo 

Laudatio, nis, f. a commendation. 

Laud-o, are, act. to praise. 

Laur-us, i, or us, f. the laurel. 

Lau-s, dis, f. the praise, renown. 

Lavern-a, ae, f. the goddess of 
thieves. 

Lavin-us, a, um, adj. of Lavinia. 

Lect-us, a, um, adj. gallant; also 
part, of lego. 

Led-a, <e,f.the wife of Tyndarus; 
she was seduced by Jupiter, in 
the shape of a swan. 

Legat-us, i, m. an ambassador, a 
lieutenant; also part, of lego. 

Legio, nis, f. a legion, regiment, 
consisting of ten cohorts. 

Legionari-us, a, um, adj. legion- 
ary. 

Legislator, is, m. a lawgiver. 

Leg-o, are, act, to send as an am- 
bassador, to bequeath. 

Leg-o, ere, i; lectum, act. to ga- 
ther, choose, read. 

Lene, or leniter, adv. from lenis. 

Len-io, ire, ivi,itum, act. to ease, 
appease. 

Len-is, is, e, adj. gentle, mild. 

Len-s, tis, f. a kind of pulse, len- 
tils. 

Lenita-s, tis, f. softness, mildness. 

Lentitud-o, inis; f. slowness, mo- 
deration. 

Lentul-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Leo, nis, m. a lion. 

Lep-or, or os, oris, m. mirth, wit. 

Lep-us, oris, m. a hare. 

Lern-a, ae, f. a marsh of Argos, fa- 
mous for a hj'dra, killed there 
by Hercules. 

Leth-e, es, f. a river in hell, the 
water of which caused k total 
forgetfulness of things past. 

Leth-um, or let-um, i, n. death. 

Leucopetr-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Leucotho-e,es, f. see Ino. 



LEV 



LIC 



237 



Lev-is, is, e, adj. light, trifling, 
flashy. 

Lev-is, or laev-is, is, e, adj. 
smooth. 

Lev-o, are, act. to lift, lighten, 
help. 

Lex, legis, f. the law. 

Libam-en, inis, n. a libation, of- 
fering. 

Libatus, part, of libo. 

Libell-us, i, m. a pamphlet, pe- 
tition. 

Liben-s, tis, adj. willing; part, of 
libeo. 

Lib enter, adv. from lib ens. 

Lib-eo, ere, ui, neut. please. 

Liber, i, m. Bacchus. 

Liber, a, urn, adj. free. 

Lfb-er, ri, m. a book. 

Liberal-is, is, e, adj. liberal, gen- 
teel. 

Liberalita-s, tis, f. generosity. 

Liberatio, nis, f. a delivering. 

Liberator, is, m. a deliverer. 

Libere, adv. from liber. 

Liber-i, orum, m. children. 

Liber-o, are, act. to free, acquit; 
(a) crimine. 

Liberta-s, tis, f. liberty. 

Libet, impers. from libeo; libet 
mihi, it pleases me. 

Libidinos-us, a, um, adj. wanton, 
lustful. 

Libid-o, inis, f. one's will, lust. 

Libitin-a, ae, f. the goddess of 
funerals. 

Libyc-us, a, um, adj . of Libya. 

Lib-o, are, act. to taste, make a 
libation. 

Libo, nis, m. noun pr. 

Liburn-a, ae, f. (scil. navis), a 
galley, man of war. 

Liburn-us, a, um, adj. Liburnian. 

Licenti-a, ae. f. liberty, licentious- 
ness. 

Lic-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
lawful, to be prized by the sel- 
ler. 

Lic-eor, eri, itus, dep. to bid, to 
offer a prize, to cheapen. 



Licet, impers. from liceo; licet 
mihi, I am allowed,- licet po- 
me, I have no objection. 

Licet, conj. although. 

Licini-us, i. m. noun pr. 

Ligur-io, ire, neut. to act the 
glutton, to spend riotously. 

Ligur, or lig-us, iiris, m. a Ligu- 
rian. 

Lim-en, inis, n. the threshold. 

Lim-es, itis, m. the limit, border. 

Lim-us, i, m. mud, slime, clay. 

Line-a, ae, f. a line. 

Lingu-a, ae, f. a tongue, language. 

Lin-o, ere; Ifni, livi, or levi,litum, 
act. to annoint. 

Linqu-o, ere; liqui, lictum, act. 
to leave. 

Lint-er, ris, c. g. a little boat. 

Liquid-us, a, um, adj. liquid, 
moist. 

Liqu-or, i, dep. to melt, drop. 

Lis, litis, f. the strife, dispute. 

Lisc-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Liter-a, ae, f. a letter of the al- 
phabet. 

Liter- ae, arum, f. an epistle, let- 
ters. 

Lit-us, or litt-us, oris,n. the shore. 

Livi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Locatus, part, of 

Loc-o, are, act. to place, let, hire 
out. 

Locupl-es, etis, adj. rich, weal- 
thy. 

Loc-us, i, m. pi. loci, m. and lo- 
ca, n. a place. 

Londin-um, i, n. London. 

Longa, see Alba. 

Longe, adv. from longus. 

Longinqu-us, a, um, adj. far off, 
long. 

Longitud-o, inis, f. the length. 

Long-us, a, um, adj. long. 

Loquax, cis, adj. prating, talka- 
tive. 

Loquenti-a, ae, f. prating, talking. 

Loqu-or, i; locutus, or loquutus, 
dep. to speak. 

Lor-um, i, n. a strap, bridle, rein. 



238 



JLOT 



LYC 



Lot-us, i, c. g. the lote-tree, also 
its fruit. 

L. S. for loeo sigilli, instead of 
the seal. 

Lubet, impers. it pleases. 

Luc-eo, ere; luxi, neut. to shine. 

Lucern-a, ae, f. a lamp, a light. 

Lucescit, impers. it dawns, it is 
day. 

Lucesc-o, ere, incept, to grow 
clear. 

Lucifer, i, m. the morning star. 

Lucili-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Lucin-a, ae, f. the goddess of 
childbearing. 

Luci-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Lucr-um, i, n. lucre, gain. 

Luct-or, ari, atus, dep. to strug- 
gle, strive. 

Luctuos-us, a, um, adj. mourn- 
ful. 

Luct-us, us, m. mourning, grief. 

Lucull-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Ludimagist-er, ri, m. a school- 
master. 

Lud-o, ere; lus-i, um, act. to 
play, cheat. 

Lud-us, i, m. a play, trick, feat. 

Lug-eo, ere; luxi, luctum, act. to 
mourn. 

Lum-en, inis, n. the light. 

Lun-a, ae, f. the moon; also 
Diana. 

Lu-o, ere, i, itum, act. to pay, 
atone. 

Lupercali-a, um and orum, n. a 
festival in honour of Pan. 

Luperc-i, orum, m. priests of 
Pan. 

Lup-a, ae, f. a she-wolf. 

Lup-us, i, m. a wolf. 

Lutati-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Lut-um, i, n.clay, mire. 

Lut-um, i, n. a yellow colour. 

Lux, lucis, f. the light. 

Luxuri-a, ae, f. luxury, riot. 
Luxuriose, adv. from 
Luxurios-us, a, um, adj. luxu- 
rious. 
Lyae-us, i, m. Bacchus. 



Lycae-us, i, m. a mountain of Ar- 
cadia. 

Lychn-us, i, m. a lamp, light. 

Lycurg-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Lysi-as, ae, m. noun pr. 

Lysimach-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Lysipp-us, i, m. noun pr. 

M. for Marcus. 

Maced-o, bnis, m. a Macedonian. 

Macedoni-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Macer, a, um, adj. lean, barren. 

Macer-o, are, act. to soften, ema- 
ciate. 

Machin-a, ae, f. an engine, ma- 
chine. 

Machinator, is, m. an engineer, 
contriver. 

Macte, indecl. adj. prosperous. 

Maecen-as, atis, m. noun pr. 

Mxn-as, adis, f. pi. Maenades, 
women-sacrificers to Bacchus. 

Magis, adv. more, superl. max- 
ime. 

Magist-er, ri, m. a master. 

Magistr-a, ae, f. a mistress. 

Magistrat-us, us, m. a magistracy, 
office, magistrate. 

Magnific-us, a um, adj. magnifi- 
cent. 

Magniloqu-us, a, um, adj. boast- 
ing. 

Magnitud-o, inis, greatness. 

Magn-us, a, um, adj. great, comp. 
major, maximus. 

Mai-a, ae, f. the daughter of At- 
las and Pleione, and mother of 
Mercury. 

Mai-us, a, um, adj. of May, Maias 
calendse, the first of May. 

Majesta-s, tis, f. majesty. 

Major-es, um, m. ancestors. 

Mal-a, ae, f. the jaw, cheekbone, 
cheek. 

Male, adv. ill, wickedly; comp. 
pejus, pessime. 

Maledic-us, a, um, adj. slander- 
ous. 

Maliti-a, ae, f. malice, perverse- 
ness. 

Malo; malle, malui, for magis vo- 



MAL 



MAT 



239 



lo, to be more willing-, to wish j 
rather. 

Mal-um, i, n. an evil. 

Mal-um, i, n. an apple. 

Mal-us, a, urn, evil, bad; comp. 
pejor, pessimus. 

Mal-us, i, f. an apple-tree. 

Mal-us, i, m. the mast of a ship. 

Mandatur, impers. from 

Mand-o, are, act. to entrust, 
command. 

Mane, adv. early in the morning. 

Man-eo, ere; mans-i, um, neut. to 
tarry, wait ; act. to expect, 
await. 

Man-es, ium, m. the spirit, ghost, 
manes. 

Manifest-us, a, um, adj. clear, 
evident. 

Manli-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Mansu-es, etis, c. g. tame, mild. 

Mansuete, adv. from 

Mansuet-us, a, um, adj. tame, 
meek. 

Mantu-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Man-us, us, f. the hand. 

Maroth-on, onis, f. noun pr. 

Marcell-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Marci-us, i, noun pr. 

Marc-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Mar-e, is, n. the sea, a great ri- 
ver. 

Marit-us, i, m. a husband. 

Mari-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Mar-s, tis, m. the God of war. 

Marti-us, a, um, adj. dedicated to 
Mars; campus Murtius, a large 
field near Rome, where the 
youth exercised themselves, 
and the citizens chose their 
magistrates. 

Mas, maris, m. the male. 

Masiniss-a, ae, m. noun. pr. 

Mat-er, ris, f. a mother. 

Materi-a, ae, f. the matter, mate- 
rials. 

Matron-a, ae, f. a matron, lady. 

Matrbn-a, ae, f. the river Marne. j 

Mature, adv. from maturus. 

Maturescens, part, of 



Maturesc-o, ere; maturui, incept, 
to ripen. 

Maturita-s, tis, f. ripeness, matu- 
rity. 

Matur-us, a, um, adj. mellow, 
ripe. 

Mauri, orum, m. noun gent. 

Mauritani-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Mavor-s, tis, m. Mars. 

Maxime,adv. most. 

Mazae-us,i, m/noun pr. 

Mecsnas, see Maecenas. 

Mede-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
JEtes, king of Colchis, a fa- 
mous sorceress; also the name 
of a city. 

Med-eor, eri, dep. to heal, cure; 
alicui rei. 

Medicin-a, ae, f. physic, medi- 
cine. 

Meditabund-us, a, um, adj. me- 
ditating. 

Medit-or, ari, atus, dep. to medi- 
tate. 

Medium, i, n. the midst, middle. 

Medi-us, a, um, adj. middle. 

Medus-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
Phorcus, hence called Phorcy- 
nis, and Phorcis; she had the 
finest hair, which was changed 
into snakes. 

Megar-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Melibae-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Melicerta, see Ino. 

Melius, see bene. 

Melpomen-e, es, f. one of the 
nine Muses. 

Membr-um, i, n. a member, 
limb. 

Memin-i, eram, erim,isse, defect, 
to remember, to mention. 

Memor, is, adj. mindful, remem- 
bering. 

Memori-a, ae, f. remembrance, 
recollection. 

Menela-us, i, m. brother to Aga- 
memnon; he was king of Spar- 
ta, and husband to Helena, who 
eloped with Paris, and thus 
caused the destruction of Troy. 



240 



MEN 



MIL 



Men-s, tis, f. the mind, under- 
standing". 

Mens-a, <e, f. a table, plate, meal. 

Mens-is, is, m. a month. 

Mentio, nis, f. a mention. 

Ment-ior, iri, itus, dep. to lie, to 
assert falsely. 

Mentitus, part, of mentior. 

Mercator, is, m. a merchant. 

Merc-es, edis, f. the wages, re- 
ward. 

Merc-or, ari, atus, dep. to pur- 
chase. 

Mercuri-us, i, m. the son of Ju- 
piter and Maia, god of mer- 
chandise and robbers. 

Mer-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to de- 
serve, earn. 

Mer-eor, eri, itus, dep. to earn, 
deserve. 

Meretr-ix, Icis, f. a courtesan. 

Meridi-es, ei, m. mid-day, noon. 

Meridi-or, ari, dep. to take a nap. 

Merito, adv. deservedly, superl. 
meritissimo. 

Merit-um, i, n. merit, desert, re- 
ward. 

Merop-e, es, f. a daughter of At- 
las and the darkest of the Ple- 
iades. 

Mer-x, cis, f. any kind of mer- 
chandise. 

Mess-is, is, f. harvest. 

Met-a, se, f. the limit, end. 

Metatus, part, of metor. 

Metell-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Method-us, i, f. a method. 

Met-ior, iri; mensus, dep. to mea- 
sure. 

Met-or, ari, atus, dep. to lay out, 
arrange. 

Mett-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Metu-o, ere, 3, turn, act. to fear. 

Met-us, us, m. fear, dread. 

Me-us, a, um, adj. pr. my, mine; 
voc. sing, raasc.ffli. 

Mid-as, se, m. a foolish king of 
Phrygia. 

Mil-es, itis, c. g. a soldier. 

Militi-a, ffi, f. the military service. 



Militar-is, is, e, adj. military. 

Mille, adj. indecl. pi. milli-a, um, 
n. a thousand; two thousand 
men, bis mille homines, or duo 
millia hominum. 

Millies, adv. a thousand times. 

Milo, nis, m. noun pr. 

Min-<e, arum, f. threats. 

Minerv-a, se, see Pallas. 

Minime, adv. least, by no means; 

Minimum, adv. least; and neut. 
of minimus, see parvus. 

Minist-er, ri, m. a servant, minis- 
ter. 

Ministeri-um, i, n. service, at- 
tendance. 

Minor, see parvus. 

Min-os, ois, m. a king of Crete, 
who for his impartial justice 
was made chief judge among 
the dead. 

Minotaur-us, i, m. a monster of 
Crete, conceived by Pasiphae; 
to this monster were seven 
Athenian nobles given every 
year to be devoured, till it was 
killed by Theseus. 

Minus, adv. less, comp. of parvus. 

Mir-or, ari, atus, dep. to wonder, 
admire. 

Mir-us, a, um, adj. wonderful. 

Misc-eo, ere, ui; mixtum, or mis- 
turn, act. to mix. 

Miser, a, um, adj. miserable. 

Miseratio, nis, f. the pitying, 
pity. 

Miser-eo, ere, see miseret. 

Miser-eor, eri, miser-tus, or ritus, 
dep. to pity; alicujus, or ali- 
quem. 

Miseresc-o, ere, incept, to pity; 
alicujus. 

Miser-et, ere, impers. to pity; 
miseret me tui, I pity you. 

Miseri-a, as, f. misery, distress. 

Missus, part, of mitto. 

Mithridat-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Mit-is, is, e, adj. mellow, mild. 

Mitt-o, ere; mis-i, missum, act. 
to send. 



MNE 



MOR 



241 



Mnemosyn-e, es, f. the mother 

of the nine Muses. 
Moderabil-is, is, e, adj. mode- 
rate. 
Moderate, adv. from 
Moderat-us, a, urn, adj. mode- 
rate, well governed; and part, 
of 

Moder-or, ari, atus, dep. to mo- 
derate, govern; aliquant rem; 
or alicui rei. 

Modesti-a, ae, f. sobriety, modes- 
ty- 

Modo, adv. just now, only; modo, 
modo, at one time, at another 
time. 

Mod-us, i, m. measure, rule, 
manner. 

Moeni-a, um, and orum, n. the 
walls, fortifications. 

Moer-eo, ere; moestus, neut. to 
mourn; fob J aliquid. 

Moeror, is, m. sorrow, lamenta- 
tion. 

Moest-us, a, um, adj. mournful. 

Mdl-es, is, f. a mass, dam, bul- 
wark. 

Molesti-a, se, f. trouble, uneasi- 
ness. 

Mblest-us, a, um, adj. trouble- 
some. 

Mol-ior, iri, itus, dep. to move, 
design, project, undertake. 

Moll-is, is, e, adj. soft, effemi- 
nate. 

Molliter, adv. from mollis. 

Mon-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
admonish, warn. 

Mon-s, tis, m. a mountain. 

Monstr-um, i,*n. a monster. 

Montan-us, a, um, adj. situate, 
or being on a mountain. 

Mor-a, se, f. a delay, pause. 

Moratus, part, of moror. 

M6rat-us, a, um, adj. endued 
with manners. 

Morb-us, i, m. a disease, sick- 
ness. 

Morda-x, cis, adj. biting, gnaw- 
ing. 



Mord-eo, ere; momordi, morsum, 
act. to bite. 

Morio, nis, m. a jester, buffoon. 

Mor-ior, i, mortuus, dep. to die. 

Moriturus, part, of morior. 

Mor-or, ari, atus, dep. to stay de- 
lay. 

M5r-or, ari, dep. to act the fool. 

Morphe-us, i, m. the god of 
dreams. 

Mor-s, tis, f. death. 

Mortal-is. is, e, adj. mortal. 

Mortal-es, ium. m. mortals. 

Mortuus, part, of morior. 

Mo-s, ris, m. a manner, custom. 

Mot-us, us, m. a motion. 

Mov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to 
move. 

Muci-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Mug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
low. 

Mulcib-er, ris, or ri, m. a title of 
Vulcan. 

Muliebriter, adv. womanish. 

Mulier, is, f. a woman. 

Muliercul-a, ae, a little woman. 

Multitud-o, inis, f. a multitude, 
great number. 

Multum, adv. much, comp. plus, 
plurimum. 

Mult-us, a, um, adj. much, ma- 
ny; comp. plus, plurimus. 

Muluch-a, x, f. noun pr. 

Mund-us, i, m. the world, uni- 
verse. 

Munific-us, a, um, adj. liberal, 
bountiful; comp. -entior, -entis- 
8imus. 

Muniment-um, i, n. a fortifica- 
tion. 

Mun-io, ire, ivi, itum, to fortify, 
secure. 

Munitio, nis, f. the fortification. 
Munitus, part, of munio. 
Mun-us, eris, n. a present, office, 

part. 
Mur-us, i, m. a wall. 

{ Mu-s, ris, m. a mouse. 



Mus-a, se, f. a muse, song. 
Mus-x, arum, f. the nine 



daugh- 



21 



242 



MUS 



NAV 



ters of Jupiter and Mnemosy- 
ne, the mistresses of all the 
sciences; their names are Calli- 
ope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Mel- 
pomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsi- 
chore, Thalia, and Urania. 

Musice, adv. pleasantly; from 

Music- us, a, um, adj. poetical, 
musical; musica ars, music. 

Muscul-us, i, m. a little mouse, an 
engine of war. 

Mutabil-is, is, e, adj. changeable, 
unsteady. 

Mutil-us, a, um, adj. without 
horns. 

Mut-o, are, act. to change. 

Nactus, port, of nanciscor. 

Nx, adv. verily. 

Nxni-a, or Neni-a, x, f. the God- 
dess of funeral songs. 

Naia-s, or Nais, plur. Naiades, f. 
the nymphs of fountains and 
rivers. 

Nam, conj. for, but. 

Namque, conj. for. 

Nancisc-or, i; nactus, dep. to 
find, obtain, get. 

Nar, naris, m. a river of Umbria. 

Narciss-us, i, m. a very beautiful 
youth, who, falling in love 
with his own shadow in the 
water, pined away into a daffo- 
dil. 

Nasc-or, i; natus, dep. pass, to 
be born, spring, arise; from a 
great family, summo genere. 

Nasic-a, ae, m. noun pr. 

Nat-a, ae. f. a daughter. 

Natio, nis, f. a nation. 

Nat-o, are, freq. to swim. 

Natu, abl. by birth. 

Natur-a, se, f. the nature. 

Nat-us, a, um, part, of nascor, 
brought forth, born; of an an- 
cient family, antiqud familid. 

Nauci, gen. nauco, abl. a trifle, 
worthless thing. 

Naucrat-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Naur-a, se; f. noun pr. 

Naut-a, se, m. a sailor. 



Navig-o, are, act. to sail, sail 
over. 

Nav-is, is, f. a ship. 

Navit-a, ae, m. mariner, a sailor. 

N. C. for nemine contradicente, 
nobody opposing it, without a 
division. 

Ne, conj . and adv. not, that not, 
lest; ne putes, or ne puta, do 
not think. 

Ne, interrog. inclitic, whether; 
es-7ie, art thou ? 

Necj conj. and not; nee, nee, nei- 
ther, nor,- nee enim est, for lie is 
not. 

Necessari-us, a, um,adj. necessa- 
ry. 

Necessari-us, i, m. a friend, con- 
federate. 

Necesse, adj. n. indecl. neces- 
sary. 

Necessita-s, tis, f. necessity. 

Nec-o, are, avi, and ui, atum, 
act. to kill. 

Nect-ar, aris, n. the drink of the 
gods, nectar; abl. e. 

Neciibi, adv. lest in any place. 

Nefand-us, a, um, adj. impious, 
horrible. 

Nefas, n. indecl. an unlawful ac- 
tion, vUlany, an impious per- 
son. 

Neglectus, part, of negligo. 

Negligen-s, tis, adj. negligent, 
neglectful; and part, of negligo. 

Negligenti-a, x, f. negligence. 

Neglig-o, ere; negle-xi, ctum, 
act. to neglect, slight. 

Neg-o, are, act. to deny; negant 
fas esse, they say it is not right. 

Negotios-us, a, um, adj. full of 
business. 

Negoti-um, i, n. an affair, busi- 
ness, thing. 

Nemes-is, is, f. the goddess of re- 
venge. 

Nem-o, inis, c. g. nobody, no 
one. 

Nemoros-us, a, um, adj. woody, 
full of trees. 



NEM 



NIL 



243 



Nempe, adv. namely, for. 
Nem-us, oris, n. a grove, forest. 
Nep-os, otis, m. a grandson, 
spendthrift ; pi. nepotes, pos- 
terity. 
Neptun-us, i, m. the God of the 
sea, and the father of fountains 
and rivers. 
Nequam, adj . indecl. idle, worth- 
less ; comp. nequior, nequissi- 
mus. 
Nequando, (for ne aliquando,) 

lest at any time. 
Nequaquam, adv. by no means. 
Neque, conj. and not, not; neque, 
nee, or nee, neque, neither, nor,- 
neque enim possum, for lean- 
not. 
Nequ-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. I 

cannot. 
Nequicquam, or nequidquam, 

adv. in vain, not in the least. 
Nequidem, see quidem. 
Nequis, nequa, nequid, or nequod 
(for ne aliquis), pron. lest any 
one. 
Nequiti-a, se, f negligence, wan- 
tonness. 
Nereis, plur. Nereid-es, urn, f. 
the daughters of Nereus and 
Doris, nymphs of the sea. 
Nere-us, i, or os, m. the son of 

Oceanus and Thetys. 
Nero, nis, m. noun pr. 
Nesc-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. and 
neut. not to know, to be igno- 
rant, not to be able. 
Nes-is, Idis, f. noun pr. of an 

island. 
Nestor, is, m. noun pr. a great 
orator, who lived three gene- 
rations of men. 
Neut-er, ra, rum, adj. gen. ius, 

dat. i, neither of the two. 
Neve, conj. nor. 
Ne-x, cis, f. death. 
Nig-er, ra, rum, adj. black, dark. 
Nihil, n. indecl. nothing. 
Nihil-um, i, n. nothing. 
Nil, see nihil. 



Nil-us, i, m. noun pr. the Nile. 
Nimis, adv. too much; nimis in- 

sidiarum, too much artifice. 
Nimium, adv. too much. 
Ni mi-us, a, um, adj. too much, 

excessive. 
Ningit, it snows; impers. from 
Ning-o, ere; ninxi, neut. to snow; 
ningunt floribus, they pour 
down flowers. 
Niob-e, es, f. daughter of Tanta- 
lus and wife of Amphion; on 
account of the death of her 
children, she wept herself into 
a statue.. 
Nisi, conj. (for si non), if not, 

unless. 
Nit-eo, ere, ui, neut. to shine, to 

flourish. 
Nit-or, i; nixus, or nisus, dep. to 
strive, endeavour, rely on, ali- 
qua re. 
Ni-x, vis, f. snow. 
N-o, are, neut. to swim. 
Nobil-is, is, e, adj. notable, noble. 
Nobilita-s, tis, f. nobility, excel- 
lence. 
Noc-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. and 

act. to hurt; alicui. 
Nocetur, impers. from noceo; 
nocetur mihi, I am hurt, or in- 
jured. 
Noctu, monopt. abl. by night. 
Nocturn-us, a, um, adj. noctur- 
nal, by night. 
Nod-us, i, m. a knot. 
Nolo, (for non volo,) nolle, nolui, 
to be unwilling; noli flere, do 
not weep. 
Nom-en, inis, n. the name. 
Nomin-o, are, act. to call, name, 

elect. 
Non, adv. not. 

Non-x, arum, f. the Nones, the 
seventh day of March, May, 
July, and October ; and the 
fifth in the other months. 
Nondum, adv. not yet. 
Nosc-o, ere; novi, notum, act. to 
know, understand. 



244 



NOS 



NUM 



Nost-er, ra, rum, pron. our, ours. 

Nostra-s, tis, adj. of our country 
or sect. 

N6t-a, ae, f. a mark, note. 

Noth-us, a, um, adj. of mixed 
breed, illegitimate. 

Not-o, are, act. to mark, note, 
observe. 

Not-us, a, um, adj . known, noto- 
rious; part, of nosco. 

Not-us, i, m. the south wind. 

Nove, adv. from novus, newly, 
after a new manner; supcrl. 
novissime, the last time, lastly. 

Novendial-is, is, e, adj. continu- 
ing- for nine days. 

N6v-us, a, um, adj. new; res no- 
vae, a change of government, a 
reform; superl. novissimus, the 
last; novissimum agmen y the 
rear. 

No-x, ctis, f. the night. 

Nub-es, is, f. a cloud. 

Nubil-a, orum, n. clouds, mists. 

Nubil-us, a, um. adj. cloudy. 

Nub-o, ere; nup-si, turn, act. to 
veil one's self, to take for a 
husband; alicui. 

Nudatus, part, of nudo. 

Nud-o, are, act. to make bare, 
to strip. 

Nud-us, a, um, adj. naked, de- 
fenceless, destitute ; alicujus 
reiy (a or e) aliqua re. 

Nugator, is, m. a trifler. 

Null-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. 
»', none, no. 

Num-a, ae, m. noun pr. 

Num-en, inis, n. a divine decree, 
a deity, a god, or goddess, 
power, influence. 

Numer-o, are, act. to number, 
count, reckon. 

Numer-us, i, m. a number. 

Numid-a, ae, c. g. a Numidian. 

Numidi-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Numitor, is, m. the grandfather 
of Romulus and Remus. 

Numm-us, or num-us, i, m. a coin, 
or piece of money. 



Numquis, or nun-quis, quae, quid, 
pron. is there any? 

Nunc. adv. now, at present. 

Nunciatur, nuncio, etc. see nun- 
tiatur, etc. 

Nuncup-o, are, act. to name, call. 

Nunquam, adv. never. 

Nunti-a, ae, f. a messenger, re- 
porter. 

Nuntiatur, impers. from 

Nunti-o, are, to tell, relate, an- 
nounce. 

Nunti-us, i, m. a messenger. 

Nuper, adv. lately; superl. n«- 
perrime. 

Nur-us, us, f. a daughter in law. 

Nusquam, adv. nowhere. 

Nutr-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
nurse, nourish. 

Nut-us, us, m. the nod, will, plea- 
sure. 

Nyctimen-e, es, f. the daughter 
of Nycteus, who, on account of 
her incestuous conduct, was 
changed into an owl. 

O! interj. O! 

Ob, prep. ace. for, before. 

Obedien-s, tis,adj. obedient; part, 
of 

Obed-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
obey, comply with, alicui. 

Ob-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. to go 
to, to visit, to encompass, go 
through with. 

Objic-io, ere; objec-i, turn, act. 
to throw before, expose, op- 
pose. 

Oblect-o, are, act. to delight. 

Oblig-o, are, act. to bind, oblige. 

Oblin-o, ere; levi, litum, act. to 
daub over, to line. 

Oblitus, part, of oblino. 

Oblltus, part, of obliviscor. 

Oblivio, nis, f. the forgetting, ob- 
livion. 

Oblivisc-or, i; oblltus, dep. to for- 
get; alicujw rei, or aliquam 
rem. 

Obnunti-o, are; act. to declare 
against. 



OBR 



OCC 



245 



Obru-o, ere, i, turn, act. to over- 
whelm, ruin. 

Obscur-o, are, act. to darken, hide. 

Obscur-us, a, urn. adj. dark, ob- 
scure . 

Obseerans, part, of 

Obsecr-o, are, act. to beg", con- 
jure, entreat. 

Obsequi-um,i, n. obsequiousness, 
obedience. 

Observanti-a, ae, f. regard, com- 
plaisancy. 

Obs-es, idis, c. g. a hostage. 

Obsess-us, part of 

Obsid-eo, ere; obse-di, ssum, act. 
to sit about, besiege. 

Obsidio, nis, f . a siege. 

Obsol-eo, ere, ui, or evi, neut. to 
grow out of use. 

Obsolet-us, a, um, adj. obsolete, 
stale; and part, of obsoleo. 

Obstatur, opposition is made, 
impers. from 

Obst-o, are; stiti, stitum, or sta- 
tum, neut. and act. to stand 
against, oppose. 

Obstrep-o, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
make a noise against, to inter- 
rupt by noise. 

Obstup-eo, ere, ui, neut. or 

Obstupesc-o, ere, incept, to be 
astonished. 

Ob -sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
against, to hurt; alicui. 

Obtemperatio, nis. f. compliance. 

Obtemperatur, obedience is paid, 
impers. from 

Obtemper-o, are, neut. to com- 
ply with; alicui. 

Obtest-or, ari, atus, dep. to call 
to witness, to protest, implore, 
aliquem or aliquid. 

Obtin-eo, ere, ui; tentum, act. to 
keep, obtain. 

Obtrunc-o, are, act. to kill. 

Ohviam, adv. in the way, to meet; 
ire obviara alicui, to go to meet 
some one. 

Obvi-us, a, um, adj. meeting, 
in the way. 

21 



Occas-us, us, m. the setting 
of the sun, fall, death. 

Occld-o, ere, i; occisum, act. to 
kill, ruin. 

Occid-o, ere, i; occasum, neut. 
to fall, set, to be destroyed. 

Occisus, part, of occldo. 

Occul-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to co- 
ver, conceal. 

Occult-us, a, um, adj. secret, ob- 
scure, concealed; part, of oc- 
culo. 

Occup-o, are, act. to take, occu- 
py. . 

Occurritur, imp. from 

Occurr-o, ere, i, and occucurri, 
occursum, neut. to succour, to 
meet. 

Ocean us, i, m. the god of the 
sea, and husband of Thetys. 

Och-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Ocior, or ocy-or, us, comp. 
swifter; superl. ocyssimus. 

Ocius, or ocyus, adv. more 
speedily, superl. ocyssime. 

Octavi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Octo, adj. indecl. eight. 

Octon-i, se, a, adj. eight, eight 
by eight. 

Oculat-us, a, um, adj. having 
eyes; oculatus testis, an eye- 
witness. 

Ocul-us, i, m. an eye. 

Ocyor, see ocior. 

Odi, oderam, oderim, elc. defect. 
I hate, I have hated. 

Odi-um, i, n. hatred. 

CEdip-us, i, and CEdipodis, m. 
son of Laius and Jocasta, and 
King of Thebes, who solved 
the riddle of the Spinx; he un- 
wittingly killed his father, and 
married his mother; being in- 
formed of his errors by Tyre- 
sius the seer, he ran mad and 
tore out his eyes. 

OZnotri-i, orum, m. the ancient 
inhabitants of Italy. 

OfFer-o, re; obtuli, oblatum, act. 
to bring to, to offer. 



246 



OFF 



OPE 



Offic-io, ere; ofFec-i, turn, to hin- 
der, obstruct; alicui. 

Oflici-um, i, n. a duty, kindness, 
employment. 

Ohe! interj. enough! 

Ol-eo, ere, ui and evi, itum, and 

• etum, neut. to smell, savour. 

Ole-um, i, n. oil. 

Olim, adv. sometime past, former- 
I) r , lately, one day. 

Olor, is, m. a swan. 

Olympi a, orum, n. the Olympic 
games, celebrated every fifth 
year near Olympia, in honour 
of Jupiter Olympus. 

Omitt-o, ere; omi-si, ssum, act. 
to omit, neglect. 

Omnino, adv. wholly, entirely. 

Omnipoten-s, tis, adj. almighty. 

Omn-is, is, e, adj. all, whole, 
every. 

Omphal-e, es, f. a queen of Ly- 
dia, with whom Hercules was 
so enamoured, that she made 
him submit to spinning and to 
the chastisement of the slipper. 

Onerari-us, a, um, adj. serving for 
burden; ?iavis oneraria, a ship 
of burden. 

On-us, eris, n. a burden. 

Onust-us, a, um, adj. laden, filled 
with, aliqua re, or alicujus rei. 

Opac-us,a, r ,um,adj. shady, dusky. 

Oper-a, se, f. labour, service. 

Oper-io, ire, ui, turn, act. to co- 
ver, conceal. 

Oper-or, ari, dep. to work, to be 
employed in. 

Opertus, part, of operio. 

Opes, um, f. riches, power. 

Opinio, nis, f. an opinion, reputa- 
tion. 

Opis, gen. opem, ace. ope, abl. 
f. help, power. 

Oport-eo, or rather 

Oport-et, ere, uit, impers. it be- 
hoves; oportet me, I ought. 

Ops, Opis, f. the daughter of Coe- 
lus and Vesta, sister and wife 
of Saturn; she is also called 



Cybele, Rhea, and the mother 
of the gods. 

Oper-ior, iri, tus and itus, dep. to 
stay, wait for. 

Oppidan-us, i, m. a townsman. 

Oppid-um, i, n. a walled town, a 
town. 

Oppl-eo ere,evi,etum, act. to fill. 

Oppon-o, ere; oppos-ui, itum, 
act. to oppose; one's self to 
someone, se alicui. 

Opportun-us, a, um, adj. conve- 
nient, useful, seasonable. 

Opposi-tus, part of oppono. 

Opprim-o, ere; oppress-i, um, 
act. to destroy, oppress, en- 
slave. 

Oppugn-o, are, act. to fight 
against, to assault. 

Optimus, see bonus. 

Optim-us, i, m. a title of Jupiter. 

Opt-o, are, act. to wish, select. 

Op-us, eris, n. a work, task, diffi- 
culty; in the nom. and ace. 
need; mihi opus est aliqua re, 
or alicujus ret; res aliqua mihi 
opus est,- opus habeo aliqua re y 
I hove need of something, 1 am 
in want of something. 

Oracul-um, i, n. an oracle, an an- 
swer from the gods, the place 
where it is given. 

Oratio, nis, f. a speech, oration. 

Orator, is, m. a speaker, orator. 

Orb-is, is, m. a circle, orb, globe. 

Orb-us, a, um, adj. bereaved; 
utroque parente, an orphan. 

Ordin-o, are, act. to regulate, or- 
dain. 

Ord-ior, iri; orsus and orditus, 
dep. to begin, decree. 

Ord-o, inis, m. an order, law. 

Ore-as, adis, f. pi. Oreades, 
nymphs in Diana's train. 

Orest-es, is, and se, m. the son of 
Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; 
he slew his own mother and 
her paramour iEgisthus; he 
also slew Pyrrhus the son of 
Achilles, for marrying Her- 



OEG 



PAC 



247 



mione, promised to him by her 
father Menelaiis. 

Orgetori-x, gis, m.noun pr. 

Orgi-a, orum, n. sacred rites of 
Bacchus, celebrated in the 
night with great disorder. 

Orien-s, tis, (scil. sol) m. the 
rising sun, the east; part, of 

Or-ior, iri, ortus, dep. to rise, to 
be born. 

Oriund-us, a, um, adj. descended 
from, risen \from the same stock, 
(ab) eodem semine. 

Ornate, adv. from 

Ornat-us, a, um, adj. elegant, 
graceful, part, of 

Orn-o, are, act. to adorn, equip. 

Or-o, are, act. to beg, entreat. 

Oront-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Orphe-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
Jupiter, and Calliope; he ex- 
celled as a poet and musician, 
and was torn in pieces by the 
Maenades for shunning women 
after the death of his wife Eu- 
rydice. 

Ortus, part, of orior, risen, de- 
scended from; Ortus (a) diis, 
descended from the gods. 

Ort-us, us, m. the rising, birth, 
beginning. 

Os, oris, n. the mouth; plur. ora, 
oribus, etc. 

Os, ossis, n. a bone; gen. pi. os- 
tium. 

Oscul-um,i,n. a little mouth, a kiss. 

Ostend-o, ere, i; osten-sum, and 
turn, act. to show, prove. 

Ostracism-us, i, m. ostracism, 
voting by shells. 

Othr-ys, yos, m. a mountain in 
Thessaly. 

Oti-um, i, n. leisure, retirement. 

Ovat, defect, verb, he triumphs 
in the lesser triumph. 

Ovil-e, is, n. a sheep-fold. 

Ov-is, is, f. and m. a sheep. 

Ov-um, i, n. an egg; ab ovo usque 
ad mala, from the beginning- to 
the end. 



P. for Publius. 

Pacatus, part, of paco. 

Pacisc-or, i; pactus, dep. to cove- 
nant, agree. 

Pac-o, are, act. to subdue, ap- 
pease. 

Pactus, part, of paciscor, having 
agreed, being agreed upon. 

Paean, is, m. a title of Apollo. 

Palam, prep. abl. before, in the 
presence of. 

Palam, adv. openly, publicly. 

Palaem-on, Snis, m. see Ino. 

Pales, is, f. the goddess of hus- 
bandry. 

Palladium, i, n. an image of 
Minerva, which the Trojans 
fancied to have fallen from 
heaven, and that their city 
could not be taken, whilst that 
image remained there. 

Pall-as, adis, f. the goddess of 
wisdom and arms; she was 
born from Jupiter's brain by 
Vulcan's assistance; she was 
worshipped under the names of 
Minerva, Mhena and Tritonia. 

Palli-um, i, n. a cloak. 

Palm-es, itis, m. a twig. 

Pal-us, udis, f. a moor, fen. 

Pal-us, i, m. a post, stake. 

Paluster, or rather palustr-is, is, 
e, adj. moorish. 

Pan, is, or os, m. the god of 
shepherds. 

Pan?eti-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Pand-o, ere, i; pansum, and pas- 
sum, act. to open, spread. 

Pandor-a, x, f. a woman made by 
Vulcan, to whom every God 
made a present; Jupiter pre- 
sented her with a box contain- 
ing all kinds of evils, with hope 
at the bottom. 

Pan-is, is, m. bread, a loaf, gen. 
pi. panum. 

Panthe-on, a temple in Rome, 
consecrated to all the gods. 

Papae! interj. O strange! 

Papyr-us, i, f. a shrub growing 



248 



PAR 



PAS 



near the Nile, the paper made 
of it. 

Par, paris, adv. even, equal. 

Par, paris, n. a pair. 

Parc-a, ae, f. pi. Parc-ae, arum, 
the Fates, daughters of Erebus 
and Nox, three in number, viz. 
Clothoy holdeth the distaff, La- 
chesis spins the thread of hu- 
man life, and Mropos cuts it 
off. 

Parcitur, impers. from 

Parc-o, ere; peperci, and pars-i, 
um, neut. to spare, abstain 
from, pardon, alicui. 

Paren-s, tis, c. g. a parent; pi. 
parmt-es, um, and ium, pa- 
rents. 

Paren-s, tis, adj. obedient, part. 
of 

Par-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
obey, comply with; alicui. 

Paricid-a, ae, c. g. a parricide. 

Pari-es, etis, m. the wall of a 
room. 

Par-io, ere; peperi, partum; act. 
to beget, bring forth, cause. 

Pari-s, idis, m. the son of Priam, 
who being sent on an embassy 
to Menelaus, king of Lacede- 
mon, fell in love with his wife 
Helena, and carried her to 
Troy, which caused the de- 
struction of Troy. 

Parmenio, nis, m. noun pr. 

Parnass-us, i, m. a mountain in 
Phocis, the favourite seat of 
the muses. 

Par-o, are, act. to prepare, pro- 
cure. 

Par-s, tis, f. a part, share, party. 

Parsimoni-a, ae, f. parsimony, 
economy. 

Parthenop-e, es, f. one of the 
Sirens. 

Part-ior, iri, itus, dep. to divide. 

Part-us, us, m. the birth. 

Parum, adv. little, not enough. 

Parv-us, a, um, adj. small, little, 
com p. minor, minimus. 



Pasc-o, ere; pavi, pastum, act. to 
feed, nourish; pass. 

Pasc-or, i, pastus, pass, to be fed, 
to live on, aliqua re. 

Pasipha-e, es, f. the wife of Mi- 
nos, king of Crete, who is said 
to have fallen in love with a 
bull, and to have brought forth 
the Minotaur, partly man, and 
partly bull. 

Pass-er, eris, m. a sparrow. 

Passim, adv. every where, in ev- 
ery direction. 

Pass-us, part, of patior, and pan- 
do. 

Pass-us, us, m. a step, five feet. 

Pastill-us, i, m. a pomander. 

Pastor, is, m. a shepherd. 

Patare-us, i, m. a title of Apollo. 

Patavi-um, i, n. noun pr. Padua. 

Pat-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be open, 
evident, to extend. 

Pat-er, ris, m. a father. 

Patern-us, a, um, adj. fatherly, 
parental, father's. 

Patien-s, tis, adj. able, or willing 
to bear; alicujus rei; part, of 
patior. 

Patienti-a, ae, f. patience. 

Pat-ior, iri, passus, dep. to suffer, 
undergo. 

Patri-a, ae, f. one's native coun- 
try. 

Patri-us, a, um, adj. paternal, 
native. 

Patr-o, are, act. to perform. 

Patron-us, i, m. a patron, protec- 
tor. 

Patru-us, i, m.a father's brother, 
uncle. 

Pauc-i, ae, a, adj. few; comp. 
pauciores, paucissimi. 

Paulatim, adv. by degrees, little 
by little. 

Paulo, adv. by a little, 

Paululo, adv. and abl. of paulu- 
lus, by a little. 

Pauper, is, adj. poor. 

Pauperi-es, ei, f. poverty. 

Pauperta-s, tis, f. poverty. 



PAU 



PEN 



249 



Pausani-as, se, m. noun pr. 

Pavid-us, a, urn, adj. fearful, 
frightened. 

Pa-x, cis, f. peace. 

P. C. for Patres conscripti, con- 
script fathers. 

Peccat-um, i, n. a fault, of- 
fence. 

Peccat-ur, impers. from 

Pecc-o, are, neut. and act. to do 
amiss, blunder, transgress. 

Pect-en, inis, m. and n. a comb, 
rake. 

Pect-us, oris, n. the breast. 

Pecuni-a, x, money, a sum of 
money. 

ec-us, oris, n. iidis, f. and m. a 
sheep, a flock of sheep, cattle. 

Ped-es, itis, c. g. a footman. 

Pedester, or pedestr-is, is, e, adj. 
on foot. 

Pegas-us, 3, m. Perseus' s winged 
horse. 

Pelag-us, i, n. the sea; plur. pe- 
lage. 

Pele-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
JEacus, and father of Achilles 
by Thetis. 

Pelid-es, x, m. the son of Peleus, 
Achilles. 

Peli-on, i, n. a mountain of Thes- 
saly. 

Pell-is, is, f. the skin, hide. 

Pel-ops, opis, m. the son of Tan- 
talus, who killed him when a 
child, and served him up to 
the Gods, who restored him 
again to life. 

Pelv-is, is, f. a wash-basin. 

Penat-es, um, m. small statues of 
the household gods. 

Pend-eo, ere; pependi, n. to 
hang. 

Pend-o, ere, pependi, pensum, 
act. to weigh, rate, pay; pende- 
re aliquid parvi, to regard 
something little ;penderepo3naa t \ 
to suffer punishment. 

Pene, adv. almost. 

Penelop-e, es, f. the daughter of 



Icarus, and wife of Ulysses, 
famous for her chastity. 

Penes, prep. ace. in the power 
of. 

Penetr-o, are, act. to penetrate, 
enter into. 

Penn-a, se, f. a feather, pen. 

Pen-us, i, or us, m. store, provi- 
sions. 

Pen-us, oris, n. provisions. 

Per, prep. ace. through, by. 

Peragr-o, are, act. and neut. to 
travel over, to traverse. 

Percussus, part, of 

Percut-io, ere; percuss-i, um, 
act. to strike, fell, slay. 

Perdicc-as, x, m. noun pr. 

Perdit-us, a, um, adj . wretched, 
desperate; and part, of perdo. 

Perd-ix, icis, c. g. a partridge. 

Perd-o, ere, idi, ltum, act. to 
lose, destroy. 

Perduc-o, ere; perdu-xi, ctum, to 
lead through, persuade. 

Perductus, part of perduco. 

Peregrin-us, a. um, adj. alien, 
foreign. 

Perexigu-us, a, um, adj. very lit- 
tle. 

Perfectio, nis, f. perfection, fin- 
ishing. 

Perfectus, part, of perficio. 

Perfer-o, re; pertuli, perlatum, 
act. to carry through, to en- 
dure, report. 

Perfic-io, ere; perfec-i, turn, act. 
to finish, effect. 

Perfidi-a, se, f. treachery. 

Perfid-us, a, um, adj. treacher- 
ous, false. 

Perfugi-um, i, n. a refuge. 

Perfund-o, ere, fudi, fusum, act. 
to bedew, besprinkle. 

Perfung-or, i; perfunctus, dep. 
to discharge, execute, go 
through with; aliqua re. 

Periculose, dangerously, with 
danger, adv. from 

Periculos-us, a, um, adj. danger- 
ous. 



250 



PER 



PER 



Pericul-um, 1, n. the danger. 

Perinde, adv. as, as if; perinde ac, 
just as if. 

Perit-us, a, um, adj. skilled, ex- 
pert; in the law, juris, or jure. 

Perleg-o, ere, i; perlectum, act. 
to read through, to take a view. 

Permansio, nis, f. a stay. 

Permissus, part, of 

Permitt-o, ere; permis-i,sum,act. 
to permit, suffer. 

Permov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to 
persuade, induce. 

Pernici-es, ei, f. destruction, 
death. 

Pernicios-us, a, um, adj. destruc- 
tive, fatal. 

Pern-ix, Icis, swift, nimble. 

Peros-us, a, um, part, of perodi, 
hating greatly; the tight, lucem. 

Perpauc-i, x, a, adj. very few. 

Perpet-ior, i; perpessus, dep. to 
suffer, bear with. 

Perpetu-us, a, um, adj. endless. 

Pers-a, x, m. a Persian. 

Persequ-or, i; persecutus, dep. to 
pursue. 

Perse i-s, dis, f. the daughter of 
Perseus. 

Perse-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
Jupiter and Danae, he attack- 
ed Medusa, and cut off her 
head, wherewith he performed 
many extraordinary exploits. 

Persever-o, are, neut. to perse- 
vere, persist. 

Person-a, x, f. a person, an actor. 

Persuad-eo, ere; persuas-i, um, 
act. to persuade, advise, alicui 
aliquid. 

Persuadetur, impers. from per- 
suadeo; mihi, I am persuaded. 

Pertaes-us, a, um, part, of pertse- 
det, weary of, displeased with, 
alicujus rei, or aliquam rem. 

Pertimesc-o, ere, incept, to fear 
greatly. 

Pertinaci-a, x, f. obstinacy. 

Pertinaciter, adv. from 

Pertina-x, cis, adj. obstinate. 



Pertin-eo, ere, neut. to reach, 
belong; tome, ad me. 

Pervagat-us, a, um, adj. public, 
spread abroad; and part, of 

Pervag-or, ari, atus, dep. to wan- 
der over, traverse. 

Perven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
come to, obtain; ad aliquid. 

Pervert-o, ere, i; perversum, act. 
to overthrow, corrupt. 

Pervolo; velle, volui, to desire 
earnestly. 

Pe-s, dis, m. a foot. 

Pest-is, is, f. a pest, plague. 

Petens, part, of 

Pet-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to beg, 
seek, aim at, go to. 

Petrei-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Petulan-s, tis, adj. insolent, wan- 
ton. 

Phaeton, tis, m. the son of Sol 
and Clymene; having obtained 
the guidance of his father's 
chariot for one day, and being 
unable to manage the horses, 
he set the world on fire; where- 
fore Jupiter struck him with a 
thunderbolt into the river Po; 
his sisters bewailed his death 
till they were changed into 
poplar trees. 

Phasel-us, i, c. g. a kind of 
pulse. 

Philadelphiens-is, is,c.g. a Phila- 
delphian. 

philipp-i, orum, m. noun pr. 

phillipp-us, i, m. noun pr. 

philo, nis, m. noun pr. 

Philomel-a, x, f. daughter of Pan- 
dion, king of Athens; she was 
ravished by her brother-in-law 
Tereus, and changed into a 
nightingale. 

Philosophi-a, x, f. philosophy, 
love of wisdom. 

Philosoph-us,i,m. a philosopher. 

Philot-as, x, m. noun pr. 

Phlegethon, tis. m. one of the 
infernal rivers. 

Phlegy-as, ae, -m. a king of the 



PHO 



PL A 



251 



Lapithae, he burnt the temple 
of Apollo, at Delphi, where- 
fore the enraged god killed, 
and placed him in hell under a 
huge stone, which he imagines 
every moment will fall down 
upon him. 

Phoebe-us, a um, adj. Phoebean. 

Phoeb-us, i, m. a name of Apol- 
lo. 

Phoeniss-a, ae, f. Dido, the Phoeni- 
cian. 

Phorcis, and Phorcyni-s, dos, f. 
a name of Medusa. 

Phorcys, or Phorc-us, i, m. a sea 
god, the son of Pontus and 
Terra; he married his sister 
Ceto, by the whom he had the 
Gorgons Stheno, Euryale and 
Medusa. 

Phr-yx, ygis, m. a Phrygian; pi. 
Phryges. 

Pic-a, ae, f. a magpie. 

Pictor, is, m. a painter. 

Pictus, part, of pingo. 

Pie, adv. from pius, sup. pits- 
si me. 

Pier-is, dis, f. pi. Piendes, the 
Muses, daughters of Pierus. 

Pieta-s, tis, f. piety, affection. 

Pig-er, ra, rum, adj. slothful, la- 

Piget, it irks, grieves; impers. 
from pig-eo, ere. ui, neut. to 
be loth, dislike. 

Pign-us, oris, n. a pawn, pledge. 

Pigre, adv. from piger. 

Pil-a, ae, f. a ball, any thing round. 

Pll-a, ae, f. prop, pestle. 

Pile-us, i, m. a hat, cap. 

Pll-um, i, n. a javelin, dart. 

Ping-o, ere; pinxi; pictum, act. 
to paint, feign. 

Pingu-is, is, e, adj. fat, rude. 

Pisc-is, is, m. a fish. 

Pith-o, us, f. the goddess of elo- 
quence. 

Pi-us, a, um, adj. pious, affec- 
tionate. 

Pi-x, cis, f. pitch. 



Placent-a, ae, f. a cake. 

Placeo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
please, delight; alicui. 

Placet, impers. from placeo, it 
pleases; alicui. 

Placid-us, a, um, adj. gentle, 
mild. 

Plag-a, ae, f. a climate, a net. 

Plag-a, ae, f. a blow, stripe. 

Planet-a, ae, m. a planet. 

Platan-us, i, and us, f. the plane- 
tree. 

Plato, nis, m. noun pr. 

Plaustr-um, i, n. a cart. 

Plaut-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Plebs, ebis, f. the commons, the 
mob. 

Plect-o, ere; plex-i, um, act. to 
twist, knit, punish. 

Pleiad-es, um, f. the seven daugh- 
ters of Atlas and Pleione; they 
were changed into stars, and 
placed near Taurus. 

Plen-us, a,um, adj. full, abound- 
ing; aliqua re, or ulicujus rei. 

Plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, 
adj. the most, the greatest part. 

Pluit, it rains; impers. from 

Plu-o, ere, i, or vi, to rain, show- 
er down. 

Plus, pluris, neut. pi. plures, 
plura, or pluria, more, comp. 
of multus. 

Plus, adv. more, superl. pluri- 
mum. 

Pluto, nis, m. the son of Saturn, 
and brother of Jupiter and 
Neptune, and king of hell. 

P. M. for post meridiem, after 
mid-day. 

Pocul-um, i, n. a cup. 

Podagr-a, ae, f. the gout in the 
feet. 

Poema, tis, n. a poem. 

Poen-a, ae, f. a punishment, fine; 
dare poenas, to be punished,- su- 
mere pcenas, to punish. 

Poen-i, orum, m. a people near 
Carthage, the Carthaginians. 

Poenitenti-a, ae, f. repentance. 



252 



P(EN 



POP 



Poenit-eo, ere, ui, neut. to cause 
pain, or remorse. 

Pcenitet, impers. from poeniteo, 
it grieves; pcenitet me facti, I 
am sorry for my deed. 

Poet-a, x, m. a poet, contriver. 

Pol, for Pollucem, adv. by Pol- 
lux. 

Pol-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to pol- 
ish, adorn. 

Politori-um, i. n. noun pr. 

Pollic-eor, eri, itus, dep. to pro- 
mise. 

Pollu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to de- 
file, pollute. 

Poll-ux, ucis, m. the twin bro- 
ther of Castor, they were made 
the sign Gemini. 

Polybi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Polydor-us, i, m, a son of Priam. 

Polyhymni-a, <e, f. one of the 
Muses. 

Polyphem-us, i, m. the son of 
Neptune, and a Cyclops, he 
had but one eye, and that in 
the middle of his forehead. 

Pomon-a, <e, f. the goddess of 
fruit. 

Pompeian-us, a, um, adj. belong- 
ing or attached to Pompey. 

Pompei-us, or Pompej-us, i, m. 
Pompey. 

Pompili-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Pomponi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Pom-um, i, n. an apple. 

Pondo, n. indecl. sing, and pi. 
pound weight. 

Pond-us, eris, n. a weight, bur- 
den. 

Pone, prep. ace. after, behind. 

Pon-o, ere; pos-ui, itum, act. to 
put, place. 

Pon-s, tis, m. abridge. 
Pontif-ex, icis, m. a pontiff. 
Pont-us, i, (Euxinus) m. the 
black sea, also the country 
near it. 
Popili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Populabund-us, a, um, adj. de- 
stroying, laying waste; aliquid. 



Populatio, nis, f. the destroying, 
pillaging. 

Popul-or, ari, atus, dep. to plun- 
der, lay waste. 

Popiil-us, i, m. a nation, people. 

Popiil-us, i, f. a poplar tree. 

Porc-us, i, m. hog. 

Port-a, x, f. a gate. 

Portic-us, us, f. a porch, gallery . 

Portitor, is, m. a porter, ferry- 
man. 

Portun-us, or Portumn-us, i, m. 
a sea-god. 

Port-us, us, m. a port, harbour. 

Posc-o, ere, poposci, act. to de- 
mand, beg". 

Positus, part, of pono. 

Possessio, nis, f. a possession. 

Possum, posse, potui, to be able, 
1 may, can; non possum non, 
I must. 

Post, prep. ace. after, behind. 

Post, adv. afterwards. 

Postea, adv. afterwards; postea 
loci, after that. 

Posteaquam, after that. 

Posterita-s, tis, f. posterity. 

Poster-us, a, um, adj. the next, 
that cometh after; comp. poste- 
rior, postremus, latter, last. 

Posthab-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
set behind, to esteem less. 

Posthabitus, part, of posthabeo. 

Posthumi-us, i, m. noun p. 

Postmodo, adv. afterwards. 

Postquam, adv. after, after that. 

Postridie, adv. the next day after; 
postridie ejus diet, the day after 
that day,- postridie ludos, the 
day after the games. 
Potenti-a, <e, f. power, influ- 
ence. 

Potesta-s, tis, f. power, govern- 
ment. 
Pot-ior, iri, itus, dep. to possess, 
enjoy, obtain, to make one's 
self master of; aliqua re, or ali- 
cujus rei. 
Poti-or, or, us, comparative of 
potis, more powerful, better, 



POT 



PR.E 



253 



more eligible ; rempublicam 
privato commodo potiorem ha- 
buit, he preferred the good of 
the commonwealth to 
advantage. 

Polius, adv. rather, better, su- 
perl. potissimum. 

Pot-o, are, avi, atum, or um, act. 
to drink hard, to get drunk, to 
drink. 

Pot-us, a, um, part, having" drunk, 
being" drunk. 

P. R. for populics Romanus, the 
Roman people. 

Prte, prep. abl. before, in com- 
parison of, for. 

Prxb-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
yield, allow, show. 

Praeced-o, ere; cess-i, um, act. 
and neut. to go before, outgo, 
excel. 

Praecept-um, i, n. a command- 
ment. 

Praecip-io, ere ; praecepi, turn, 
act. to command, direct, teach; 
alicui aliquid. 

Praecipit-o, are, act. to over- 
throw, precipitate. 

Praecipitur, impers. from praeci- 
pio; prsecipitar mihi, I am com- 
manded, direction is given to me. 

Praecipue, adv. especially, chiefly. 

Praecipu-us, a, um, adj. chief, 
principal. 

Praeclar-us, a, um, adj. very clear, 
noble. 

Praeco, nis, m. a public crier. 

Pracco-x, cis, adj. early, ripe. 

Praecurr-o, ere, i; or praecucur-ri, 
praecursum, act. to forerun, ex- 
cel. 

Praed-a, ac, f. a prey, booty. 

Praedic-o, are, act. to proclaim, 
affirm. 

Pracdic o, ere; praedi-xi, ctum, 
act. to foretel. 

Praedit-us, a, um, adj. endued 
with; the highest offi.ce y summo 
magistratu. 

Pracdiv-es, itis, adj. very rich 



Prx-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. and 
neut. to go before, to advise, 
excel; alicui, aliquid. 
his own Praefect-us, i, m. a governor. 

Pracfer-o, re, praetuli, praelatum, 
act. to prefer, to carry before. 

Praefrigid-us, a, um, adj. very 
cold, cold. 

Pradi-um, i, n. a battle, conten- 
tion. 

Praeluc-eo, ere; praeluxi, act. and 
neut. to shine before, to out- 
shine. 

Praerip-io, ere, ui ; praereptum, 
act. to forestall, take. 

Praerump-o, ere; rup-i, turn, act. 
to break in pieces.' 

Praerupt-us, a, um, adj. craggy, 
steep; and part, of praerumpo. 

Prae-s, dis, m. a surety in money 
matters. 

Praesen-s, tis, adj. present, pro- 
pitious. 

Praesertim, adv. especially, chief- 

Praesid-eo, ere; praese-di, ssum, 

neut. to preside, manage; ali- 
cui. 
Praesidi-um,i,n. a garrison, guard. 
Praestan-s, tis, adj. excellent, and 

part, of pracsto. 
Praestat, it is better, impers. of 

praesto. 
Praestitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 

prescribe, determine. 
Prxst-o, are, iti, itum, and atum, 

act. and neut. to perform, show, 

stand before. 
Praestring-o, ere ; praestri-nxi, 

ctum, act. to bind, dazzle, dim, 
Prae-sum, esse, fui, to preside 

over, to manage. 
Praeter, prep. ace. except, beside, 

contrary to. 
Praeter-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 

pass by, neglect. 
Practeritus, part, of prxtereo, 

past, past by. 
Practermitt-o, ere, mis-i, sum, act. 

to let pass, to omit. 



22 



254 



PRJE 



PRI 



Praeterveh-o, ere; ve-xi, ctum, 
act. to carry past, or along*. 

Praetext-us, us, m. a pretence. 

Praetor, is, m. a praetor, chief of- 
ficer. 

Praetori-um, i, n. the general's 
tent. 

Praevaricatio, nis, f. prevarica- 
tion, treachery. 

Praeven-io, ire, i, turn, act. and 
neut. to anticipate, come be- 
fore. 

Prat-um, i, n. a meadow. 

Prec-is, gen. i, em, e, f. intreaty, 
prayer. 

Prem-o, ere; press- i, um, act. to 
press, weigh down, oppress. 

Presbyter, i, m. an elder, presby- 
ter. 

Pressus, part, of premo. 

Preti-um, i, n. the price, re- 
ward. 

Priamid-es, is, m. a son of Priam. 

Priam-us, i, m. Priam, the son of 
Laomedon, and last king of 
Troy. 

Priap-us, i, the son of Bacchus 
and Venus, he presided over 
gardens, lakes, and obscenity. 

Pridie, on the day before; pridie 
ejus diet, the day before that day; 
pridie cakndas, the day before 
the first. 

Pridem, adv. lately, long ago, 
comp. prius, primum. 

Primo, adv. first, at first. 

Primum, adv. first. 

Prim-us, a, um, adj. first. 

Princ-eps, ipis, c. g. first, chief, 
principal. 

Principi-um, i, n. a beginning, 
principle. 

Pri-or, or, us, adj. comp. the for- 
mer, the better. 

Prisc-us, a, um, adj. old, ancient. 

Pristin-us, a, um, adj. ancient, 
former. 

Prius, adv. before, sooner. 

Priusquam, adv. sooner than, be- 
fore. 



Privat-us, a, um, adj. private, 
one's own. 

Pro, prep. abl. for, with respect 
to. 

Prob-o, are, act. to prove, try, 
approve. 

Proc. for proconsul, is, m. a pro- 
consul. 

Proced-o, ere; cessi-i, um, neut. 
to proceed, prosper. 

Procell-a, ae, f. a tempest, com- 
motion. 

Procer-us, a, um, adj. high. 

Procul, adv. far, far off"; procul 
fab J hoste, far from the ene- 
my. 

Procumb-o, ere; cub-ui, itum, 
neut. to lie down, to prostrate 
one's self. 

Procur-o, are, act. to manage. 

Prodigi-um, i, n. a prodigy, mi- 
racle. 

Proditio, nis, f. discovery, treach- 
ery. 

Proditor, is, m. a traitor, discloser. 

Prod-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to de- 
clare, betray. 

Produc-o, ere; du-xi, ctum, act. 
to produce, draw out. 

Proelium, see praelium. 

Proetid-es, um, f. the daughters 
of Proetus, who, on account of 
their pride, were struck with 
madness, and imagined them- 
selves to be cows. 

Profan-o, are, act. to profane, 
pollute. 

Profan-us, a, um, adj. profane, 
wicked. 

Profa-ris, ri, tus, dep. to speak 
out. 

Profectio, nis, f. a departure. 

Prbfecto, adv. indeed, truly. 

Profect-us, part, of proficiscor. 

Profect-us, us, m. progress, ad- 
vantage. 

Professus, part, of profiteor. 

Prbfest-us, a, um, adj. not holy; 
profestus dies, a common, or 
work day. 



PRO 



PRO 



255 



Profic-io, ere; profec-i, turn, to 
profit, to do good. 

Proficisc-or, i; profectus, dep. to 
set out, advance. 

Profit-eor, eri; professus, dep. to 
profess, acknowledge, declare. 

Proflig-o, are, act. to rout, ruin. 

Profluen-s, tis, adj. fluent, flow- 
ing; part, of 

Proflu-o, ere, xi, xum, neut. to 
gush out. 

Profug-io, ere, i, itum, neut. 
and act. to fly, escape, forsake. 

Profug-us, a, urn, adj. fleeing, 
driven away. 

Profund-o, ere; fud-i, sum, act. 
to pour out, to waste. 

Profund-us, a um, adj. deep, 
high. 

Progeni-es, ei, f. a progeny, off- 
spring. 

Prognat-us, a, um,adj. born, de- 
scended. 

Progn-e, es, f. the daughter 
of Pandion, king of Athens, 
wife of Tereus, and sister of 
Philomela; she was turned in- 
to a swallow. 

Progred-ior, i; progressus, dep. 
to advance, proceed. 

Progressus, part, of progredior. 

Progress-us, us, m. a progress, 
improvement. 

Proh ! or pro ! interj. oh ! ah ! 

Prohib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
prohibit, hinder. 

Proinde, adv. therefore, just so. 

Projic-io, ere; projec-i, turn, act. 
to prostrate, to banish. 

Prolog-us, i, m. a prologue. 

Protnethe-us, i, m. the son of 
Japetus and Clymene; he 
formed men of clay, and put 
life into them by fire stolen 
from heaven; wherefore Jupi- 
ter directed Mercury to chain 
him to mount Caucasus, where 
a vulture was gnawing his 
liver, which grew as fast as de- 
voured.. 



Prompt-us, a, um, adj. ready, 

inclined. 
Pronepo-s, tis, a nephew's son, 

a great grandchild. 
Prbnept-is, is, f. a niece's daugh- 
ter. 
Pronub-us, a, um, adj. of mar- 
riage. 
Pronuntiatus, part, of 
Pronunti-o, are, act. to speak 

out, declare. 
Pron-us, a, um, adj. stooping, 

inclined. 
Propag-o, inis, f. a race, lineage. 
Propag-o, inis, f. a shoot, or vine. 
Propag-o, are, act. to propagate, 

to multiply. 
Prope, adv. nigh, near; comp. 

propius, proxime,- prope fad J 

castra, near the camp; proxime 

fadj Hispaniam, nearest to 

Spain. 
Propell-o, ere; propul-i, sum, 

act. to drive or push forward. 
Proper-o, are, act. and neut. to 

hasten, make haste. 
Prophet-a, «e, m. a prophet. 
Propin-o, are, act. to drink one's 

health. 
Propinqu-us, a, um, adj. near, 

akin. 
Propi-or, or, us, comp. proxi- 

mus, superl. nearer, nearest. 
Propon-o, ere; propos-ui, itum, 

act. to propose, set up. 
Proprie, properly, adv. from 
Propri-us, a, um, adj. peculiar, 

private, firm. 
Propter, prep. ace. for, near. 
Propugnacul-um, i, n. a fortress, 

bulwark. 
Propul-so, are, act. to drive 

away, keep off. 
Pror-a, x,f. the prow, fore-castle. 
Proserpin-a, ae, f. the daughter 

of Jupiter and Ceres, and wife 

of Pluto. 
Prosper, or prosper-us, a, um, 

adj. lucky, prosperous. 
Prospere, adv. from prosper. 



256 



PRO 



PUD 



Prosperita-s, tis, f. prosperity, 

good fortune. 
Prospic-io, ere; prospe-xi, ctum, 

act. and neut. to foresee, view, 

care for; alicui. 
Pro-sum, prodesse, profui, neut. 

to do good, to be profitable; 

alicui. 
Postern-o, ere; prostra-vi, turn, 

act. to overthrow, prostrate. 
Prostratus, part, ofposterno. 
Proterv-us, a, um, adj. wanton, 

rude, petulant. 
Prote-us, i, or os, m. a sea god, 

who could transform himself 

into any shape. 
Proveh-o, ere; prove-xi, ctum, 

act. to carry on, to advance. 
Proven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 

come forth, to proceed. 
Providenti-a, ae, foresight, provi- 
dence. 
Provid-eo, ere, i; provisum, act. 

to foresee, provide, prevent. 
Provinci-a, se, f. a province. 
Provoc-o, are, act. to appeal, call 

forth, challenge; aliquern ad 

aliquid. 
Proxime, see prope. 
Proxim-us, a, um, adj. superl. of 

propior, nearest. 
Pruden-s, tis, adj. prudent, 

wise. 
Prudenti-a, se, f. prudence, wis- 
dom. 
Psalt-es, se, m. the singer. 
Ptolemae-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Pub-er. or pub-es, eris, adj. ripe 

of age, twelve or fourteen years 

old. 
Publice, adv. from 
Public-us, a, um, adj. public, 

common; res publica^ a com- 
mon affair, the commonwealth. 
Publi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Pud-eo, ere, ui, act. and neut. to 

make blush, to be ashamed. 
Pudet, ere, puduit, impers.from 

pudeo, to be ashamed; pudet 

me tui (gratia), I am ashamed of 

you. 



Pudic-us, a, um, adj. modest. 

Pudor, is, m. shame, modesty. 

Puell-a, se, f. a girl. 

Puer, i, m. a boy. 

Pueriti-a, se, f. childhood. 

Puerul-us, i, m. a little boy. 

Pugn-a, x, f. a fight, battle. 

Pugnans, part, of pugno. 

Pugnatur, impers. of pugno. 

Pugnatus, part, of 

Pugn-o, are, act. and neut. to 
fight, struggle against. 

Pulch-er,ra, rum, adj. fair, hand- 
some, glorious. 

Pulcherrime superl. of 

Pulchre, adv. from pulcher. 

Punice-us, or Punic-us, a, um, 
adj. of Africa, or Carthage, de- 
ceitful red, purple colour. 

Pun-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
punish. 

Pun-ior, iri, itus, dep. to punish, 
and pass, of punio. 

Pupp-is, is, f. the stern of a ship; 
ace. em and im. 

Purg-o, are, act. to cleanse, ex- 
cuse. 

Puta, adv. suppose, to wit. 

Put-o, are, act. to think, reckon, 
prune vines. 

Pylad-es, is, m. the faithful friend 
of Orestes. 

Pyl-se, arum, f, the straights. 

Pyl-os, i, f. noun pr. 

Pyracmon, is, m. one of the Cy- 
clops, who forged Jupiter's 
thunderbolts. 

Pyrami-s, dis, f. a pyramid. 

Pyrrh-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Pythi-a, ze, f. a priestess of Apol- 
lo, who gave out oracles. 

Pythi-a, orum, n. games in hon- 
our of Apollo. 

Python, is, d. g. a serpent, shot 
by Apollo, whence he was call- 
ed Pythius, and the Pythian 
games were instituted. 

Q. for Quintus, noun pr. 

Quadragen-i, <e, a, adj. forty. 

Quadrat-us, a, um, adj. squared, 
square. 



QUA 



QUE 



257 



Quadrlm-us, a, um,adj. four years 
old. 

Quadringent-i, ae, a, adj. four 
hundred. 

Quaer-o, ere; quaesi-vi, itum, act. 
to ask, seek, investigate. 

Quaeso, quaesumus, defect. I 
pray. 

Quaestor, is, m. a quaestor, trea- 
surer. 

Quaest-us, us, m. gain, profit, lu- 
cre. 

Qual-is, is, e, adj. of what kind; 
(talis), qualis, such as 

Quam, conj. and adv. how, than, 
as; quam bonus, how good; 
quam optime, as well as possi- 
ble. 

Quamvis, conj. although. 

Quando, adv. when, since. 

Quandoque, adv. sometimes, 
some time or other. 

Quandbquidem, conj. whereas, 
since. 

Quanquam, conj. although. 

Quantum, adv. how much, as 
much as; quantum pecuniae, 
how much money. 

Quant-us, a, am, adj. how great, 
how much, as great as, as much 
as. 

Quare, adv. why, for what pur- 
pose. 

Quartan-us, a, um, adj. of, or be- 
longing to the fourth; quartana 
(scil. febris), the quartan, 
fourth-day ague. 

Quasi, adv. and conj. as if. 

Quassatus, part, of 

Quass-o, are, act. to shatter. 

Quater, adv. fcur times. 

Quatuor, adj. indecl. four. 

Que, conj. and, although. 

Quemadmodum, adv. how, as. 

Qu-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to be 
able. 

Querc-us, us, f. an oak. 

Querel-a, ae, f. a complaint. 

Querens, part, of 

Quer-or, i; questus, dep. to com- 



plain, lament; aliquant rem, de 

aliqua re. 
Quest-us, us, m. a complaint. 
Qui, quae, quod, pron. who, 

which, that. 
Qui, adv. how, by what means. 
Quia, conj. because. 
Quicunque, quaecunque, quod- 

cunque, whosoever, whatso- 
ever, every one. 
Quid, neuter of quis, subst. in- 
decl. what? quid novi, what 

news ? quid hominis, what sort 

of a man ? quid aetatis, at what 

age? 
Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, or 

quiddam, pron. some one, a 

certain. 
Quidem, adv. truly, indeed; ne 

hoc quidem, not even this. 
Qui-es, etis, f. rest, ease, quiet. 
Quiet-us, a, um, adj. quiet, 

calm. 
Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, or 

quidlibet, pron. whosoever, 

whatsoever. 
Quin, adv. and conj. why not } 

nay, but, but that. 
Quindecim, adj. indecl. fifteen. 
Quingent-i, ae, a, adj. five hun- 
dred. 
Quin-i, ae, a, adj. five by five, five. 
Quinque, adj. indecl. five. 
Quinquatri-a, orum, or um, n. and 

quinquatr-us, uum, f. feasts in 

honour of Minerva. 
Quinquerem-is, is, f. a galley 

with five oars in a seat. 
Quintil-is, is, (scil. mensis) m. 

the fifth month, August. 
Quint-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Quinti-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Quir-is, Itis, plur. Quirit-es, um, 

or ium, m. the citizens, or 

commons of Rome. 
Quis, quae, quid, or quod, who' 

which. 
Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, 

pron. who? which? what? 
Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, 
22* 



258 



QUI 



RAD 



or quidpiam, pron. somebody, 
something-. 

Quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, 
or quicquam, pron. any one, 
any body, or thing". 

Quisque, quaeque, quodque, 
every one, every thing. 

Quisquis, quidquid, pron. whoso- 
ever, whatsoever. 

Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quid- 
vis, pron. whosoever, any one. 

Quo, adv. and conj. whither, to 
what place; that, in order that; 
quo (i. e. ut eo)facilius fiat, that 
it may be done the more easily. 

Quocirca, conj. wherefore, there- 
fore. 

Quoad, adv. as long as, whilst, 
how long, as to, with respect 
to. 

Quod, conj. because, that since. 

Quodsi, conj. if, because if. 

Quominus, adv. and conj. (for ut 
eo minus) that the less, that 
not. 

Quomodo, adv. how? by what 
means' 1 

Quondam, adv. formerly, once. 

Quoniam, conj. because, since. 

Quoque, conj. also, truly. 

Quotannis, adv. yearly, every 
year. 

Quotidie, adv. daily, every day. 

Quoties, adv. how often; (toties) 
quoties, as often as. 

Quotiescunque, adv. as often as. 

Quotuscunque, quotacunque, 
quotumcunque, what one, what 
one of a thousand, never so 
little. 

Quotusquisque, quotaquseque, 
quotumquodque, or quotum- 
quidque, what one of many? 

Quousque, adv. how far? how 
long* 

Quum, (for cum), adv. and conj. 
when, since; quum, turn, as 
well as, both and. 

Rabi-es, ei, f. fuiy, rage, mad- 
ness. 



Radicitus, adv. utterly, by the 
roots. 

Rad-ix, Icis, f. the root. 

Rap-a, ae, f. the rape root, a tur- 
nip. 

Rapi'd-us, a, um, adj. rapid, vio- 
lent. 

Rapln-a, ae, f. a bed of rapes, a 
field of turnips. 

Rapin-a, ae, f. ravin, pillage. 

Rap-io, ere, ui, turn, act. to take 
by force, to plunder, carry 
off. 

Rapt-us, us, m. a ravishing, rape. 

Raptus, part, of rapio. 

Ratio, nis, f. reason, consideration, 
cause, manner, state, condition; 
reddere rationem, to give an ac- 
count. 

Rav-is, is, f. hoarseness. 

Rebell-o, are, neut. to revolt. 

Receptio, nis, f. a reception, har- 
bouring. 

Recip-io, ere; recep-i, turn, act. 
to receive, withdraw. 

Recit-o, are, act. to recite, read 
out. 

Reclud-o, ere; reclus-i, um, act. 
to open, unlock, disclose. 

RecorcUor, ari, atus, dep. to call 
to mind, to remember; aliquid, 
or alicujus rei. 

Recre-o, are, act. to revive, re- 
fresh. 

Recte, adv. from rectus. 

Rector, is, m. a director, ruler. 

Rect-us, a, um, adj. straight, 
right, just. . 

Recub-o, are, ui, itum, neut. to 
recline, lie down. 

Recuper-o, are, act. to recover. 

Recurr-o, ere, i ; cursum, neut. to 
have recourse, to run back. 

Recurs-o, are, freq. to return. 

Recus-o, are, act. to refuse, deny. 

Redam-o, are, act. to love in turn. 

Redd-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 
render, restore, give, make. 

Red-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. 
to return. 



RED 



REM 



259 



Redig-o, ere; redegi, redactum, I 
act. to compel, bring back. j 
Redim-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 

crown. 
RedTmltus, part, of redimio. 
Redim-o, ere; redem-i, ptum, act. 

to redeem. 
Reditio, nis, f. returning-. 
Redol-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. 
and act. to cast a scent, to 
smell. 
Reduc-o, ere; redu-xi, ctum, act. 

to bring", or lead back. 
Redu-x, cis, c. g. brought back, 

having safe returned. 
Refer-o, re; retuli ; relatum ; 
act. to bring back, return, re- 
port. 
Refert, referre, retulit, impers. it 
concerns; the father, patris,- us, 
nostra . 
Refic-io, ere; refec-i, turn, act. to 

repair, refresh. 
Reflect-o, ere; reflex-i, urn, act. 

to turn back, bend, check. 
Regi-a, «e, f. (scil. domus), the 

royal house, the palace. 
Regill-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Regin-a, x, f. the queen. 
Regio, nis, f. a region, climate; e 
regione, over against, oppo- 
site. 
Regi-us, a, um.adj .royal, princely. 
Regnatur, the sceptre is swayed, 

impers. from 
Regn-o, are, neut. to reign, rule. 
Reg-o, ere, re-xi, ctum, act. to 

rule, manage, guide. 
Regul-a, ac, f. a rule. 
Rejic-io, ere; rejec-i, turn, act. to 

cast back, to reject. 
Releg-o, ere, i; ctum, act. to 

read again, to go back. 
Relictus, part, of relinquo. 
Religio, nis, f. religion, a scruple 

of conscience. 
Relinqu-o, ere ; reli-qui, ctum, 

act. to leave, forsake. 
Reliqu-us, a, urn, adj. remaining, 
the rest. 



Rem-ex, igis, m. a rower. 
Reminisc-or, i, dep. to remember; 

aliquid, or alicujus rei. 
Remiss-us, a, um, adj. remiss, jo- 
vial; and part, of 
Remitt-o, ere; remis-i, sum, act. 

to send back, to slack. 
Remor-or, ari, atus, dep. to tarry, 

hinder. 
Remug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 

answer with lowing, to echo. 
Rem-us, i, m. an oar. 
Ren, re nis, m. the kidneys. 
Renov-o, are, act. to renew. 
Renunti-o, are, act. to report, 
proclaim; to bid farewell, ali- 
cui rei. 
Reor, reri, ratus, dep. to suppose. 
Repell-o, ere; repul-i, sum, act. 

to repel, resist. 
Repente, adv. suddenly. 
Repentin-us, a, um, adj. sudden. 
Reper-io, ire, i, turn, act. to find. 
Repl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 

fill. 
Reposc-o, ere; poposci, act. to 

claim. 
Reprehend-o, ere, i; ensum, act. 

to seize, find fault with. 
Reprim-o, ere ; repress-i, um, 

act. to restrain, repress. 
Repugnans, part, of 
Repugn-o, are, neut. to resist. 
Reput-o, are, act. to consider. 
Res; rei, f. a thing, an affair. 
Res-es, idis, adj. idle, at ease. 
Resistens, part, of resisto. 
Resistitur, resistance is made, im- 
pers. from 
Resist-o, ere; restit-i, um, neut 

to resist. 
Respond-eo, ere, i; nsum, neut to 

answer, to give an answer. 
Respondetur, impers. from re- 

spondeo. 
Respublica, reipublica, f. the 

commonwealth. 
Restingu-o, ere; nxi, nctum, act. 

to quench, extinguish, allay. 
Rest-is, is, f. a cord, rope. 



260 



RES 



ROG 



Restitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to re- 
store. 

Restitutus, part, of restituo. 

Rest-o, are, iti, or avi, itum, neut. 
to stay, remain, stand. 

Ret-e, is, n. a net. 

Retinens, part, of 

Retin-eo, ere, ui; retentum, act. 
to restrain, retain. 

Retro, adv. back. 

Retrorsum, adv. backward. 

Re-us, a, um, adj. arraigned, ac- 
cused. 

Rever-eor, eri, itus, dep. to re- 
vere. 

Reversus, part, of revertor. 

Revertens, part, of 

Revert-or, i; reversus, dep. to 
return. 

Revis-o, ere, i, um, act. to revisit, 
see again. 

Revocatus, part, of 

Revoc-o, are, act. to recall. 

Rex; regis, m. a king. 

Rex; Regis, m. noun pr. 

Rhadamanth-us, i, m. a lawgiver 
of Crete, famous for his impar- 
tiality, wherefore he was made 
one of the infernal judges. 

Rhamn-us, i, m. the rhemberry 
bush. 

Rhed-a, se, f. a chariot. 

Rhem-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Rhen-us, i, m. the Rhine. 

Rhodan-us, i, m. the Rhone. 

Rhod-us, i, f. Rhodes. 

Rip-a, se, f. the bank of a river, 
the shore. 

Rite, adv. rightly, justly, in due 
form of law. 

Rit-us, us, m. a rite, ceremony. 

Rix-a, x, f. quarrel, dispute. 

Rob-ur, oris, n. an oak, strength. 

Robust-us, a, um, adj. strong, 
lusty. 

Rod-o, ere ; ros-i, um, act. to 
gnaw, to speak ill of. 

Rogatio, nis, f. a request, propo- 
sition of a bill, or law. 



Rog-o, are, act. to beg, dun, pro- 
pose a law. 

Rom-a, se, f. noun pr. 

Roman-us, a, um, adj. Roman. 

Roman-i, orum, m. the Romans. 

Romul-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Ros-a, se, f. a rose. 

Rotund-us, a, um, adj. round. 

Rub-eo, ere, ui, neut. to redden, 
blush, to be red. 

Rubor, is, m. redness, modesty. 

Rub-us, i, m. and f. a bramble. 

Rud-is, is, e, adj. rude, ignorant. 

Rud-o, ere, i, neut. to bray, roar. 

Rufill-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Rufin-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Rug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to roar. 

Rumor, is, m. a report, rumour. 

Ru-o, ere, i, turn, or itum, neut. 
and act. to fall down, to be 
ruined, to precipitate. 

Ruptor, is, m. a breaker, infring- 
er. 

Rursus, adv. again. 

Rus; ruris, n. the country; abl. t 
and i. 

Rustic-us, a, um, adj. rustic, illit- 
erate, plain. 

Sac-er, ra, rum, adj. sacred. 

Sacerdo-s, tis, c. g. a priest, 
priestess. 

Sacerdoti-um, i, n. the priest- 
hood. 

Sacr-a, orum, n. holy rites, so- 
lemnities. 

Sacrific-o, are, act. to sacrifice. 

Sacrosanct-us, a, um, adj. sacred, 
inviolable. 

Sacr-um, i, n. a holy rite. 

Saecul-um, i, n. an age. 

S<epe, adv. often, comp. sxpius, 
saepissime. 

S<ev-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
rage. 

S<ev-us, a, um, adj. cruel, fierce. 

Sagitt-a, se, f. an arrow. 

Sal; salis, n. and m. salt, sense, 
wit. 

Salam-is, Inis, f. noun pr. 



SAL 



SAT 



261 



Salict-um, i, n. a grove of wil- 
lows, the willows. 

Salinator, is, ra. noun pr. 

Salin-um, i, n. a saltcellar. 

Salmone-us, i, m. the son of iEo- 
lus, and king- of Elis; he was 
Btxock by a thunderbolt to hell 
for imitating- Jupiter's thunder. 

Salt-o, are, neut. to dance. 

Saltuos-us, a, um, adj. full of 
woods. 

Salt-us, us, m. a forest, thicket, 
leap. 

Salub-er, or ris, ris,re, adj. whole- 
some. 

Sal-us, iitis, f. health, safety. 

Salut-o, are, act. to salute. 

Salve, salveto, defect, verb, God 
save you, farewell. 

Salv-us, a, um, adj. safe, well. 

Samn-is, Itis, pi. Samnites, noun 
gent. 

Sam-os, or us, i, f. noun pr. 

Sanc-io, ire, ivi, itum, or san-xi, 
ctum, act. to ratify, enact, 
make sacred. 

Sanct-us, a, um, adj. holy, sa- 
cred; and part, of sancio. 

Sangui-s, nis, m. blood. 

Sapien-s, tis, adj. wise, judicious. 

Sapienter, adv. from sapiens. 

Sapienti-a, x, f. wisdom. 

Sap-io, ere, ivi, or ui, neut. to 
savour, to have a taste of, to 
be wise. 

Sapphir-us, i, f. a sapphire. 

Sapph-o, us, f. a celebrated 
poetess, who invented the 
verse, that beareth her name. 

Satag-o, ere; egi,neut.to be busy 
about; alicujus rei. 

Satell-es, itis, m. a life guard- 
man, attendant, follower. 

Satis, adv. enough, sufficient, 
well enough. 

Satisfac-io, ere; feci, /actum, 
neut. to satisfy, give satisfac- 
tion, alicui. 

Satius, adv. and comp. of satis, 
better. 



Satrapi-a, x, f. a province. 

Satur, a, um, adj. satiated, fer- 
tile. 

Saturnali-a, um, and orum, n. 
feasts of Saturn, kept in De- 
cember. 

Saturn-us, i, m. the son of Coelum 
and Terra, or Vesta. 

Satur- o, are, act. to fill, saturate. 

Satus, part, of sero. 

Sat-us, us, m. a sowing, crop. 

Satyr-us, i, pi. Satyri, the atten- 
dants of Bacchus, horned 
monsters, half men, half goats. 

Sauci-o, are, act. to wound. 

Sauci-us, a, um, adj. wounded, 
hurt. 

Sax-um, i, n. a rock, large stone. 

S. C. for senatusconsult-um, 1, n. 
a decree of the senate. 

Scaevol-a, x, m, noun pr. 

Scand-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
mount, scale, climb up. 

Scat-eo, ere, ui, neut. to abound, 
swarm with, aliqua re. 

Scaturig-o, inis, f. the spring, 
source. 

Scatiir-io,ire, ivi,neut. to stream, 
gush out. 

Scel-us, eris, n. wickedness, vil- 
lany. 

Scen-a, x, f. a stage. 

Schol-a, x, f. a school. 

Scian-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Scien-s, tis, adj. knowing.skilled; 
alicujus rei; and part, of scio. 

Scienti-a, x, f. knowledge, sci- 
ence. 

Scilicet, adv. namely, truly. 

Scin', for scis-ne, do you know? 

Scind-o, ere: scidi, scissum, act. 
to cut, divide. 

Scio, scire, scivi, scitum, act. to 
know. 

Scipio, nis, m. noun pr. 

Scopul-us, i, m. a rock, shelf. 

Scribens, part, of 

Scrib-o, ere; scrip-si, turn, act. to 
write. 

Scriptor, is, m. a writer, author. 



262 



SCR 



SEM 



Scriptus, part, of scribo. 

Sculp-o, ere. si, tarn, act. to 
carve, grave. 

S cut-um, i, n. a buckler, tar- 
get. 

Scyth-ae, arum, m. the Scythians. 

Sec-o, are, ui, tarn, and atum, 
act. to cut. 

Sect-or, ari, atus, dep. to follow, 
pursue. 

Sectus, part, of seco. 

Seculum, see sseculum. 

Secundum, prep. ace. along, ac- 
cording to. 

Secund-us, a, urn, adj. following, 
second, prosperous; res secun- 
dae, prosperity. 

Secur-is, is, f. an axe, hatchet; 
ace. em and im. 

Secur-us, a, urn, adj. secure, 
unconcerned about; alicujus 
rei. 

Secus, prep. ace. by, nigh to. 

Secus, adv. otherwise, amiss, 
comp. secius. 

Sed, conj. but, however. 

Sed-eo, ere, i; sessum, neut. to 
sit, stay. 

Sed-es, is, f. a seat. 

Seditio, nis, f. insurrection, mu- 
tiny. 

Seditios-us, a, um, adj. seditious, 
troublesome. 

Sedun-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Sege-s, tis, f. a crop. 

Segn-is, is, e, adj. dull, lazy, 
barren. 

Segniti-es, ei, f. sloth, laziness. 

Seleuc-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Sell-a, x, f. a seat, chair. 

Semel-e, es, f. the mother of 
Bacchus. 

Sem-en, inis, n. the seed. 

Sement-is, is, f. a sowing, seed 
time. 

Seminari-um, i, n. a seminary. 

Semisopit-us, a, um, adj. half 
asleep. 

Semodi-us, i, m. a half bushel. 

Semper, adv. always. 



per- 



to 



Sempitern-us, a, um, adj 
petual. 

Semproni-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Senat-us, us, m. the senate. 

Senect-us, utis, f. old age. 

Senescens, part, of 

Senesc-o, ere; senui, neut. 
grow old. 

Sen-ex, is. c. g. an old person. 

Senones, um, m. noun gent. 

Sens-us, us, m. the sense. 

Sententi-a, se, f. the opinion, 
mind. 

Sent-io, ire; sens-i, um, act. to 
think, perceive. 

Sepel-io, ire, ivi; sepultum, act. 
to bury. 

Sep-es, is, f. a hedge, inclosure. 

Sep-io, ire, si, turn; or ivi, itum, 
act. to enclose, fence in, block 
up. 

Sepon-o, ere; sepos-ui, itum, act. 
to lay aside. 

Sepositus, part, of sepono. 

Seps, sepis, m. an eft, a serpent. 

Septem, adj. indecl. seven. 

Septen-i, se, a, adj. seven. 

Septentrio, nis, m. the north, 
the seven stars. 

Septuaginta, adj. indecl. seven- 
ty- 

Sequan-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Sequens, part, of 

Sequ-or, i; secutus, or sequutus, 
dep. to follow. 

Ser. for Servi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Seren-us, a, um, adj. clear, se- 
rene, cheerful. 

Sermo, nis, m. a speech. 

Sero, ere; sevi, satum, act. to 
sow. 

Sero, adv. late; comp. se- 
rins. 

Sertori-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Ser-us, a, um, adj. late. 

Servatus, part, of servo. 

Servili-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Serv-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
serve, to be subject to; alt- 
cui. 



SER 



SIL 



263 



Servitur, all is done for; impers. 

servio. 
Servit-us, utis, f. bondage, sla- 
very. 
Servi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Serv-o, are, act. to keep, pre- 
serve. 
Serv-us, i, m. a servant, slave. 

Sesterti-um, i, n. a thousand ses- 
terces, about $35.60. 

Sesterti-us, i, m. a sesterce, about 
three cents and a half; gen. 
pi. sestertiutu, by sync, for ses- 
tertiorum; HS. for decies ses- 
tertium, or decies centena, or 
decies centena millia sestertio- 
rum, equal to about $35600. 

Severe, adv. from severus. 

Severita-s, tis, f. severity, rigour. 

Sever-us, a, um, adj. exact, se- 
vere. 

Sex. for Sext-us, i, noun pr. 

Sex, adj. indecl. six. 

Sexcent-i, x, a, adj. six hundred. 

Sextil-is, is, m. (scil. mensis) the 
sixth month, August. 

Si, conj. if, O! that. 

Sibar-is, is, m. noun pr. 

Sibil-us, i, m. pi. c, orum, a 
whistling, hiss. 

Sibil-us, a, um, adj. hissing. 

Sibyll-a, x, f. a woman, who pre- 
tended to be inspired. 

Sic, adv. so, thus. 

Sic-a, x, f. a dagger. 

Sicc-us, a, um, adj. dry, withered. 

Sicili-a, x, f. noun pr. 

Sicubi, adv. wheresoever, if ever. 

Sicul-us, i, m. a Sicilian. 

Sicut, adv. as. 

Sicuti, adv. just as if. 

Sicyon, is, f. noun pr. 

Sid-o, ere; sidi, or sedi, sessum, 
neut. to perch, settle. 

Sid-us, eris, n. a star, constella- 
tion. 

Sigill-um, i, n. a seal, signet. 

Sign-o, are, act. to mark, to seal. 

Sign-um, i, n. a sign, seal, statue. 

Silan-us, i, m. noun pr. 



Silen-us, i, m. the foster-father 
and companion of Bacchus; he 
is represented as a tunbellied, 
old, drunken fellow, riding on 
an ass. 
Sil-eo, ere, ui, neut. and act. to 

be silent, calm. 
Siletur, no mention is made of, 

impers. from sileo. 
Sil-ex, icis, m. and f. a flint- 
stone. 
Silva, Silvester, see sylva, etc. 
Simil-is, is, e, adj. like; alicui, or 

alicujus. 
Similitud-o, inis, f. likeness. 
Simo-is, entis, m. noun pr. 
Simpl-ex, icis, adj. single, sin- 
cere. 
Simul, adv. together, at the same 
time; simul (ac, atque, ov ut), 
as soon as. 
Simulans, part, of 
Simul-o, are, act. to liken, feign. 
Simulta-s, tis, f. a private dissen- 

tion. 
Sin, conj. but if, if not. 
Sine, prep. abl. without. 
Singular-is, is, e, adj. singular, 

exemplary. 
Singul-i, se, a, adj. all and every 

one. 
Sinist-er, ra, um, adj. on the left, 

unlucky, lucky. 
Sin-o, ere ; sivi, sttum, act. to 

permit. 
Sln-us, i, m. or um, i, n. a bowl, 

milk- pail. 
Sfn-us, us, m. a bosom, hollow, 

bay. 
Siquis, (for si aliquis) siqua, si- 
quod, or siquid, if any one. 
Siquidem, conj. if indeed, since. 
Sir-en, enis, f. plur. Sirenes, 
monsters, partly virgins, partly 
fowls; they are said to have 
lived on the coast of Sicily, 
and by their sweet singing 
tempted passengers on shore 
to their destruction. 
Sist-o, ere; stiti, statum, neut. 



264 



sis 



SOP 



and act. to stand; stop, arrest, 
place. 
Sisygamb-Ls, is, f. noun pr. 
Sisyph-us, i, m. the son of JEolus, 
slain by Theseus; for his per- 
fidy and robberies he is doom- 
ed to roll a huge stone up a 
mountain in hell. 

Sit-is, is, f. thirst. 

Sive, conj. or, either, whether. 

Smaragd-us, i, m. an emerald. 

Sminthe-us, i, or os, a title of 
Apollo. 

Sobol-es, is, f. a shoot, issue, off- 
spring. 

Socer, i, m. a father-in-law. 

Societa-s, tis, f. society, compa- 
ny. 

Soci-us, i, m. a companion, ally. 

Soci-us, a, urn, adj. helping, 
common. 

Socor-s, dis, adj. senseless. 

Socr-us, us, f. a mother-in-law. 

Sodal-is, is, c. g. a companion. 

Sol; solis, m. the sun, d*y. 

Solati-um, i, n. comfort, help. 

Sol-eo, ere, itus sum, neut. to 
use, be accustomed. 

Soler-s, tis, adj. active, skilled. 

Solerter, adv. from solers. 

Solide, adv. from 

Solid-us, a, urn, adj. substantial, 
solid. 

Solitud-o, inis, f. a solitude, de- 
sert. 

Solitus, part . of soleo. 

Soli-um, i, n. the throne. 

Sol-um, i, n. the ground, soil. 

Solum, adv. only; non solwn, sed 
etiam, not only, but also. 

Sol-us, a, urn; gen. ius; dat. i, 
alone. 

Solut-us, a, um, adj. loose, free, 
effeminate; part, of 

Solv-o, ere, i; solutum, act. to 
loose, free, discharge. 

Somni-um, i, n. a dream, vision. 

Son-us, i, m. the sound. 

Sop io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to lull 
asleep. 



Sopitus, part, of sopio. 

Sopor, is, m. a sound sleep. 

Sordid-us, a, um, adj. filthy, 
mean. 

Soror, is, f. a sister- 

Sort-ior, iri, itus, dep.to cast lot, 
to get by chance. 

Sosp-es, itis, c. g. safe, prosper- 
ous. 

Sp. for Spurius. 

Sparg-o, ere; spars-i, um, act. to 
strew, sprinkle. 

Spati-um, i, n. a space, interval. 

Speci-es, ei, f. a form, image, 
species. 

Spect-o, are, act. to behold, con- 
sider. 

Speculator, is, m. a spy, viewer. 

Specul-um, i, n. a mirror. 

Spec-us, us, c. g. a den, cave- 

Spelunc-a, x, f. a cave, grot, 
j Spern-o,ere, spre-vi, turn, act. to 
disdain, despise. 

Sper-o, are, act. to hope, expect. 

Spes; spei, f. hope, expectation. 

Sphaer-a, se, f. a sphere, globe, 
circle. 

Sphin-x, gis, and gos, f. a mons- 
ter, who destroyed herself be- 
cause CEdipus solved the rid- 
dle she proposed. 

Spiritus, us, m. the breath, spir- 
it, courage. 

Splen, splenis, m. the milt. 

Spoli o, are, act. to bereave. 

Spoli-um,i, n.the spoil, booty. 

Spond-eo, ere, spopondi, spon- 
sum, act. to promise, betroth. 

Spontis, gen. sponte, abl. f. of 
one's own will. 

Spuri-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Stabul-um, i, n. a stable, den. 

Stadi-um, i, n. a space of 
ground containing* 625 feet, 
or 125 paces; a race ground, a 
race. 

Stagn-o, are, neut. and act. to 

stagnate, to overflow. 
Stagn-um, i, n. a pool, lake. 
Stans, part, of sto. 



STA 



StJA 



265 



Statim, adv. forthwith; statim 

ut t as soon as. 
Statio, nis, f. a station, guard, 

sentry. 
Stativ-us, a, um, adj. set, pitched. 
Statu-a, ae, f. a statue, image. 
Statu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 
place, build, resolve, decree. 
Stat-us, us, m. the state, condi- 
tion. 
Stell-a, ae, f. a star. 
Steril-is, is, e, adj. barren, ste- 

ril. 
Stern-o, ere; stra-vi, turn, act. to 

cover, strew, prostrate. 
Sterop-e, es, f. one of the Plei- 
ades. 
Sterop-es, is, m. the son of Vul- 
can, one of the Cyclops. 
Stert-o, ere, ui, neut. to snore. 
Sthen-o, us, f. one of the three 

Gorgons. 
Stipans, part, of stipo. 
Stipator, is, m. an attendant, bo- 
dy guard. 
Stipendi-um, i, n. pay for sol- 
diers, a campaign, tribute. 
Stip-o, are, act. to cram, attend, 

guard. 
Stirp-s, is, c. g. the root, race, 

issue. 
St-o, are; steti, statum, neut. to 
stand, cost; stat, it is determin- 
ed. 
Stoic-us, a, um, adj. stoical, a 

stoic. 
Stratus, part, of sterno. 
Strenu-us, a, um, adj. brave, ac- 
tive. 
Strigil-is, is, f. a curry-comb. 
Stud-eo, ere, ui, neut. to study, 

favour. 
Studi-um, i, n. the study, desire, 

favour. 
Sty-x, gis, m. a river in hell. 
Suad-eo, ere, suas-i, um, act. to 
advise, persuade; alicui ad- 
quid. 
Suasor, is, m. an adviser. 
Suav-is, is, e, adj. sweet, pleasant. 



Suad-a, and Suadel-a, ae, f. the 

goddess of persuasion. 
Sub, prep. ace. and abl towards, 

about, under. 
Subduc-o, ere; du-xi, ctum, act. 

to withdraw, filch, bring to. 
Sub-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. and 
act. to go under, to undertake, 
to occur. 
Subeundus, part, from subeo. 
Subig-o, ere; sub-egi, actum, act. 

to subdue. 
Subito, adv. suddenly. 
Subjectus, part, of 
Subjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to 
subject, suggest, add, lift up. 
Sublatus, part, of tollo. 
Sublev-o, are, act. to lift up, 

help. 
Submerg-o, ere; mers-i, um, act. 

to sink, overwhelm. 
Submersus, part, of submergo. 
Submisse, adv. from 
Submiss-us, a, um, adj. low, not 
loud, submissive; and part, of 
Submitt-o, ere; mis-i, sum, act. 

to suborn, bend, humble. 
Submotus, part, of 
Submov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. 

to remove, displace. 
Subrid-eo, ere; ris-i, um, neut. 

to smile. 
Subsequ-or, i; secutus, dep. to 

follow hard by. 
Substru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to 

underprop, build. 
Subter, prep. ace. and abl. un- 
der. 
Sub til-is, is, e, adj. fine-spun, 

acute. 
Subven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 

succour, help. 
Subvenitur, impers. from subve- 

nio. 
Succeditur, impers. from succe- 
do; succeditur mihi, I am suc- 
ceeded. 
Succed-o, ere; cess-i, um, neut. 
to go, or come near, to suc- 
ceed. 
23 



266 



sue 



SUP 



Succens-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be 
angry with one; alicui. 

Success-us, us, m. issue, success. 

Successus, part, of succedo. 

Succ-us, i. m. juice, sap, vigour. 

Suffeti-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Suffragi-um, i, n. a vote, suf- 
frage. 

Suffund-o, ere; fu-di, sum, act. 
to spread over. 

Sui, pron. of himself, herself, 
itself. 

Sulc-us, i, m. a furrow, trench. 

Sulpiti-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Sum, esse, fui, futurus, neut. to 
be, exist. 

Summ-us, a, urn, adj. superl. of 
superus, the highest; summus 
mons, the top of the mountain. 

Sum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
take, receive; sumo poenas, I 
inflict a punishment. 

Sumpt-us, us, m. an expense, 
cost. 

Sumptus, part, of sumo. 

Super, prep. ace. and abl. upon, 
above, beside. 

Superbe, adv. from superbus. 

Superbi-a, sc, f. pride, arrogance. 

Superb-us, a, um, adj. proud, 
grand. 

Supercili-um, i, n. the eyebrow, 
pride. 

Superfici-es, ei, f. the surface. 

Super-i, orum, m. they who are 
above; from superus. 

Superi-or, or, us, comp. of supe- 
rus, higher, former, older. 

Superne, adv. from above. 

Super-o, are, act. to surpass, ex- 
cel, vanquish. 

Superst-es, itis, adj. remaining, 
surviving. 

Super-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
over and above, to survive. 

Superus, a, um, adj. above, hea- 
venly; comp. superior, supre- 
mus, or summus. 

Suppl-ex, icis, adj. suppliant, j 
prostrate. 



Support-o, are, act. to bring, sup- 
port. 

Suppressus, part, of 

Supprim-o, ere; press-i, um, act. 
to keep down, check, sup- 
press. 

Supra, prep. ace. above. 

Supra, adv. before. 

Sur-a, ae, f. the calf of the leg. 

Sus; suis, c. g. a hog. 

Suscip-io, ere; suscep-i, turn, act. 
to undertake, conceive. 

Suscit-o, are, act. to rouse, ex- 
hort. 

Suspend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
hang up, delay. 

Suspic-io, ere; suspe-xi, ctum, 
act. to look up. 

Suspicio, nis, f. mistrust. 

Suspir-o, are, neut. and act. to 
sigh, desire. 

Sustent-o, are, freq. to sustain, 
bear. 

Sustinens, part, of 

Sustin-eo, ere, ui; stentum, act. 
to support, bear. 

Sutil-is, is, e, adj. sewed togeth- 
er, patched. 

Su-us, a, um, pron. adj. his, her, 
its own. 

Syll-a, or Sull-a, ac, m. noun 
pr. 

Sylv-a, x, f. a wood, forest, thick- 
et. 

Sylvest-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. 
woody, wild, rustic. 

Sylvi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Synod-us, i, f . a synod. 

Syph-ax, acis, or acis, m. noun 
pr. 

Syracus-se, arum, f. Syracuse. 

T. for Tit-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Tabellari-us, a, um, adj. belong- 
ing to letters. 

Tabellari-us, i, m. a letter car- 
rier, a register. 

Tabesc-o, ere; incept, to pine, 
or waste away. 

Tabul-a, ae, f. a board, table, pic- 
ture. 



TAC 



TEM 



267 



Tac-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
silent. 

Tx da, see teda. 

Tsed-et, ebat, uit, or taesum est, 
irapers. it irks, to be weary; 
taedet nos vitas, we are tired of 
our life. 

Talent-um, i, n. a talent, a sum 
of money. 

Tal-is, is, e, adj. such. 

Tarn, adv. so, so much; lam bo- 
nus, so good. 

Tamen, conj. however, notwith- 
standing, but. 

Tandem, adv. at length, at 
last. 

Tang-o, ere; tetigi, tactum, act. 
to touch, handle, move. 

Tanquam, as, as if. 

Tantum, adv. so much, only. 

Tant-us, a, um, adj. so great, so 
small, so much. 

Tardita-s, tis, f. slowness, dull- 
ness. 

Tard-us, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 

Tarentin-us, a, um, adj. of Ta- 
rento. 

Tarent-um, i, n. and Tarent-us, 
i, f. Tarento. 

Tartar-us, i, m. pi. tartara, n. 
the deepest part of hell. 

Taur-us, 5, m. a bull. 

Taur-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Tect-um, i, n. the roof, cover- 
ing, house. 

Ted-a, <e, f. a pine, torch, mar- 
riage song. 

Tegm-en, inis, n. the covering. 

Teg-o, ere; texi, tectum, act. to 
cover. 

Tei-us, a, um, adj. of Teos. 

Tell-us, uris, f. the goddess of 
the earth, the earth. 

Tel-um, i, n. a dart, a weapon. 

Temn-o, ere; temp-si, turn, act. 
to condemn, slight. 

Tempe, pi. n. indecl. pleasant 
fields of Thessaly. 

Temperanti-a, se, f. moderation, 
sobriety. 



Tempesta-s, tis, f. time, season, 

storm. 
Templ-um, i, n. a temple. 
Tempori, adv. in good time. 
Temporius, adv. before time. 
Temp-us, oris, n. the time. 
Tend-o, ere, tetendi, or tendi, 

tens-um, or turn, act. to stretch 

out, march, hasten. 
Tenebr-se, arum, f. darkness. 
Ten-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to hold. 
Tener, a, um, adj. tender. 
Tentandus, part, of tento. 
Tentatus, part, of 
Tent-o, are* act. to try, feel, 

tempt. 
Tentori-um, i, n. a tent. 
Tentus, part, of tendo. 
Tenu-is, is, e, adj. slender, poor. 
Tenus, prep. abl. sing, and gen. 

plur. up to, as far as. 
Te-os, i, f. a city of Ionia, and 

the birthplace of Anacreon. 
Ter, adv. three times, thrice. 
Tercentum, adj. indecl. three 

hundred. 
Tere-s, tis, adj. tapering, smooth. 
Tere-us, i, m. a king of Thrace, 

who ravished Philomela, his 

wife's sister; and was changed 

into a hoopoe. 
Terg-um, i y n. the back. 
Terg-us, oris, n. the hide, skin 

of a beast. 
Termin-us, i, m. a bound, limit. 
Termin-us, i, m. noun pr. the tu- 
telar god of bounds. 
Ter-o, ere; trivi, tritum, act. to 

rub, thresh, waste. 
Terpsichor-e, es, f. one of the 

nine Muses. 
Terr-eo, ere, ui, itum, act to 

frighten. 
Terribil-is, is, e, adj. awful, ter- 
rible. 
Terrific -us, a, um, adj. dreadful. 
Terti-us, a, um, adj. the third. 
Test-a, se, f. an earthen pot, 

a shell, vote. 
Testimoni-um, i, n. testimony. 



268 



TES 



TIS 



Test-is, is, c. g. a witness. 

Test-or, ari, atus, dep. to bear 
witness, to affirm, to call to 
witness, to implore. 

Testud-o, inis, f. a tortoise, a 
target-fence. 

Teth-ys, yos, or is, f. the daugh- 
ter of Calum and Terra, wife 
of Oceanus. 

Teuc-er, ri, m. the son of Sca- 
mander a Cretan, and the fa- 
ther-in-law of Dardanus. 

Teucr-i, orum, m. the Trojans. 

Te-um, i, n. see Teos. 

Thali-a, x. f. one* of the nine 
Muses. 

Theb-x, arum, or Theb-e, es, f. 
Thebes. 

Them-a, atis, n. a theme, sub- 
ject. 

Themi-s, dis, f. daughter of Cce- 
lum and Terra, the goddess of 
the sea. 

Therm-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Thessali-a, <z, f. Thessaly. 

Thessal-us,a,um, adj. Thessalian. 

Theti-s, dis, and dos, f. the 
daughter of Neptune, or of 
Nereus, wife of Peleus, and 
mother of Achilles; also the 
sea. 

Thori-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Thy-as, adis, f. a priestess of 
Bacchus. 

Thyest-es, <e, m. the son of Pe- 
lops and brother of Atreus. 

Thyr-us, i, m. a young sprout, a 
thyrsus, the rod of Bacchus. 

Ti. or Tib. for 

Tiberi-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Tigr-is, is, and idis, f. a tiger. 

Tigr-is, is, and idis, m. the river 
Tigris. 

Tili-a, se, f. a linden. 

Timens, part, of 

Tim-eo, ere, ui, act. and neut. to 
fear, dread, aliquem, or aliquid; 
to be concerned for, alicui. 

Tiphy-s, os, m. the pilot of the 
ship Argo. 



Tisiphon-e, es, f. one of the fu- 
ries. 
Titan, is, m, the son of Coelum 

and Terra, and elder brother 

of Saturn. 
Titubatus, part, of 
Titub-o, are, neut. to stagger, 

stumble. 
Tituri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Tit-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Tity-us, i, m. a vast giant, whom 

Jupiter struck with his bolt in- 
to hell, where he covered nine 

acres, when stretched out. 
Tog-a, se, f. a gown, the toga, the 

time of peace. 
Togat-us, a, um, adj. gowned, in 

peace. 
Toll-o, ere; sustuli,sublatum, act. 

to lift up, to take away. 
Tonat, impers. from tono. 
Tond-eo, ere; totondi, tonsum, 

act. to clip, fleece. 
Tongill-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Tonitru, n. indecl. pi. tonitrua, 

thunder. 
Ton-o, are, ui, itum, neut. to 

thunder. 
Torp-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be be- 

numed. 
Toties, adv. so often. 
Tot-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. 

i, whole, all. 
Trabs, trabis, f. a beam. 
Trad-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 

give, yield, deliver. 
Trah-o, ere; traxi, tractum, act. 

to draw, drag, spin out. 
Trajic-io, ere; trajec-i, turn, act. 

to convey, lead, or carry over. 
Trans, prep. ace. over, beyond. 
Transalpin-us, a, um, adj. beyond 

the Alps. 
Transfer-o, re; tuli, latum, act. to 

transfer, translate. 
Transfug-a, se, c. g. a deserter. 
Transgred-ior, i; gressus, dep. to 

pass, or go over. 
Transgressus, part, of transgre- 

dior. 



TRA 



TRI 



269 



Translatio, nis, f. a transfer, re- 
moving. 

Translatus, part, of transfero. 

Transmitt-o, ere; mis-i, sura, act. 
to send over, pass over. 

Transtr-um, i, n. a bench for 
rowers. 

Transvers-us,a, urn, adj. traverse, 
crosswise. 

Tredecim, adj. indecl. thirteen. 

Trem-o, ere, ui, neut. to trem- 
ble, shiver. 

Trepid-o, are, neut. to trem- 
ble. 

Trepid-us, a, um, adj. trembling. 

Tres, tres, tria, gen. trium, three. 

Trlbul-a, ae, f. a dray for thresh- 
ing. 

TrTbul-us, i, m. a thistle. 

Tribunat-us, us, m. the office of 
the tribune. 

Tribuniti-us, a, urn, adj. belong- 
ing to the tribunes. 

Tribun-us, i, m. a tribune. 

.Trib-us, us, f. a tribe, ward. 

Trldu-um, i, n. the space of three 
days. 

Trienni-um, i, n. the space of 
three years. 

Triginta, adj. indecl. thirty. 

Trim-us, a, um, adj. three years 
old. 

Trlnacri-a, ae, f. Sicily. 

Tripl-ex, icis, adj. triple, three- 
fold. 

Tripl-us, a, um, adj. triple. 

Trip-us, bdis, m. a three footed 
stool. 

Trirem-is, is, f. (scil. navis), a 
galley. 

Trist-is, is, e, adj. sad, grave. 

Trisyllab-us, a, um, adj. of three 
syllables . 

Triton, is, m. Neptune's trumpe- 
ter. 

Tritoni-a, ae, f. a name of Mi- 
nerva. 

Triumphatus, part, of 

Triumph-o, are, neut to triumph. 

Triumph-us, i, m. the triumph. 

23 



Triumvir, i, m. one of three of- 
ficers in the same office. 

Tro-as, adis, f. a country in Les- 
ser Asia. 

Troj-a, ae, f. Troy. 

Trojan-us, a, um, adj. Trojan. 

Tro-s, is, m. the third king of 
Lesser Phrygia. 

Tu, gen. tui, pron. thou, you. 

Tu-eor, eri, tuitus, or tutus, dep. 
to behold, defend. 

Tuguri-um, i, n. a cottage. 

Tul. for Tullus- 

Tulli-a, f. noun pr. 

Tullian-um, n. noun pr. 

Tulliol-a, ae, f. noun pr. 

Tulli-us, m. noun pr. 

Tullus, i, m. noun pr. 

Turn, adv. and conj. then, and 
also. 

Tum-eo, ere, ui, neut. to swell. 

Tumet, for tu ipse, pron. thou, 
thyself. 

Tumid-us, a, um, adj. swollen, 
puffed up. 

Tumulos-us, a, um, adj. hilly. 

Tumultu-or, ari, atus, dep. to 
make a noise. 

Tumult-us, us, m. tumult, mu- 
tiny. 

Tumul-us, i, m. a hillock. 

Tunc, adv. then. 

Tunic-a, ae, f. a tunic, jacket. 

Turb-a, ae, f. a multitude, trou- 
ble. 

Turbo, are, act. to disturb. 

Turb-o, inis, m. a whirlwind, 
whirlpool, top. 

Turg-eo, ere; tursi, neut. to 
swell. 

Turgid-us, a, um, adj. swollen. 

Turn-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Turp-is, is, e, adj. shameful, 
base. 

Turpiter, adj. from turpis. 

Turpitud-o, inis, f. baseness. 

Turr-is, is, f. a tower, ace. em, 
and im. 

Tuss-is, is, f. a cough, ace, im. 

Tute, adv. from tutus. 



270 



TUT 



tWI 



Tute, pron. for tuipse, thou, thy- 
self. 
Tuto, adv. safely. 
Tut-us, a, urn, adj. safe, and part. 

of tueor. 
Tu-us, a, um, adj. pron. thy, 

thine, your. 
Tyndarid-ae, arum, m. Castor and 

Pollux. 
Tyndari-s, dis, f. Helen the 

daughter of Tyndarus. 
Typhx-us, i, m. a huge giant. 
Typhon, is, m. a giant, the son of 

Juno's hand. 
Tyranni-s, dis, f. tyranny. 
Tyrann-us,i,m. a tyrant, autocrat. 
Tyri-us, a, um, adj. Tyrian. 
Tyr-us, or os, i, f. Tyre. 
Tyrrhen-us, a, um, adj. Tuscan. 
Uber, is, n. the nipple, teat, 

richness. 
Uber, is, adj. fertile. 
Ubi, adv\ where; ubi terrarum? in 

what part of the world? 
Ublque, adv. every where. 
Ulcisc-or,i; ultus,dep. to avenge. 
Ull-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. 

t, any. 
Ulm-us, i, f. the elm tree. 
Uln-a, ae, f. an ell, a yard. 
Ulteri-or, or, us, adj. comp. far- 
ther. 
Ultim-us, a, um, superl. farthest, 

last. 
Ultor, is, m. a revenger. 
Ultra, prep. ace. beyond. 
Ultra, adv. farther. 
Ultro, adv. willingly, voluntarily; 

ultro citroque, to and fro. 
Ulyss-es,is,m. the son of Laertes, 

and king of Ithaca. 
Umbr-a, ae, f. a shadow, or shade. 
Umbros-us, a, um, adj. shady. 
Una, adv. together. 
Und-a, ae, f. a wave. 
Unde, adv. from whence. 
Ung-o, or ungu-o, ere; un-xi, 

ctum, act. to anoint, smear. 
Ungu-is, is, m. a nail. 
Ungul-a, ae, f. a claw. 



Univers-us, a, um, adj. universal 

Unquam, adv. ever. 

Un-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius y dat 

j, one. 
Unusquisque,unaquseque, unum 

quodque, adj. every one. 
Uptip-a, ae, f. a most filthy bird 

called hoopoe. 
Urani-a, ae, f. the Muse, presid 

ing over astronomy. 
Urb-s, is, f. a city. 
Urgens, part of 
Urg-eo, ere; urs-i, um, act. to 

press, urge. 
Ur-o, ere; ussi, ustum, act. to 

burn. 
Usquam, adv. any where. 
Usque, adv. continually, still, as 

far as. 
Us-us, us, m. use, practice, need; 

usus est viribus, there is need 

of strength. 
Usus, part, of utor. 
Ut, adv. as, how. 
Ut, conj. that, in order that. 
Ut-er, ra, um, adj. gen. rius, ri, 

which of the two. 
Uterque,utraque, utrumque, adj. 

gen. utriusque, each, both. 
Uter-us, i, m. the womb. 
Utervis, utravis, utrumvis, adj. 

gen. utriusus, either. 
Uti, adv. and conj. for ut. 
Uticens-is, is, e, adj. of Utica. 
Util-is, is, e, adj. useful. 
Utilita-s, tis, f. the use, profit. 
Utinam, conj. O! that. 
Ut-or, i, usus, dep. to use,enjoy; 

aliqua re. 
Utrinque, adv. on both sides. 
Uv-a, ae, f. a grape. 
Uxor, is, f. the wife. 
Vacc-a, ae, f. a cow. 
Vac-o, are, neut. to be free or 

void, aliqua re; to attend to, ah- 

cui rei. 
Vacun-a,ae, f.the goddess of idle- 
ness. 
Vacu-us, a, um, adj. void, free; 

(ab) aliqua re. 



VAD 



VEN 



271 



Vad-um, i, n. a ford, shallow. 

Vae, interj. alas ! woe ! 

Vag-us, a, um, adj. wandering", 

vague. 
Vah! interj. O! hah! puh! 
Valde, adv. very, very much. 
Valenci-a, as, f. noun pr. 
Val-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 

strong", well, or worth, to tend. 
Valeri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Valetud-o, inis, f. state of health. 
Vall-is, is, f. a valley. 
Vall-o, are, act. to entrench. 
Vall-um, i, n. a trench, fence. 
Vann-us, i, f. a seed-hopper. 
Van-us, a, um, adj. vain, false. 
Vapul-o, are, neut. pass, to be 

beaten. 
Varie, adv. from 
Vari-us, a, um, adj. changeable, 

diverse. 
Vari-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Varro, nis, m. noun pr. 
Var-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Vas; vadis, m. a security in a 

criminal case. 
Vas, is; plur. vas-a, orum, n. a 

vessel. 
Vastatio, nis, f. devastation. 
Vates, is, c. g. a prophet. 
Ve, inclitic and conj. or; paierve, 

or the father. 
Vector, is, m. a earner, boat-man. 
Vehemen-s, tis, adj. violent, 

fierce. 
Vehicul-um, i, n. a car, vehicle. 
Vel, conj. or, even, at least. 
Vell-o, ere, i; or vuls-i, um, act. 

to pull. 
Vel-o, are, act. to veil, cover. 
Velo-x, cis, adj. swift, nimble. 
Vel-um, i, n. a veil, sail. 
Velut, adv. as, as if, as it were. 
Ven-a, ae, f. a vein, artery. 
Vendens, part, from 
Vend-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 

sell. 
Venefic-us, a, um, adj. poison- 
ous. 
Venefic-us, i, m. a sorcerer. 



Venen-um, i, n. poison, medi- 
cine, a drug. 

Ven-eo, ire, ivi, um, neut. pass, 
to be sold. 

Venerabupd-us, a, um, adj. to be 
worshipped. 

Vener-or, ari, atus, dep. to 
adore, honour. 

Ven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
come. 

Venitur, impers. from venio. 

Ven-or, ari, atus, dep. to hunt. 

Vent-us, i, m. the wind. 

Venul-us, i, m. noun pr. 

Ven-us, eris, f. the goddess of 
love. 

Ver; veris, n. the spring. 

Vera-x, cis, adj. true in speech. 

Verber, is, n. a whip, a blow. 

Verb-um, i, n. a word. 

Verecund-us, a, um, adj. modest, 
blushing. 

Ver-eor, eri, itus, dep. to revere, 
fear. 

Verg-o, ere; vers i, um, neut. to 
incline, lie towards. 

Veritas, tis, f. the truth. 

Veritus, part, of vereor. 

Vero, conj. and adv. but, truly. 

Verr-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Vers-or, ari, atus, dep. to be (in 
activity.) 

Vers-us, us, m. a verse. 

Versus, adv. towards. 

Vert-o, ere, i; versum, act. to 
turn; aliqaid alicui vitio, to 
charge something agianst some- 
body as a fault. 

Veru, n. indecl. pi. verua, a spit. 

Verum, conj. and adv. but, yes 
truly. 

Ver-us, a, um, adj. true. 

Verv-ex, ecis, m. a wether- 
sheep. 

Vesc-or, i; pastus (a pascor), 
dep. to eat, live upon; aliqua 
re. 

Vesper-a, ae, f. the evening. 

Vesperascit, it grows evening, 
impers. from 



272 



VES 



VID 



Vesperasc-o, ere, neut. to draw 
towards evening-. 

Vest-a, se, f. the goddess of fire, 
the goddess of the earth. 

Vestal-is, is, e, adj. belonging 
to Vesta. 

Vest-er, ra, rum, adj. your, 
yours. 

Vestibul-um, i, n. a porch, en- 
trance. 

Vestigi-um, i, n. a track. 

Vest-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
clothe. 

Vest-is, is, f. a garment. 

Vestra-s, tis, adj. of your coun- 
try. 

Veteran-us, a, um, adj. old, vet- 
eran. 

Veteran-us, i, m. a veteran, old 
soldier. 

Vet-o, are, ui, itum, act. to for- 
bid. 

Vet-us, eris, adj. old, former, 
ancient; plur. veter-es, es, a; 
gen. um,- superl. veterrimus. 

Vetusta-s, tis, f. antiquity, old- 
ness. 

Vetust-us, a, um, adj. old, an- 
cient. 

Vexatus, part, of 

Vex-o, are, act. to vex, trouble, 
disturb. 

Vi-a, se, f. a way, passage, mean. 

Viator, is, m. a traveller. 

Vib-ex, Icis, f. the mark of a 
stripe. 

Vicin-us, a, um, adj; near, adja- 
cent. 

Vicin-us, i, m. a neighbour. 

Vicis, gen. f. vici, vicem, vice, 
change, course; plur. vic-es, 
ibus. 

Victor, is, m. the conqueror, 
victorious. 

Victori-a, x, f. a victory. 

Victus, part, of vinco. 

Vict-us, us, m. sustenance, liv- 
ing. 

Vic-us, i, m. a street. 

Videlicet, adv. to wit, nam 



Vid-eo, ere, i; visum, act. to see, 

look. 
Vid-eor, eri, visus, pass, to be 

seen, to appear, seem. 
Videtur, impers. it seems, it 

seems good, or proper. 
Vigil, is, adj. waking, vigilant. 
Vigili-a, ?e, f. watching, being 

awake; pi. vigilise, the watch. 
Vigil-o, are, neut. to watch, be 

awake. 
Viginti, adj. indecl. twenty. 
Vigor, is, m. strength, vigour. 
Vil-is, is, e, adj. vile, cheap. 
Vill-a, ae, f. a country seat, a 

villa. 
Villos-us, a, um, adj. hairy, 

woolly. 
Vin', for visne ? do you wish. 
Vinc-io, ire; vin-xi, ctum, act. to 

bind. 
Vinc-o, ere; vici, turn, act. to 

conquer. 
Vinctus, part, of vincio. 
Vincul-um, i, n. a band, pi. vin- 

cula, fetters, a prison. 
Vind-ex, icis, c. g. the avenger, 

defender. 
Vine-ae, arum, f. an engine of 

war, the vineae. 
Vinet-um, i, n. a vineyard. 
Vin-um, i, n. wine. 
Violatus, part, of 
Viol-o, are, act. to violate, defile. 
Viper-a, ae, f. a viper. 
Vir, i, m. a man, husband, male. 
Vir-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be green, 

or strong. 
Vir-es, ium, f. strength, power. 
Virg-a, ae, f. a twig, rod, wand. 
Virgili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
Virg-o, inis, f. a virgin. 
Virid-is, is, e, adj. green, flour- 
ishing. 
Viril-is, is, e, adj. belonging to 

man, manful. 
Viritim, adv. man by man. 
Vxros-us, a, um, adj. hard, stur- 
dy, lusting after men. 
Vlros-us, a, um, adj. venemous. 



VIR 



VOL 



273 



Virt-us, litis, f. virtue, valour. 

Vir-us, i, n. poison, venom. 

Vis, vis, vim, vi, f. force, vio- 
lence, plenty, quantity, multi- 
tude; plur. vires. 

Vis-o, ere, i, um, act. to visit, 
see. 

Visus, part, of video, or viso. 

Vit-a, x, f. the life. 

Vitabund-us, a, urn," adj. avoid- 
ing-, eschewing; aliquid. 

Vit-is, is, f. a vine. 

Viti-um, i, n. a defect, fault. 

Vit-o, are, act. to shun, avoid. 

Vitt-a, x, f. a fillet, head band. 

Vivid-us, a, um, adj. lively, 
brisk. 

Vivitur, impers. from 

Viv-o, ere; vixi, victum, neut. to 
live, to live on, or upon; aliqua 
re. 

Viv-us, a, um, adj. living, alive. 

Vix, adv. scarcely, with much 
ado. 

Vocit-o, are, freq. to call often, 
to call. 

Voc-o, are, act. to call, name. 

Volans, part, of volo. 

Volit-o, are, freq. to fly about, 
flutter. 

Vol-o, are, neut. to fly. 



Volo; velle, volui, neut. to be 
willing, to wish. 

Voluc-er, or volucr-is, is, e, adj . 
winged, swift, unstable. 

Volucr-is, is, f. any winged ani- 
mal. 

Volsc-i, orum, m. noun gent. 

Volum-en, inis, n. a volume. 

Volumni-a, x, f. noun pr. 

Volunta-s, tis, f. the will, attach- 
ment. 

Volupta-s, tis, f. the pleasure. 

Volv-o, ere, i; volutum, act. to 
roll, consider. 

Vo-x, cis, f. a voice, expression, 
word. 

Vulcan-us, i, m. the God of sub- 
terraneous fire, and foreman 
of the Cyclops, forging Jupi- 
ter's thunderbolts. 

Vulgo, adv. commonly, public- 
ly. 

Vulg-us, i, n. and m. the com- 
mon people, the rabble. 

Vulneratus, part, of 

Vulner-o, are, act. to wound. 

Vuln-us, eris, n. the wound. 

Vulp-es, is, f. the fox. 

Xenophon, tis, m. noun pr. 

Xerx-es, is, m. noun pr. 

Zacynth-us, i, f. noun pr. Zante- 



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